@COMMENT(This document was done by Mr. Steiner (1994-1996) and Bernhard
Hammer (1997-1999) for the pro-seminar class on "Wireless Computer Networks"
during the summer semester of 1999)


@ARTICLE{WSA95,
   author = "Roy Want and Bill N. Schilit and Norman I. Adams and Rich Gold and
             Karin Petersen and David Goldberg and John R. Ellis and
             Mark Weiser",
   title = "An Overview of the {P}arc{T}ab Ubiquitous Computing Experiment",
   journal = "IEEE Personal Communications",
   year = 1995,
   month = dec,
   pages = "28--43",
}

@ARTICLE{PPC95,
   author = "Kaveh Pahlavan and Thomas H. Probert and Mitchell E. Chase",
   title = "Trends in Local Wireless Networks",
   journal = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
   year = 1995,
   month = mar,
   pages = "88--95",
}

@ARTICLE{ES96,
   author = "David Eckhardt and Peter Steenkiste",
   title = "Measurement and Analysis of the Error Characteristics of an
            In-Building Wireless Network",
   journal = "SIGCOMM'96",
   location = "CA, USA",
   year = 1996,
   month = aug,
   pages = "243--254",
}

@ARTICLE{CB96,
   author = "Stuart Cheshire and Mary Baker",
   title = "A Wireless Network in {M}osquito{N}et",
   journal = "IEEE Micro",
   year = 1996,
   month = feb,
   pages = "44--52",
}

@ARTICLE{RNP94b,
   author = "van Roosmalen, Huub and  Nijhof, Jos and Prasad, Ramjee",
   title = "Performance analysis of a hybrid {CDMA/ISMA} protocol for
            indoor wireless computer communications",
   journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications",
   year = 1994,
   month = jun,
   volume = 12,
   number = 5,
   pages = "909--916",
   abstract = "
A combination of Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA)
and p-persistent Inhibit Sense Multiple Access (ISMA) protocols is
proposed for Indoor Wireless Communications (IWC).  The combination of
these two protocols is called the hybrid CDMA/ISMA protocol.  The
performance of the hybrid CDMA/ISMA protocol is analyzed with a Markov
model considering Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) modulation. 
The performance is measured in terms of throughput and delay. The
performance is also evaluated using computer simulation of which the
results are in close agreement with the Markov model results. 
The study of indoor wireless communications using a hybrid DMA/ISMA
protocol can be useful for various applications in research and design
offices, medical data communication in hospitals, etc."
}

@ARTICLE{MKS94,
   author = "Matsumoto, Yoichi and Kobayashi and Kiyoshi and Sakata and Tetsu and Seki, Kazuhiko",
   title = "{VLSI}-implemented high speed digital burst modem applications
            for satellite video {TDMA} and wireless {LAN}",
   journal = "Conference Record - International Conference on Communications",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1472--1477",
   abstract = "
High speed (60 Mb/s) QPSK/OQPSK burst modem Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits (VLSICs), which are greatly useful for radio units to be compact, economical and maintenance-free, are introduced.  These VLSICs enable modems to eliminate the analog devices such as mixers required for baseband modulation and zero-IF conversion in demodulation, an analog voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) for bit timing recovery and a voltage controlled attenuator for automatic gain control (AGC).  In addition to the full-digital implementation, the demodulator VLSIC achieves fast carrier-acquisition for burst mode operation by employing a reverse-modulation carrier recovery scheme capable of operating for OQPSK signals, and fast clock-acquisition by using a bit-timing recovery scheme with bit-timing estimation and interpolation coupled with a pulse-shaping filter.  Results of experiment on the assumption of a video time division multiple access (TDMA) system show that the developed VLSICs perform well at the high speed (60 Mb/s) and with the short preamble words (80 symbols)."
}

@ARTICLE{CBB94,
   author = "Chandrakasan, Anantha and Burstein, Andy and Brodersen, Robert W.",
   title = "Low power chipset for portable multimedia applications",
   journal = "Digest of Technical Papers - IEEE International Solid-State
              Circuits Conference",
   year = 1994,
   pages = "82--83",
   abstract = "
Future terminals will allow users untethered access to multi-media information serves that are interconnected through high-bandwidth network backbones.  This paper describes a chipset for such a terminal, to transmit audio and pen input from the user to the network on a wireless uplink and to receive audio, text/graphics and compressed video from the backbone on the down link.  The portability requirement results in the primary design focus on power reduction.  Six chips provide the interface between a high-speed digital radio modem and a commercial speech codec, pen input circuitry, and LCD panels for text/graphics and full-motion video display.  The chips provide protocol conversion, synchronization, error correction, packetization, buffering, video decompression, and D/A conversion at power consumption less than 5mW.  A 6b DAC to drive the LCD operates down to 1.3V, uses minimum-size devices for digital decoding, a single-ended architecture to reduce the average power by a factor of 2 and a low-voltage current reference, and consumes on average 500 mu W at 2.5MHz and 0.7Vpp output amplitude.  The specifications of the chipset fabricated in 1.2 mu m technology are given."
}

@ARTICLE{Hau94,
   author = "Hauser, H.M.",
   title = "Personal communicators: a better way to stay in touch",
   journal = "IFIP Transactions A: Computer Science and Technology",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 42,
   pages = "57--61",
   abstract = "
Personal communicators revolutionize the way people work and interact combining in one device the functions of a powerful mobile communications terminal, equally suited to conventional or wireless networks with those of a personal organizer and all these can be accessed through a pen-based user interface.  They combine the power of cellular phones, fax machines, modems, pagers, electronic mail and pen computing.  They bridge distances of space and time, enabling people to stay in tough anywhere and anytime.  The paper presents applications of personal communicator, forecasts of technology improvements and consumer standards and requirements to be met by these devices."
}

@ARTICLE{GS94,
   author = "Guo, Ning and Morgera, Salvatore D.",
   title = "Grade of service for integrated voice/data wireless {DS-CDMA}
            networks",
   journal = "Conference Record - International Conference on Communications",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "1104--1110",
   abstract = "
The performance of integrated voice/data wireless DS-CDMA networks is studied in this paper.  Due to the specific nature of the multiplexing method for CDMA networks, the performance of transmission services depends on the number of active users in the network.  Bit error rate formulae for voice and data calls are obtained as functions of the numbers of active voice and data calls.  The blocking probability of voice calls is determined for a call access administration strategy with preemptive priority for voice calls.  The improvement in the performance of data calls as a result of the application of ARQ techniques is examined.  Formulae for the virtual transmission rate of data calls are derived.  This work provides an approach to understanding the complex relationship between the grade of service and the number of active users in CDMA networks.  Based on the results, a bandwidth management strategy is proposed for CDMA networks transporting multimedia services.  In order to mitigate the congestion of data calls under fully loaded cell conditions, a throttling back rate reduction method is studied."
}

@ARTICLE{MNE94,
   author = "Magill, D. Thomas and Natali, Francis D. and Edwards, Gwyn P.",
   title = "Spread-spectrum technology for commercial applications",
   journal = "Proceedings of the IEEE",
   year = 1994,
   month = apr,
   volume = 82,
   number = 4,
   pages = "572--584",
   abstract = "
Only recently has our technology advanced to the point that commercial application of spread-spectrum signaling is economically feasible.  This has motivated a number of companies and individuals to seek new ways to benefit from spread-spectrum techniques in commercial systems and products.  In this paper, we give a very brief overview of spread-spectrum signaling.  We then consider applications to satellite mobile applications as well as indoor wireless applications.  An overview is presented of several proposals to provide worldwide personal communications through satellite-based spread-spectrum systems, the tradeoffs to be considered, and the controversies involved.  A description of a high-capacity wireless office telephone system serves to illustrate how spread-spectrum signaling may be useful in this environment.  Finally, we describe a number of digital processing algorithms and devices that implement spread-spectrum signaling in a cost-effective manner."
}

@ARTICLE{NEM94,
   author = "Nishinaga, Eugene and Evans, John A. and Mayhew, Gregory L.",
   title = "Wireless advanced automatic train control",
   journal = "1994 ASME/IEEE Joint Railroad Conference Proc 1994 ASME IEEE Jt Railroad Conf 1994",
   year = 1994,
   pages = "31--46",
   abstract = "
Communication devices and network techniques are combined in a radio system under development to satisfy safety critical, operational requirements for train location and control in railroad and transit applications.  Spread spectrum radios, installed on-board trains, at wayside locations, and at control stations, participate in a synchronous, time slotted network enabling location determination in conjunction with reliable transfer of control information.  Simulations have shown that the benefits of this radio based advanced automatic train control system are appreciable reductions in operational headway, in energy consumption, and in elapsed time for consists to traverse their routes."
}

@ARTICLE{TOM94,
   author = "Tirkel, A.Z. and Osborne, C.F. and Mee, N. and Rankin, G.A. and McAndrew, A.",
   title = "Maximal connected sets - application to microcell {CDMA}",
   journal = "International Journal of Communication Systems",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 7,
   number =1,
   pages = "29--32",
   abstract = "
Current trends in personal and data communication networks favour code division multiple access (CDMA) as a solution to spectral congestion.  This is because of enhanced capacity, security, network flexibility, simplified protocol, and relative immunity to propagation induced errors such as multipath and interference, as compared with traditional frequency division multiple access (FDMA).  Various CDMA schemes have been proposed and described in relation to VSAT systems, local area microcells, and cellular telephones.  Additionally, numerous product applications have emerged in the areas of modems, voice links and wireless local exchanges.  These systems require inter- and intra-cell control.  By contrast, the scheme presented in this paper places no reliance on intercell protocol.  It enables new cells to be added to the network without any impact on the hardware.  Network reconfiguration requires software changes only.  Therefore, the scheme is appropriate to systems which demand flexibility with minimum overheads."
}

@ARTICLE{Rab94,
   author = "Rabiner, Lawrence R.",
   title = "Applications of voice processing to telecommunications",
   journal = "Proceedings of the IEEE",
   year = 1994,
   month = feb,
   volume = 82,
   number = 2,
   pages = "199--228",
   abstract = "
The ways in which people communicate are changing rapidly.  No longer is the conventional voice call over a wired network the only reasonable and reliable method of transmitting information.  Instead, the options are many and diverse, ranging from voice calls over wireless networks, to video calls over the conventional wired network, ISDN video, FAX, e-mail, voice mail, beeper, services, data services, audio teleconferencing, and so-called scribble phone service (transmission of arbitrary hand written input).  This revolution in communications is being fueled by several sources, including the availability of low-cost, low-power,computation in both DSP and RISC chips, larger and cheaper memory chips, improved algorithms for communications (e.g., modems, signaling) and signal processing, and finally the creation of world-wide standards for transmission, signal compression, and communication protocols.  The broad goal of the communications revolution is to provide seamless and high-quality communications between people (or groups of people), anywhere, anytime, and at a reasonable price.  Although there are many technologies that form the bases for the communications environment of the twenty-first century, one of the key technologies for making the vision a reality is voice processing.  In this paper we attempt to show, by example, how voice processing has been applied to specific problems in telecommunications systems of the twenty-first 
century."
}

@ARTICLE{Jir94,
   author = "Jiraud, Dennis A.",
   title = "Codes improve multiple-access communications",
   journal = "Microwaves and RF",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 32,
   number = 12,
   pages = "6pp",
   abstract = "
Code-division multiple access (CDMA) has emerged as a technique of choice in wireless applications such as cellular communications and local-area networks (LANs).  One of its advantages is that it does not require accurate frequency or time-interval separation between users, so transmissions may overlap in time and spectrum.  In addition, the method allows flexibility in the number of simultaneous users transmitting into a given channel.  CDMA also provides superior operating tolerance for both multipath and narrowband interference."
}

@ARTICLE{Hog93,
   author = "Hogberg, Henrik",
   title = "Wide-area wireless data. Currently available systems and
            applications",
   journal = "Telecommunications (Americas Edition)",
   issn = "0278-4831",
   year = 1993,
   volume = 27,
   number = 12,
   pages = "3p",
   abstract = "
While PCS, digital cellular, or other emerging technologies may offer 
corporate MIS managers a range of different options in the future, today there are really only two options for nationwide mobile data communications; analog cellular or digital packet-switched networks.  Here's a more detailed look."
}

@ARTICLE{OG93,
   author = "Owen, F. and Geoffray, C.",
   title = "{DECT} standard in local loop access applications",
   journal = "IEE Conference Publication",
   year = 1993,
   volume = 386,
   abstract = "
The DECT standard has been developed under the auspices of the European 
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and includes both a design standard and an approval testing specification.  This paper discusses the suitability of the Digital European Cordless Telecommunication (DECT) radio interface for use in a Wireless Local Loop (WLL) application.  The relevance of this standard for WLL applications is highlighted, particularly with respect to the likely service requirements and attributes of these local access networks.  The paper concludes with an example of a potential DECT WLL architecture."
}

@ARTICLE{MO93,
   author = "Morita, Kozo and Ohtsuka, Hiroyuki",
   title = "New generation of wireless communications based on
            fiber-radio technologies",
   journal = "IEICE Transactions on Communications",
   year = 1993,
   month = sep,
   volume = 76,
   number = 9,
   pages = "1061--1068",
   abstract = "
This paper describes an overview of wireless communications based on fiber-radio technologies from the viewpoint of system applications, particularly in the are of microcell radio systems.  Feasible fiber-radio networks design are detailed in order to increase system performance and cost effectiveness.  The benefits of the evolving fiber-radio microcell system are discussed with a spectral delivery scheme to meet traffic demands.  Foreseeable electronic and optic technologies are reviewed in light of the key parameters to optimize the overall system.  This strategy will play a role in broadband and flexible networks."
}

@ARTICLE{CMS93,
   author = "Chang, James J.C. and Miska, Richard A. and Shober, R.Anthony",
   title = "Wireless systems and technologies: an overview",
   journal = "AT and T Technical Journal",
   year = 1993,
   volume = 72,
   number = 4,
   pages = "11--18",
   abstract = "
The telecommunications industry is now in the midst of a second wireless revolution, which is projected to have an impact as large as that of the original.  The current revolution began with the invention of cellular communications technology.  As new discoveries were made and cellular technology advanced, another generation of wireless applications has emerged during the past decade.  Future applications will make it easier than ever for people to avail themselves of anywhere, anytime voice, data, and messaging services through the telecommunications network.  This paper discusses the development of current cellular applications and technologies, and also explores the expanding wireless telecommunications network of the future."
}

@ARTICLE{WVV93,
   author = "Werbus, V. and Veloso, A. and Villanueva, A.",
   title = "{DECT}. Cordless functionality in new generation {A}lcatel {PABX}s",
   journal = "Electrical Communication",
   year = 1993,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "172--180",
   abstract = "
The definition of mobility as an integrated offer of all future Alcatel PABXs is based on DECT (Digital European Cordless Telecommunications), the most promising standard for cordless applications.  Its capabilities combined with the wide range of services already provided by the Alcatel systems will lead to a previously unknown level of comfort and convenience for users."
}

@ARTICLE{Lor93,
   author = "Loraine, J.",
   title = "Wireless data networks: an opportunity for {GaAs}",
   journal = "Technical Digest - GaAs IC Symposium (Gallium Arsenide
              Integrated Circuit)",
   year = 1993,
   pages = "11--14",
   abstract = "
There has never been a better opportunity for GaAs than Wireless Data Networks since the allocated spectrum is at frequencies where GaAs can compete with, and beat, Silicon.  This paper discusses wireless data network applications and the resulting GaAs opportunities."
}

@ARTICLE{Arn93,
   author = "Arnbak, Jens C.",
   title = {{E}uropean (R)evolution of wireless digital networks},
   journal = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
   year = 1993,
   month = sep,
   volume = 31,
   number = 9,
   pages = "74--82",
   abstract = "
Wireless systems engineering is developing into a more conscious search for the best common culture for multiple users in a real environment.  In this article, some of the related European developments of two different personal communication services, digital cellular telephone and mobile data networks, are compared with each other.  The development of novel wireless technologies in the past 15 years has spurred a fascinating drive towards new Multi-user systems and applications on either side of the Atlantic ocean.  But while the enabling technologies are largely the same, some clear differences in the approach and involvement of European and American regulatory standardization bodies can be noted.  The stronger European tradition of involvement of public authorities in the telecommunications leads to firmer and more widely accepted standards for new public wireless systems, such as GSM, DECT, teletext and RDS.  These common standards are proving of great commercial value not only to European manufacturers and system integrators of mobile infrastructure, but also to terminal equipment manufacturers, service operators and users world-wide."
}

@ARTICLE{SNW93,
   author = "Snyder, Alan J. and Nazarian, Richard A. and Weiss, William J.",
   title = {Secure communications and status reporting protocol for implanted devices},
   journal = "IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems",
   year = 1993,
   pages = "253--257",
   abstract = "
We have developed a protocol permitting an implant to report its status to external monitoring equipment on a periodic basis, while permitting bidirectional communications when necessary.We use conventional means of error detection for outgoing status messages.  The bidirectional protocol is designed to operate over a noisy link, having multiple means of error detection and recovery.  The protocol was designed to provide wireless communications for artificial hearts and assist devices, and has been tested in animals in that application."
}

@ARTICLE{NAW95,
   author = "Novak, Dalma and Ahmed, Zaheer and Waterhouse, Rodney B. and Tucker, Rodney S.",
   title = {Signal generation using pulsed semiconductor lasers for application in millimeter-wave wireless links},
   journal = "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques",
   year = 1995,
   month = sep,
   volume = 43,
   number = 9,
   pages = "2257--2262",
   abstract = "
We investigate the generation of signals using pulsed semiconductor lasers for application in millimeter-wave (mm-wave) wireless links.  The generation of mm-wave harmonic frequencies in both mode-locked and gain-switched lasers is considered and a method to generate mm-wave modulated optical signals with modulation depths approaching 100% is implemented.  The technique uses optical filtering to select only two optical modes in the pulsed laser spectrum that beat together in a high-speed photodiode.  The application of this method to the feeding of mm-wave wireless links incorporating microstrip patch antennas is demonstrated.  These optically fed links have application in indoor wireless LAN's and optical fiber microcellular systems."
}

@ARTICLE{Anon95,
   author = "Anon",
   title = {Motorola integrated wireless data solution},
   journal = "Microelectronics Journal",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 26,
   number = 4,
   pages = "ix--x",
   abstract = "
Announced at the Wireless Symposium and Exhibition in Santa Clara, the 3-IC chipset from Motorola is aimed specifically at the 2.4-2.5 GHz ISM band for wireless data applications such as LANs, datalinks, RFID and cordless phones.  The chipset is a textbook example of reconciling the often conflicting demands of performance, efficiency, size and cost for user-friendly portable applications."
}

@ARTICLE{AK95,
   author = "Audeh, Malik D. and Kahn, Joseph M.",
   title = {Performance evaluation of baseband {OOK} for wireless indoor
            infrared {LAN}'s operating at 100 {M}b/s},
   journal = "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
   year = 1995,
   month = jun,
   volume = 43,
   number = 6,
   pages = "2085--2094",
   abstract = "
We investigate 100 Mb/s wireless nondirectional infrared communication in the indoor environment using baseband nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) on-off keying (OOK) modulation.  We show that intersymbol interference induced by multipath propagation impairs detection efficiency.  Analytical and simulation results on specific channels demonstrate that an adaptive decision-feedback equalizer adapted according to the least-mean-squares algorithm recovers most of the performance degradation.  We also evaluate the performance of a timing-recovery phase-locked loop operating independent of the adaptive equalizer; showing that it quickly and accurately determines the sampling phase with negligible performance degradation.  We discuss effective methods of mitigating low-frequency noise induced by fluorescent lighting.  We present a packet-based communication method and describe its features and performance.  Our results support the feasibility of communication at 100 Mb/s over the infrared 
channel."
}

@ARTICLE{Fla95,
   author = "Flanagan, Patrick",
   title = {10 hottest technologies in telecom: a market research perspective},
   journal = "Telecommunications (Americas Edition)",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 29,
   number = 5,
   pages = "7pp",
   abstract = "
The list of the '10 hottest' technologies in telecommunication was drawn in part from telecommunication consultants as well as nominations from professionals in the field.  To find some answers, Telecommunications set down certain qualifying guidelines for 'hot technology'.  With these guidelines, the magazine's 10 hottest are, in no particular order, as follows: plug and play Internet use; direct broadcast service satellite dishes; personal communication services; carrier frame relay services; ATM on LAN backbones; videoservers; wireless data; data encryption; digital cash; and real-time document/application sharing."
}

@ARTICLE{JB95,
   author = "Jung, Bongjin and Burleson, Wayne P.",
   title = {Real-time {VLSI} compression for high-speed wireless local area networks},
   journal = "Proceedings of the Data Compression Conference",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "431",
   abstract = "
A new compact, power efficient, and scalable VLSI array for the first Lempel-Ziv algorithm to be used in high speed wireless data communication systems is presented.  It uses a novel custom systolic array and a simple dictionary FIFO which is implemented using conventional SRAM.  The architecture consists of M simple processing elements where M is the maximum length of string to be replaced with a codeword, which for practical LAN applications, can range from 16 to 32.  The systolic cell has been optimized to remove any superfluous state information or logic, thus making it completely dedicated to the task of LZ compression."
}

@ARTICLE{NT95,
   author = "Newman, David and Tolly, Kevin",
   title = "Wireless {LAN}s: How Far? How Fast?",
   journal = "Data Communications",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 24,
   number = 4,
   pages = "77--86",
   abstract = "
This article reports on the results of the evaluation of six offerings of wireless LAN products from five different vendors.  Focus was given on mobile LANs that include PCMCIA adapters/antennas for notebook PCs and access points that provide entry to the wired network.  The criteria for evaluation used include cost, ability to integrate with networks already in place, management features, security, vendor support, and performance.  Factors that pertain specifically to wireless products were also evaluated: roaming, the ability of a wireless end-station to be moved about freely while maintaining its connection to network resources.  The effect that each wireless product has on network design was also investigated."
}

@ARTICLE{NT94,
   author = "Newman, David; Tolly, Kevin",
   title = {Mobile and personal communications research in the acts programme},
   journal = "IEE Colloquium (Digest) ISSN: 0963-3308",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 188,
   pages = "5/1--3",
   abstract = "
Mobility and personal communications is Area 4 of seven principal areas of research identified in the ACTS Programme.  The preparation of the workplan for this element of ACTS exposed differences of view among contributors to the 'Task' definition process.  On one hand, there was a strong feeling that evolution of GSM/DCS 1800 would meet the targets originally defined for UMTS, but on the other, the perceived need for individual users to have access to bandwidth on demand in the third environment pointed to a more radical approach.  The work plan which ultimately emerged, accommodates both positions in that it presupposes that by the year 2000, the personal communications environment will offer a continuum of services embracing presently conceived UMTS, the Mobile Broadband Service (MBS) and Wireless LAN capability.  The emphasis in ACTS has, however, shifted from fundamental of enabling technology to 'service and application' and to investigating these aspects by offering the new service to communities of potential real users via 'National Host' network."
}

@ARTICLE{YP94,
   author = "Yang, G. and Pahlavan, K.",
   title = {Performance analysis of multicarrier modems in an office environment using 3D ray tracing},
   journal = "IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "42--46",
   abstract = "
Using a 3D radio propagation model based on ray optics and the Uniform Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (UTD), the outage probabilities of multicarrier BPSK and QPSK radio modems with and without Reed Solomon coding schemes in a typical office environment are examined.  The accuracy of the model is examined by comparing the results of computer simulations with those obtained from empirical measurements.  The effects of key parameters such as number of carriers, bandwidth efficiency, roll-off factor of filters and adjacent channel interference are analyzed.  It is shown that in a typical office environment, multicarrier modems with simple block coding schemes can provide data rate on the order of 20 Mbps which are suitable for wireless LANs applications."
}

@ARTICLE{Mat94b,
   author = "Mathias, Craig J.",
   title = {New {LAN} gear snaps unseen desktop chains},
   journal = "Data Communications",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 23,
   number = 5,
   pages = "75--80",
   abstract = "
It is most likely that the mobility gap separating wireless WANs, and LANs will soon close.  This is because emerging wireless LANs are providing users the freedom to roam the corporate range.  The removal of this bond is one more step in the migration of wireless technology to the networking mainstream.  A number of application are expected to follow.  Finally, while the economic argument for wireless LANs remain valid expenses for LAN hardware and software often are accounted separately from cable purchase, installation and maintenance."
}

@ARTICLE{Nak94,
   author = "Nakagawa, Masao",
   title = {Consumer communications based on spread spectrum techniques},
   journal = "IEEE International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "138--145",
   abstract = "
This paper shows consumer applications of Spread Spectrum Techniques; Power Line Communication, Data Carrier, Radio Remote Control, ISM Wireless LAN, Vehicle to Vehicle Communication, Digital TV Broadcasting, and Devices and Systems."
}

@ARTICLE{YSM94b,
   author = "Young, P.A. and Smith, P.J. and Mouldin, R.B. and Rafter, M.T.",
   title = {Dynamic resource allocation for wireless LAN interconnect},
   journal = "IEEE MILCOM",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "144--148",
   abstract = "
The evaluation of resource allocation schemes applicable to wireless LAN bridge interconnects is discussed.  Emphasis is placed on the allocable channel design the distribution of available bandwidth disadvantaged network users on their immediate data transmission requirements.  Simulation results that delineate the trade-offs leading to an architecture providing optimum performance are explained."
}

@ARTICLE{Mey94,
   author = "Meyer, Tim",
   title = {Wireless data in a dissimilar multiple network environment},
   journal = "Annual International Conference on Universal Personal Communications-Record",
   year = 1994,
   pages = "601",
   abstract = "
Wireless data networks are unique in that there are three key aspects to a complete solution: the network, the radio modem and the application.  As wireless data networks emerged, the focus was on architecting the network and designing small, power efficient modems.  Little effort was focused on the connectivity of the network (and modem) to higher operating systems and application layers.  This is true whether for fixed side to hosts, LAN servers, etc, or to proper interfaces on the mobile operating system.  This paper will explore how the major wide area wireless data networks (RAM, Ardis, CDPD) have approached the problem of connectivity, and discuss the key software interfaces.  Specialized transport protocols, high level API's and low level drive issues will be compared and contrasted."
}

@ARTICLE{KPP94b,
   author = "Kroell, Chr. and Peinl, P. and Pommnitz, J.",
   title = {Extensions of the Internet protocol for wireless communication},
   journal = "IFIP Transactions A: Computer Science and Technology",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 51,
   pages = "95--100",
   abstract = "
This paper describes beside an overview of proposals for mobile datacommunication in LANs an approach of how to overcome lacking portability and missing application independence by the design and implementation of an open systems platform for communications in mobile WANs.  This is achieved by the utilization of widely accepted industry and/or international standards, in particular the Internet (TCP/IP) suite of protocols."
}

@ARTICLE{HMB94b,
   author = "Hayes, Martin P. and McGrath, Sean and Burkley, Cyril J.",
   title = {Spread spectrum wireless {LAN} based on interference cancellation techniques},
   journal = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "775--779",
   abstract = "
An evaluation of a direct sequence spread spectrum wireless LAN based on interference cancellation techniques is presented, using a simulation toolset based on a hierarchical block diagram approach.  Good orthogonality between spreading codes with near-perfect average power control is essential for adequate spectrum efficiency in conventional CDMA applications but good average power control is often difficult to maintain.  Interference Cancellation Code Division Multiple Access (IC-CDMA) is a method proposed for third generation mobile systems which considerably improves the user capacity of a spread spectrum system.  IC-CDMA does not require equal received powers thereby eliminating the need for complex power control algorithms.  The results obtained illustrate that IC-CDMA is generally more suitable for a cellular application than conventional CDMA."
}


@ARTICLE{Miz94b,
   author = "Mizuno, Mitsuhiko",
   title = {Consideration on the application of spread spectrum techniques to SHF and EHF mobile and indoor wireless communications},
   journal = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "587--589",
   abstract = "
Future mobile communication systems will extend its frequency bands over wider ranges, for instance SHF microcellular and wireless LAN systems, and millimeterwave broadband communication systems.  Spread spectrum techniques will be more effective when wider spread bandwidth is available.  This means these techniques will fit to such high frequency bands.  This paper proposes optimum ways of application of spread-spectrum techniques for such RF bands.  This includes effective usage of fading reduction and CDMA capability, based on the propagation measurement results."
}

@ARTICLE{Bro94,
   author = "Browne, Jack",
   title = {Emulator simulates path losses/fading in wireless systems},
   journal = "Microwaves and RF ISSN: 0745-2993",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 33,
   number = 8,
   pages = "2p",
   abstract = "
Emulation of RF path characteristics allows designers and maintainers of wireless equipment to evaluate performance under realistic operating conditions.  The TAS 4500 RF Channel Emulator from Telecom Analysis Systems.  Inc.  (Eatontown, NJ) in itself provides the evaluation power and flexibility needed to fully exercise RF communications channels; it can also be connected to the company's line of associated test instruments to form a complete test solution for cellular modems and wireless local-area-network (WLAN) systems."
}

@ARTICLE{IB94,
   author = "Imielinski, Tomasz and Badrinath, B.R.",
   title = "Mobile Wireless Computing:
            Wireless Computing Challenges in Data Management",
   journal = "Communications of the ACM",
   year = 1994,
   month = oct,
   volume = 37,
   number = 10,
   pages = "18--28",
   abstract = "
The rapidly expanding technology of cellular communications, wireless LAN, and satellite services promises to make it possible for mobile users to access information anywhere and anytime.  In the future, users will be carrying portable computers running on AA batteries that may be diskless.  Larger units will run on Ni-Cd packs, with large memories and powerful processors.  All mobile computers, regardless of size, will be equipped with wireless connection to information networks.  A new environment of mobility and portability will create an entirely new class of applications combining personal computing and consumer electronics."
}

@ARTICLE{DBM94b,
   author = "Davies, R.L. and Barton, M.H. and Munro, A.",
   title = {Performance of a high speed wireless LAN using CSMA},
   journal = "Performance Engineering in Telecommunications Networks IEE Colloquium (Digest)",
   year = 1994,
   pages = "11B/1--11B/8",
   abstract = "
Mobile broadband communications is currently the toast of project groups like ETSI RES 10 and ESPRIT LAURA for research.  Application of this system would provide high speed data links for users within a small location area and is capable of overcoming the significant problems that a radio channel imposes.  The paper investigates the possibility of using a nonpersistent CSMA protocol for the medium access and presents the results of simulation work done to demonstrate the performance of the protocol under differing network loading in terms of its throughput and delay.  The model was constructed to allow parameters like network size, user population, average frame length and load to be configurable at the simulation level."
}

@ARTICLE{BSG96,
   author = "Bosco, Charles D. and Su, Li Pi and Girolamo, Henry and Darty, Mark",
   title = {Maintenance and Repair Support System (MARSS)},
   journal = "AUTOTESTCON (Proceedings)",
   year = 1996,
   pages = "336--343",
   abstract = "
The MARSS is the first integration of soldier and machine optimized for maintenance.  It is a lightweight, open architecture, wearable personal computer with object oriented software that controls and integrates plug-in measurement instrumentation, diagnostics processes, interactive electronic technical manuals, and logistic databases for the soldier.  Input and output to the system is by means of a head-mounted microphone and a flat-panel active matrix display.  MARSS has wireless Local Area Network (LAN) interaction with the weapon system data bus and members of the maintenance team, allowing transmission of fault or diagnostic data.  It contains multimedia repair and replace instructions on small, high-density, removable PCMCIA disks.  Flexible board technology provides soldier comfort.  The open architecture allows easy upgrading of the hardware and software, including new tools as they become available.  New battery technology consists of very small, flat, flexible batteries producing six hours operation."
}


@ARTICLE{Schu96,
   author = "Schumacher, Gregory D.",
   title = {Multimedia conversion and storage in the PCS environment},
   journal = "Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 2602,
   pages = "255--262",
   abstract = "
Multimedia on standalone and LAN based desktop computers is exploding.  Multimedia markets are growing, applications are serving new areas, available processing power is increasing, network bandwidth is increasing, and technology developments are providing new capabilities.  However, multimedia development in a wireless or mobile environment is not growing at the same rate at LAN based applications.  Much attention has been placed on wireless device design including power management in an attempt to increase the wireless device's capability in step with a desktop device.  However not much attention has been placed on the issue of bringing multimedia applications into the mobile operating environment.  This paper examines some of the issues involved with bringing multimedia applications from the desktop to the mobile environment.  The interaction with mobility management is explored in terms of multimedia messaging applications."
}

@ARTICLE{SNM96,
   author = "Sun, Y. and Nix, A. and McGeehan, J.P.",
   title = {HIPERLAN performance analysis with dual antenna diversity and decision feedback equalisation},
   journal = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1549--1553",
   abstract = "
To meet the increasing need for high capacity indoor wireless applications, the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) have recently defined a new wireless LAN format.  This system, known as HIPERLAN (HIgh PERformance Radio LAN), operates at 5.2 GHz and supports instantaneous bit rates of just under 24 Mb/s.   In this paper the performance of the HIPERLAN physical layer is investigated and in particular, the advantages of dual antenna diversity explored.  Five different combining schemes have been studied and both the LMS and RLS adaptation algorithms are considered in the analysis.  The results indicate that with suitable combining, a BER less than equivalent to 10** minus **4 is possible with rms delay spreads up to 100 ns using a (6,5) DFE and up to 150 ns using a (8,7) DFE."
}

@ARTICLE{PF96,
   author = "Pahlavan, Kaveh and Falsafi, Aram",
   title = {Trends in local wireless data networks},
   journal = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "21--25",
   abstract = "
This paper starts with a review of historical trends in the field of wireless local are networks, including issues of regulation and standards.  The most important technical issues for wireless LANs are also discussed.  Trends in applications are described, including the vision of wireless local area networks moving beyond the 'LAN extensions' that were the most important applications of first-generation wireless LAN products, and finding a market in the field of mobile computing.  Then the paper presents two of the more important transmission-related issues of interest to mobile users; power usage and data rate.  The tradeoff between power consumption and data rate is studied in the context of five transmission techniques that have recently been considered by wireless LAN standards bodies; direct sequence and frequency hopping spread spectrum, multicarrier modulation, decision-feedback equalization, and sectorred antenna systems."
}

@ARTICLE{Hol96,
   author = "Holubowicz, Witold",
   title = {1990's - the decade of pan-European digital standards in wireless communications},
   journal = "IEEE International Conference on Personal Wireless Communications 1996",
   year = 1996,
   pages = "91--95",
   abstract = "
In this paper, the key characteristic features of such pan-European wireless communication standards as GSM (cellular systems), DECT (cordless telephony), TETRA (trunking), ERMES (paging), TFTS (air-plane systems), HIPERLAN (wireless LANs), are described.  The main applications for each standard are indicated and the current market situation corresponding to their stage of deployment is discussed."
}

@ARTICLE{TK96,
   author = "Takimoto, Yukio and Kotaki, Minoru",
   title = {Recent development of mm-wave applications in Japan},
   journal = "Microwave Journal",
   year = 1996,
   month = may,
   volume = 39,
   number = 5,
   pages = "214, 216, 218, 220, 222--224, 226",
   abstract = "
In Japan mm-wave development has been promoted by organizing committees and associations, assigning a specified frequency band at 60 GHz for experimental work and investigating system standards.  Currently, extensive development efforts of manufacturing companies, private ventures, colleges and universities are devoted to 60 GHz band device development and system applications.  With significant progress in mm-wave hardware technologies and system software, successive development activities have been extensively begun.  Examples of these activities are the 60 GHz mm-wave automotive radar systems now in field tests in snow-covered terrain, and wireless LAN systems fabricated using 60 GHz MMICs and flat patch antennas, which will be tested in various kinds of propagation circumstances."
}

@ARTICLE{FS96,
   author = "Fantacci, Romano and Scardi, Massimo",
   title = {Performance evaluation of preemptive polling schemes and ARQ techniques for indoor wireless networks},
   journal = "IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 45,
   number = 2,
   pages = "258--257",
   abstract = "
This paper examines a radio-based indoor communication network with a single radio channel shared by several data terminals.  By enabling the terminals to communicate with each other and access the resources of a wired network, the system is a potential provider of in-building LAN-like services.  In this indoor fading environment, a base-station approach is assumed.  In the analysis, a two-state Markov chain model is used to model the nonstationary transmission channel.  Two preemptive polling multiple-access schemes combine with ARQ error-control schemes to counteract the effects of a nonstationary transmission channel.  The main idea here devised is that of making the service interruption dependent on the propagation conditions of the transmission channel by monitoring the outcomes of the data packet transmission attempts.  A performance comparison reveals the superiority of the preemptive polling systems with respect to a classical TDMA scheme."
}

@ARTICLE{Wed96,
   author = "Wedge, D.J.",
   title = {heoretical evaluation of range limitations in HIPERLAN receivers},
   journal = "Electronics Letters",
   year = 1996,
   month = apr,
   volume = 32,
   number = 8,
   pages = "717--718",
   abstract = "
The author identifies the characteristics of the European wireless LAN standard, HIPERLAN, which impact on its range.  The noise performance required of each receiver class is then assessed.  It is suggested that receiver sensitivity can be deliberately limited, reducing observed delay spread.  This technique could allow unequalised HIPERLAN receivers to challenge directed infra-red in short range, low cost applications."
}

@ARTICLE{Toh96,
   author = "Toh, Chai-Keong",
   title = {Performance evaluation of crossover switch discovery algorithms for wireless ATM LANs},
   journal = "Proceedings - IEEE INFOCOM",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1380--1387",
   abstract = "
In a connection-oriented Wireless LAN, the mobility of mobile hosts 
results in the establishment and disconnection of new and old virtual circuits.  The resulting increase in signalling traffic along with the need to support multi-media stream handovers demand a fast, continuous and bandwidth-efficient handover protocol.  In this paper, we adopt a handover scheme based on partial re-establishments, where a new partial path converges to an existing path.  Connection re-routing (CR) operations are then performed at the convergence/crossover switch (CX).  To achieve localised handovers, a wireless cell clustering scheme is proposed.   The clustering of base stations to cluster switches (CLSs) provides fast intra-cluster handovers since the CR operations are performed at the CLS.  To support fast inter-cluster handovers, four CX discovery schemes (Loose Select, Prior Path, Distributed Hunt and Backward Tracking) are introduced.  Simulation results obtained from a trace-driven mobile network simulator on four different network topologies (Random, Star, Tree and Hierarchical Redundancy) reveal that both Prior Path and Distributed Hunt discoveries outperform the others by providing the fastest convergence with shorter resulting paths and higher circuit reuse efficiency."
}

@ARTICLE{VKE95,
   author = "Veeraraghavan, M. and Karol, M. and Eng, K.Y.",
   title = {Mobility management in a wireless ATM LAN},
   journal = "Conference Record / IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "316--321",
   abstract = "
This paper presents the mobility management and connection control aspects of a wireless ATM LAN.  This is part of an ongoing research project to explore various aspects of wireless ATM networking to support multimedia PCS applications.  The LAN combines positive aspects of connection-oriented and datagram communication schemes in its usage of the ATM VP/VC concept.  In-sequence cell delivery and QoS guarantees are provided for on-demand connections without requiring any node-by-node configuration at the transit nodes.  We describe the mobility management procedures of mobile tracking, mobile location, and active handoffs.  We also describe the algorithms used to admit connections with or without QoS checking."
}

@ARTICLE{TT95,
   author = "Tung, L.-L. and Turban, E.",
   title = {Information technology as an enabler of telecommuting},
   journal = "International Journal of Information Management",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 16,
   number = 2,
   pages = "103--117",
   abstract = "
One of the most interesting changes in business practices is telecommuting, namely doing work in places other than the corporate offices.  The extent of telecommuting has been on the rise during the 1990s and it is expected to rise rapidly during the next few years.  A major driving force in the spread of telecommuting is the increased availability of cost-effective supportive information technologies.  The tasks performed by telecommuters are expanding.  While the early telecommuters performed repeated transactions (such as processing insurance claims at home), today's telecommuters can perform at home, or on the road, almost any task that they do at the office.  Thus, their information needs have been changed.  This paper examines the various tasks performed by telecommuters and surveys the major supporting information technologies.  Special attention is given to electronic mail, accessibility to databases and networks, desk top teleconferencing, personal digital assistants (PDAs), screen sharing, workflow systems, idea generation, and distributed group decision making.  Also, Lotus Notes is viewed as a major computing environment that will facilitate telecommuting.  Technological developments in an integrated services digital network (ISDN), an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), wireless communication, and local area network (LAN) connectivity will have a major impact on the growth of telecommuting and so will the resolution of managerial issues such as appropriate controls and security, cost-benefit justification, training and ownership and maintenance of the necessary equipment at home."
}

@ARTICLE{FPY96,
   author = "Falsafi, Aram and Pahlavan, Kaveh and Yang, Ganning",
   title = {Transmission techniques for radio LAN's - a comparative performance evaluation using ray tracing},
   journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 14,
   number = 3,
   pages = "477--491",
   abstract = "
This paper uses the results of ray tracing in a typical indoor test area to compare the performance of major radio transmission techniques that are used as the air interface in evolving standards and major wireless local area network (WLAN) products.  The performance of direct sequence (DS) and frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) in the test area are compared with the performance of multicarrier modems, as well as modems using decision feedback equalization (DFE) and sectored antenna systems (SAS).  The validity of using ray tracing for performance evaluation is examined by comparing the results with the results of performance evaluation obtained from the empirical measurement of the channel characteristics.  Based on the maximum achievable data rate and minimum power requirement determined in the test area, operation of all modems in bandlimited and power limited applications are discussed."
}

@ARTICLE{Wil95,
   author = "Wilkinson, Tim",
   title = {High data rate radio LANs},
   journal = "IEE Colloquium (Digest)",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 224,
   pages = "3/1--3/8",
   abstract = "
Today, there is a convergence of both communications traffic and network types.  This article describes wireless standards designed for wireless LAN applications.  The spectrum, requirements and design of the PHY (PHYsical) and MAC (Medium Access Control) layers of air interfaces are discussed.  Potential for future systems is also explored."
}

@ARTICLE{SSG95,
   author = "Shpantzer, Isaac and Schoenfeld, Larry and Grindahl, Merv and Kelman, Vladimir",
   title = {KeyWare: an open wireless distributed computing environment},
   journal = "Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 2601,
   pages = "23--112",
   abstract = "
Deployment of distributed applications in the wireless domain lack equivalent tools, methodologies, architectures, and network management that exist in LAN based applications.  A wireless distributed computing environment (KeyWare**T**M) based on intelligent agents within a multiple client multiple server scheme was developed to resolve this problem.  KeyWare renders concurrent application services to wireline and wireless client nodes encapsulated in multiple paradigms such as message delivery, database access, e-mail, and file transfer.  These services and paradigms are optimized to cope with temporal and spatial radio coverage, high latency, limited throughput and transmission costs.  A unified network management paradigm for both wireless and wireline facilitates seamless extensions of LAN- based management tools to include wireless nodes.  A set of object oriented tools and methodologies enables direct asynchronous invocation of agent-based services supplemented by tool-sets matched to supported KeyWare paradigms.  The open architecture embodiment of KeyWare enables a wide selection of client node computing platforms, operating systems, transport protocols, radio modems and infrastructures while maintaining application portability."
}

@ARTICLE{OM95,
   author = "Ohsawa, Tomoki and Maguire, Gerald Q. Jr.",
   title = {Capacity effect of bridging functionality applied to wireless packet datalink},
   journal = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1073--1077",
   abstract = "
This paper calculates the capacity efficiency of various data link methods in wireless LAN communications.  For LAN communications, the packet reachability between mobile stations within the same cell should be guaranteed, as intracell communication is important.  In order to realize this, we have proposed a bridging functionality which automatically transfers the packet at an access point when the source can not send the packet to destination directly.  In this paper, the theoretical capacity efficiency is calculated and compared against other methods, non-bridging (i.e., direct communications) and full-time bridging (i.e., the access point always bridges data.).  The evaluation results show that the proposed method is always efficient."
}

@ARTICLE{TKM95,
   author = "Tang, W. and Kaye, A.R. and Mahmoud, S.A.",
   title = {Network architecture and signaling for wireless access to an ATM LAN},
   journal = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "901--904",
   abstract = "
Indoor wireless communications will become important in providing access to networks which will increasingly use ATM technology to allow multimedia service applications.  This paper presents two possible architectures for wireless access to an ATM LAN: the centralized and the distributed wireless controller cases.  The detailed signaling procedures for both the cases are discussed, and the two architectures are compared in terms of their signaling and complexity implications."
}

@ARTICLE{SG95,
   author = "Sesay, A.B. and Gibbard, M.R.",
   title = {Asymmetric signal processing for indoor wireless LANs},
   journal = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "6--10",
   abstract = "
The authors propose an asymmetric structure with reduced complexity at the portable.  It uses a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) at the basestation to equalize data from the portable and a Tomlinson-Harashima precoder with its forward filter (TH-FF) at the basestation to pre-equalize transmission to the portable.  All the filters are characterized using available information at the basestation only.  Performance results presented include bit error rates, signal powers and spectral densities for data rates between 10 to 100 Mbits/s and sensitivity to automatic gain control errors.  Using todays custom designed ASIC, complexity at the base station appears feasible for up to 20 Mbits/s rate."
}

@ARTICLE{APR95,
   author = "Ayanoglu, Ender and Pancha, Pramod and Reibman, Amy R.",
   title = {Video transport in wireless ATM},
   journal = "IEEE International Conference on Image Processing",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "400--403",
   abstract = "
Wireless ATM LANs have the potential to support multi-Mb/s bandwidths to mobile users with guaranteed quality of service.  However, the lossy nature of the wireless medium will pose problems for loss-sensitive applications.  Techniques to minimize the effect of these losses will therefore be required.  In this paper, we examine the use of combined source and channel coding for MPEG video transport in a wireless ATM environment.  Although forward error correction (FEC) provides protection against channel bit errors, the bandwidth overhead can become a significant drawback in a fixed bandwidth scenario.  Additional protection against losses can be realized by using two-layer video coding.  In this work, we compare the performance of a 1-layer main profile and 2-layer data partitioning and SNR scalable MPEG-2 encoders in a system with random channel errors and forward error correction.  The results indicate that if the channel bit error rate is known an optimum FEC level can be chosen for the 1-layer case.  However, at this fixed FEC level, if a critical bit error rate is exceeded then video quality degrades dramatically.  The 2-layer cases appear to lead to more graceful degradation in quality at this critical bit error rates.  In particular, SNR scalability may lead to better video quality over a larger range of bit error rates than a 1-layer approach."
}

@ARTICLE {Bor94,
   author = "Borsook, Paulina",
   title = {Data communications},
   journal = "IEEE Spectrum",
   year = 1994,
   month = jan,
   volume = 31,
   pages = "26--29",
   abstract = "
The author describes how events in the consumer market and the business world have recently shaped (and for the next few years will continue to shape) this area far more than technological breakthroughs. The need for real-time delivery of much higher volumes of data to meet the video and audio requirements of coming multimediaapplications has driven developments in data speed and in that new realm of technology where data communications converge with other kinds of inputs. Similarly, a rising interest in increasingly mobile communications has sparked an interest in wireless communications."
}

@ARTICLE {RYP94,
   author = "Rypinski, C.A.",
   title = {Motivation for centralized wireless LAN functions},
   journal = "PIMRC '92. The Third IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications Proceedings",
   year = 1994,
   pages = "153--158",
   abstract = "
There are technical, economic and human tradeoff factors in determining the degree to which system functions (including medium access method) are distributed between stations and common equipment in large scale wireless LAN systems. Motivations, specific use andbenefits of particular centralized functions are described in the context of the application and service requirements of IEEE P802.11. It is concluded that a shared common control function is essential in large scale, high capacity systems with bandwidth efficiency."
}

@ARTICLE {Fri94,
   author = "Frigyes, I.",
   title = {Application of optical methods in wireless communications},
   journal = "1993 SBMO International Microwave Conference/Brazil Proceedings",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "691--696",
   abstract = "
Wireless communications play an ever increasing role in present-day communication networks; the term wireless is used for systems, in which radio is 'close' to the user in most cases the user terminal has access to the rest of the network via radio. Radio may be in this case in any frequency band in principle from HF to IR or even optical frequencies. Typical applications are mobile communications and wireless indoor networks, including wireless LANs, wireless PABXs and personal communications; from the architecture point of view rural communications may also be included into this category. It turned out recently that in wireless communications, optics can also be applied with advantages. In the present tutorialpaper some of these applications are examined, with emphasis on indoor networks."
}

@ARTICLE {PB95,
   author = "Pitoura, E. and Bhargava, B.",
   title = {Revising transaction concepts for mobile computing},
   journal = "Proceedings. Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "164--168",
   abstract = "
It is expected that in the near future millions of users will have access to on-linedistributed databases through mobile computers. The restrictions imposed by the nature of the wireless medium and the resulting mobility of data consumers and data producers make traditional transaction models inadequate. In this paper, we investigate means for providing transaction support appropriate for mobile environments. Specifically, we define a model that ensures a weaker notion of consistency, accounts for mobility,and provides for recovery."
}

@ARTICLE {ACK95,
   author = "Asthana, A. and Cravatts, M. and Krzyzanowski, P.",
   title = {An indoor wireless system for personalized shopping assistance},
   journal = "Proceedings. Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "69--74",
   abstract = "
By integrating wireless, video, speech and real-time data access technologies, a unique shopping assistant service can be created that personalizes the attention provided to a customer based on individual needs, without limiting his movement, or causing distractions for others in the shopping center. We have developed this idea into a service based on two products: a very high volume hand-held wireless communications device, the PSA (Personal Shopping Assistant), that the customer owns (or may be provided to a customer by the retailer), and a centralized server located in the shopping center to which the customer communicates using the PSA. The centralized server maintains the customer database, the store database and provides audio/visual responses to inquiries from tens to hundreds of customers in real-time over a small area wireless network."
}

@ARTICLE {ZAF95,
   author = "Zdonik, S. and Alonso, R. and Franklin, N. and Acharya, S.",
   title = {Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications},
   journal = "Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications",
   year = 1994,
   abstract = "
The following topics were dealt with: models and methodology; file systems; applicaiton frameworks; campus-wide wiring; exploiting mobility commercially; networks and protocols; world wide web; privacy and anonymity."
}

@ARTICLE {HCN94,
   author = "Harasty, D.J. and Li Fung Chang and Noerpel, A.R.",
   title = {Architecture alternatives for wireless data services},
   journal = "1994 Third Annual International Conference on Universal Personal Communications. Record",
   year = 1994,
   pages = "310--314",
   abstract = "
The growth in wireless personal communications is expected to bring about an increase in data communications, both by emulating existing wireline data services, and by enabling entirely new services and applications. This paper describes a generalized network architecture for the interworking of wireless access systems (supporting wireless data users) to wireline networks (on which there are data services), and discusses the implementation of particular elements of the architecture. The generalized architecture describes wireless data users connected to services on wireline networks by way of an intermediate network and an appropriate interworking function (IWF). The intermediate network could be implemented in a variety of ways, such as a circuit-switched, centralized packet-switched, or a local area network (LAN). The IWF adapts radio protocols to those on the wireline network, and buffers the remote data service from user movement. The impacts of basic data call handling (call origination, call delivery, and handoff) on the intermediate network are the principle topic."
}

@ARTICLE {DH95,
   author = "Diehl, N. and Held, A.",
   title = {Mobile computing-components, system aspects, applications},
   journal = "IT+TI Informationstechnik und Technische Informatik",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 37,
   pages = "21--28",
   abstract = "
Mobile computing allows to access and to distribute information at any time and at any place. New portable computers and wireless communication networks enable mobile computing. Additionally, many system integration effects have to be addressed to support mobile computing applications."
}

@ARTICLE {CLS94,
   author = "Carlson, G.S. and Levinstein, I.B. and Schwing, J.L. and Williams, F.M.",
   title = {Networks in the outdoor, industrial environment},
   journal = "Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Southeast Conference",
   year = 1994,
   pages = "319--322",
   abstract = "
Running a network in an outdoor, industrial environment raises a number of special problems. Some of these problems include the need to address hardware reliability, reconfiguration of the system, recovery, and network topology. This paper focuses on the development of such a system designed to meet the needs of a dockside, container shipping application."
}

@ARTICLE {Yam94,
   author = "Yamaguchi, K.",
   title = {LAN-current status and future vision},
   journal = "Journal of the Japan Society for Simulation Technology",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 13,
   pages = "190--196",
   abstract = "
Local area network technology is progressing rapidly. The paper summarizes current status and future vision of LAN. The current LANs (CSMA/CD and token networks) and basic components for internetworking are explained. Upcoming new LANs (TP-PMD, 100BASE-T, 100VG-AnyLAN, Wireless LAN, and ATM-LAN) are introduced. Some issues concerning multimedia networking, and key technologies (data compression, switching LAN, and ATM) are shown. The paper also introduces future technologies, including multimedia applications and broadband network infrastructure."
}

@ARTICLE {SBB95,
   author = "Schill, A. and Bellmann, B. and Bohmak, W. and Kummel, S.",
   title = {Infrastructure support for cooperative mobile environments},
   journal = "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises. WET ICE '95",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "171--178",
   abstract = "
With the widespread use of distributed systems on one hand and the rapid deployment of mobile computing and communication infrastructure on the other, it becomes important to link both technologies together. This paper first outlines new problems arising from distributed mobile computing and then presents a software support architecture and system for mobile applications. We then discuss a system model for structuring mobile applications, a station software infrastructure for managing resource access in dynamic mobile environments, and a description technique for specifying behavioural aspects of mobile applications. The implementation is   based on the remote procedure call of the OSF Distributed Computing Environment and on Microsoft RPC. First experiences with our prototype are reported and directions for future development are outlined."
}

@ARTICLE {Woll95,
   author = "Wolfson, O.",
   title = {Mobile computing in a reservation application},
   journal = "Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism. Proceedings of the International Conference",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "43--45",
   abstract = "
Presently, the allocation scheme of a distributed database is established in a static fashion, when the database is designed. The allocation scheme remains fixed until the designer manually intervenes to change the number of replicas or their location. We show that this is an unsatisfactory solution, particularly in mobile computing. The project we describe has three main objectives. First, we develop, analyze and implement a set of algorithms for dynamic allocation of objects in mobile computer networks. Second, we integrate these algorithms into a comprehensive software system and software tools to provide dynamic allocation and replication. Third, we evaluate the system using a commercial application that serves travel agents."
}

@ARTICLE {NPS95,
   author = "Noble, B.D. and Price, M. and Satyanarayanan, M.",
   title = {A programming interface for application-aware adaptation in mobile computing},
   journal = "Proceedings of the Second USENIX Symposium on Mobile and  Location-Independent Computing",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "57--66",
   abstract = "
Mobile clients face wide variations in network conditions and local resource availability when accessing remote data. Coping with this uncertainty requires the ability to retrieve and present data at varying degrees of fidelity. In this paper we present application-aware adaptation as a solution to this problem. The essence of our solution is a collaborative partnership between applications and the operating system. We describe the Odyssey API for application-aware adaptation and demonstrate its use in accessing two types of data: video and maps."
}

@ARTICLE {DBC95,
   author = "Davies, N. and Blair, G.S. and Cheverst, K. and Friday, A.",
   title = {A network emulator to support the development of adaptive applications},
   journal = "Proceedings of the Second USENIX Symposium on Mobile and Location-Independent Computing",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "47--55",
   abstract = "
Mobile applications must operate in environments in which the network connectivity, input/output devices, power and contextual information available to them may all vary. Applications which react to changes in these parameters in order to ensure continuing service to the user are termed adaptive applications and have recently merged as an area of intense research activity. We describe the design and implementation of a network emulator which facilitates research in this field by allowing applications to be exposed to user   controlled fluctuations in network service. The emulator can be used with any application which uses UDP and requires only minimal changes to the application or, it may be used with applications written using the ANSAware distributed systems platform in which case no changes are necessary to the application. The design and implementation of the emulator are described in this paper as our experiences of using the emulator to model three distinct types of wireless network: GSM, an analogue cellular service and a simple shared radio channel. The source code for the emulator is freely available and instructions on obtaining the code are also included."
}

@ARTICLE {EGY93,
   author = "Epstein, M. and Gilmour, P. and Yoon, C.J.",
   title = {Application of commercial wireless LAN technology to forward area mobile communications},
   journal = "MILCOM '93. 'Communications on the Move'. Conference Record",
   year = 1993,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "490--496",
   abstract = "
Two applications have been identified for wireless local area network (LAN) technology in the forward area of the battlefield: a soldier radio and distributed command posts. The Army's soldier radio/soldier computer initiative is characterized by low to medium data rate requirements (10 kbps or higher), optimization for low cost and light weight, and fully-mobile operation. It utilizes the UHF or low SHF bands, and has a range to 2 km. The distributed command posts application is characterized by high data rate requirements (1 to 10   Mbps), optimization for low probability of intercept (LPI) or detection (LPD), and quasi-mobile operation (rapid setup after a move). It utilizes the EHF band, and has a range to 10 km. The authors survey requirements and architectural alternatives for both applications. The issues which make current commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology unsuitable for a tactical environment are examined, and modifications which may be made to COTS equipment to deal with these issues are proposed. These issues include operation on the   move, high-loss propagation path, frequency band, security requirements, and interference rejection. echnologies which are common to the two applications are identified. Current COTS technology appears to be a good match to the soldier radio application. Suggestions are made for how COTS technology may be applied to the distributed command post application."
}

@ARTICLE{KKY96,
   author = "Kinoshita, Kensaku and Koga, Hisao and Yamamoto, Hideo and
             Sugita, Keizo and Aida, Masaki",
   title = {Trends and technical issues for high speed {LAN}s and applications},
   journal = "IEICE Transactions on Communications",
   year = 1996,
   month = may,
   volume = 79,
   number = 5,
   pages = "621--626",
   abstract = "
Future private networks will achieve a high performance level in terms of both network transmission and processing, and the network connections will be seamless. This paper discusses research trends in high speed LANs and addresses issues in achieving high performance and seamless connections. The issues involved are the evolution of LANs, such as gigabit LANs and highspeed wireless LANs of 150 Mbps, virtual LAN services on a WAN, a networking OS for seamless networking, LAN/WAN management integration enabling customer control, and an information sharing platform."
}

@ARTICLE{Nel96,
   author = "Nelson, G.J.",
   title = {User interaction with machines on the move: location aware computing},
   journal = "Computers in Industry",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 29,
   pages = "63--70",
   abstract = "
The aim of current mobile computing systems is to hide the network as far as possible from applications. This paper introduces location-aware computing, which makes details of the networked computing environment explicitly available to applications. Objects which move, such as people and equipment, are electronically tagged. Depending upon where a person is located and the capabilities of the machines around a person, the applications alter their behaviour. This automates tasks such as logging on and telephone re-routing. Applications automatically modify themselves to make best use of a person's nearby environment. Audit trails may be created, detailing the person's or object's movement, allowing time-and-motion studies to be conducted and the analysis of product movement efficiency within a factory. It is argued that a location-aware computing system must address the three main issues of information gathering, data structures and querying, and access control. Ideas within these areas are introduced and explained, and the concepts of `co-location' and `spheres of influence' are suggested as paradigms of person-machine interaction."
}

@ARTICLE{Gur96,
   author = "Gurley, S.",
   title = {Wireless data: the path to progress},
   journal = "Telecommunications [International Edition]",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 30,
   pages = "79--80",
   abstract = "
Wireless data essentially exists in three versions: wireless local area networks (LANs), wireless campus area networks (CANs) and wireless wide area networks (WANs). This article describes how each differs in terms of telecommunications technology, business application, cost and cost components, both initial and operational, and the skills required to implement it."
}

@ARTICLE{Kwa95,
   author = "Kwan Soo Lee",
   title = {Evolution of a futuristic rural network with mixed wireless and cable systems},
   journal = "Wireless Computer Communication. Emerging Business Opportunities. Papers Presented at the International Conference on Wireless Computer Communication: Emerging Business Opportunities (Infocom'94)",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "364--373",
   abstract = "
To meet the network requirement of the fast growing rural areas, futuristic design of a rural network is proposed along with the description of the system architecture which will become available in the near future. The objective behind the design is to make available a low cost small exchange of high reliability and smooth upgradation which will be acceptable for new services like Wireless Communication, ISDN and CCS No. 7 Signalling. With emphasis on adaptability, the design incorporates Modular System Design, Universal Utility Cards, Open Interface, etc. A number of application products that have been developed or are proposed to be developed are outlined."
}

@ARTICLE{Pop96,
   author = "Pope, S.",
   title = {Application migration for mobile computers},
   journal = "Proceedings. Third International Workshop on Services in Distributed and Networked Environments",
   year = 1996,
   pages = "20--26",
   abstract = "
Mobile computers, termed Walkstations are expected to be used under massively changing conditions. In order to operate effectively they must adapt their behaviour as conditions change. This paper presents a low latency, heterogeneous application migration service, built from a distributed programming environment, which enables applications to adapt from a rich, office based computing environment to one which is more self-reliant."
}

@ARTICLE{BHJ96,
   author = "Berger, M.O. and Hoff, S. and Jakobs, K. and Kubitz, O.",
   title = {Integration of DECT and OSI to support mobile computing applications},
   journal = "1996 IEEE 46th Vehicular Technology Conference. Mobile Technology for the Human Race",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "1249--1253",
   abstract = "
DECT is the European standard for digital cordless telecommunication. Currently, most DECT systems have been established as standard PABX islands only. However, emerging application areas for DECT networks include data communication oriented mobile computing, making OSI conformance a major issue. This paper presents an approach towards the integration of mobile and fixed OSI-based networks using DECT as an example. Problems to be addressed include the registration, tracking and localization of mobile users roaming across cooperating DECT islands, in order to provide network-wide reachability and service access. We propose the ITU-T X.500 directory service as the natural solution to this problem. Using X.500 enables mapping of a DECT international portable users identity onto the user's current location. After briefly introducing the DECT and the X.500 standard, different schemes for location management using X.500 are discussed. Once the X.500 directory system is established, it can be accessed and utilized by telecommunication services and mobile applications. Examples include wireless access to an overall X.400 service as well as trading services for X.9tr based mobile distributed computing applications."
}




@ARTICLE{ASMC98,
   author="Alves-Serodio, Carlos M.J. and Monteiro, Joao L. and Couto, Carlos A.C.",
   title={Integrated network for agricultural management applications},
   journal = "IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "679--683",
   abstract = "
Modern concepts on methods and techniques for the management and control 
of agricultural systems - such as greenhouse and animal live stocks - claim for the 
use of computer systems.  Tasks like climate, irrigation and nutrient supply, must be 
controlled, in an economically way, to produce the best crop/living conditions.  To 
comply with these objectives, it is necessary to apply adequate control actions as 
the result of an integrated system that co-ordinates each action according with 
specific combination of different sensor inputs.  Moreover, this control must be 
often performed from a remote site.  This paper describes the design and 
implementation of an integrated network that links several communications platforms, 
as different as Controller Area Network (CAN), Wireless technology and Transfer 
Control Protocol-Internet Protocol (TCP-IP).  The main goal is to develop a system 
that guarantees a low-cost, high performance and flexible distributed control system 
with an increased functionality.  The user interacts with this distributed control 
system using a transparent and intuitive Graphical User Interface, (GUI) accessible 
from remote places.",
}


@ARTICLE{Maas98,
   author="Maass, H.",
   title={Location-aware mobile applications based on directory services},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 3,
   number = 2,
   pages = "157--173",
   abstract = "
Location-aware applications are becoming increasingly attractive due to 
the widespread dissemination of wireless networks and the emergence of small and 
cheap locating technologies.  We developed a location information server that 
simplifies and speeds up the development of these applications by offering a set of 
generic location retrieval and notification services to the application.  The data 
model and the access protocols of these services are based on the X.500 directory 
service and the lightweight directory access protocol LDAP since these are becoming 
the standard attribute-value-pair retrieval mechanisms for Internet and Intranet 
environments.  This approach establishes a smooth migration path from conventional to 
location-aware applications.  The paper presents the location information server 
concepts, defines its directory data model and access services, and discusses the 
implementation options of the location information server.",
}

@ARTICLE{CJMO97,
   author="Cohen, Philip R. and Johnston, Michael and McGee, David and Oviatt, Sharon and Pittman, 
Jay and Smith, Ira and Chen, Liang and Clow, Josh",
   title={QuickSet: multimodal interaction for distributed applications},
   journal = "Proceedings of the ACM International Multimedia Conference and Exhibition 
1997.",
   year = 1997,
   pages = "31--40",
   abstract = "
This paper presents an emerging application of multimodal interface 
research to distributed applications.  We have developed the QuickSet prototype, a 
pen/voice system running on a hand-held PC, communicating via wireless LAN through an 
agent architecture to a number of systems, including NRaD's LeatherNet system, a 
distributed interactive training simulator built for the US Marine Corps.  The paper 
describes the overall system architecture, a novel multimodal integration strategy 
offering mutual compensation among modalities, and provides examples of multimodal 
simulation setup.  Finally, we discuss our applications experience and evaluation. ",
}

@ARTICLE{LCL97,
   author="Lee, M.-Y. and Chen, J.-L. and Lin, Sh.",
   title={Java-based wireless network management system},
   journal = "IEEE International Conference on Personal Wireless Communications 1997",
   year = 1997,
   pages = "353--356",
   abstract = "
To support the high quality services with wireless networks, the module 
of wireless network management is indispensable.  Based on the Java facility, CORBA 
engine, and SNMP management protocol, a universal browser-based wireless network 
management system (WNMS) is designed and reported here.  We use the CORBA engine for 
the communication between manager and agent (managed system).  The SNMP protocol and 
Java facility are utilized for the design of the management applications to take the 
advantages of platform-independent.  In the WNMS, two new features, agent discovery 
and binding operation, are also implemented.  From the prototype system, it is 
observed that with the new features and traditional management functions, the WNMS 
can achieve a high degree of goodness in wireless-wireline network management. ",
}

@ARTICLE{Dha97,
   author="Dhawan, Ch.",
   title={Unique applications and opportunities in wireless computing in developing 
countries},
   journal = "IEEE International Conference on Personal Wireless Communications 1997",
   year = 1997,
   pages = "297--301",
   abstract = "
In this paper, we shall first describe the components of a wireless 
computing solution, review various wireless data networks, discuss the state-of-art 
of wireless computing technology, and mention the implementation challenges faced by 
the practitioners in the Western world.  Then, we shall explore the virgin state of 
wireless infrastructure and the need for innovative use of wireless computing 
applications in the developing countries.  This will highlight the differences in the 
requirements and the opportunities in the two sectors of the world.  After explaining 
these differences, we shall explore the business opportunities that developing 
nations can exploit for their own use or to assist the developed countries.  The 
focus of this paper is on wireless data applications across an enterprise and on end-
to-end systems integration of various components - wireless networks, mobile end user 
devices, communications software, and business applications software.  This paper is 
aimed at network professionals, systems integration practitioners, as well as for the 
research community.",
}

@ARTICLE{RRMSY97,
   author="Rude, M. and Rupp, T. and Matsumoto, K. and Sutedjo, S. and Yuta, S.",
   title={IRoN: An Inter Robot Network and three examples on multiple mobile robots' 
motion coordination},
   journal = "IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1437--1444",
   abstract = "
This paper describes concept and realization of IRoN (Inter Robot Network
), a wireless communication network to support cooperation among mobile robots.  From 
the point of view of the user (application programmer), IRoN has the following 
features: A list of surrounding robots with current position and speed is always 
available (by so-called implicit communication).  Additionally, communication with 
any robot can be initiated from the user program explicitly (by so-called explicit 
communication).  The paper also describes a simple application example: how 
simultaneous motion of two mobile robots can be achieved.  Three different user 
program examples using different features of IRoN are described.  The achieved motion 
delay ranges from about 1000 ms in the first user program, down to 50 ms in the third 
user program.  IRoN will be used for further cooperation experiments involving three 
robots: a first experiment is reported in the conclusion.",
}

@ARTICLE{MPSP97,
   author="Marx-Perez, E. and Sole-Pareta, J.",
   title={Accessing Internet applications from wireless computers},
   journal = "IEE Colloquium (Digest) 063",
   year = 1997,
   pages = "9/1--9/7",
   abstract = "
The problem of access Internet applications from wireless computers is 
discussed.  Wireless access characteristics (lower bandwidths, high error rates 
interference and nonuniform transmission propagation) are considered.  The review of 
different mobile Internet protocols is presented.  A wireless oriented WWW access 
application on real time is analyzed.  The response of WWW interface under different 
radio link conditions is investigated and performances of modified protocols are 
tested.",
}

@ARTICLE{She97,
   author="She, George",
   title={GPS-based mobile information service over MOBITEX networks},
   journal = "Proceedings of ION GPS",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "1375--1383",
   abstract = "
Since the introduction of the Global Positioning System (GPS) by the U.S. 
government in the late 80's, many different applications have been developed to 
utilize GPS for position determination and navigation purposes.  These applications 
include military electronic warfare, marine navigation systems, aircraft landing 
systems, vehicle navigation systems, and personal location systems.   The position 
information derived from the GPS receiver in a remote/mobile system can either be 
used by the remote user or be relayed to a host system in a back office for further 
processing and manipulation.  The MOBITEX network, a terrestrial two-way wireless 
packet data network that has been deployed in many countries worldwide, can be 
extremely useful for relaying such positioning information from the remote system to 
the host system.  Use of MOBITEX networks for positioning and navigation can be 
beneficial in a variety of applications, such as monitoring of mobile systems, 
dispatching systems, mobile information services, route management, and vehicle 
control/security systems.  In the area of personal applications, users can employ 
MOBITEX networks to efficiently transport positioning information to public safety 
authorities or medical service providers in case of emergency, as well as to 
incorporate the information in messages for wireless e-mail or two-way interactive 
paging systems.  The broad features of the MOBITEX system and the concept of the 
system design for the GPS-based Mobile Information Service application are presented.  ",
}

@ARTICLE{HR97,
   author="Hild, Stefan G. and Robinson, Peter",
   title={Mobilizing applications},
   journal = "IEEE Personal Communications",
   year = 1997,
   month = oct,
   volume = 4,
   number = 5,
   pages = "26--34",
   abstract = "
Wireless communication links are expensive and slow, and are therefore a 
scarce resource.  Their usage should be subject to special scrutiny, especially when 
used by general-purpose application programs.  We present the services of the 'Mobile 
Application Framework' which supports conventional applications while using these 
links in three aspects: first, by optimizing outgoing communication calls via call 
interception and the spoofing of replies; second, by allowing disconnected operation 
through file logging and automatic modification reconciliation; and third, by 
scheduling and communication calls to allow the user to specify a monetary 
communications budget.  As an example application, we show how the system can be used 
to mobilize a conventional e-mail system.  Similar functionality to that provided by 
dedicated mobile e-mail clients and the ability to adapt to changing network 
environments is achieved without requiring any changes to the e-mail system itself or 
its user interface.",
}

@ARTICLE{ICPW97,
   author="Inouye, Jon and Cen, Shanwei and Pu, Calton and Walpole, Jonathan",
   title={System support for mobile multimedia applications},
   journal = "Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Network and Operating 
System Support for Digital Audio and Video 1997",
   year = 1997,
   pages = "135--146",
   abstract = "
The emergence of free streaming media players, coupled with the 
availability of powerful inexpensive laptop computers has created a domain for mobile 
multimedia applications.  Mobile multimedia applications must deal with the inherent 
variability generated when migrating from office to conference room, den to patio, or 
classroom to dorm room.  This paper presents a multi-layered multimedia architecture 
utilizing adaptive layers and cross-layer notifications.  An implementation of that 
architecture is demonstrated using a streaming media player that communicates with a 
video server while switching from wired LAN to POTS to wireless LAN, transparently 
adapting to new network addresses and bandwidth fluctuations.  Mobility is supported 
by using device indications to force the adaptive feedback system into an  
exploratory' mode and signal the application to re-establish the control and data 
channels.",
}

@ARTICLE{NH97,
   author="Nakajima, Tatsuo and Hokimoto, Akihiro",
   title={Adaptive continuous media applications in mobile computing environments},
   journal = "International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems-Proceedings 
1997.",
   year = 1997,
   pages = "152--160",
   abstract = "
This paper presents a new framework for building continuous media 
applications in mobile computing environment.  In mobile computing environment, 
network bandwidth and machine configurations may be changed dramatically, and mobile 
applications should be adapted to various operational environments for being executed 
efficiently.  In our framework, an application is partitioned into two pieces.  One 
piece runs on a mobile computer such as a notebook computer and a PDA, and another 
piece runs on a stationary computer.  They are connected by several types of 
wireless networks that can be replaced at any time while applications run.  The piece 
on a stationary computer is called a service proxy.  The service proxy filters or 
caches data from servers on the Internet before transmitting the data to the piece on 
a mobile computer.  These two pieces are constructed by composing small objects.  The 
composition of objects can be dynamically reconfigured by adding or removing 
replaceable devices transparently from users.",
}
@ARTICLE{Imi97,
   author="Imielinski, Tomasz",
   title={Mobile computing: dataman project perspective},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 1,
   number = 4,
   pages = "359--369",
   abstract = "
The objective of mobile computing is to develop system and application 
level software for small, battery powered terminals equipped with the wireless 
network connection.  There is a rapidly growing interest in this field with companies 
spending billions of dollars developing technology and buying spectrum in the recent 
PCS auctions.  In this paper we offer a perspective of mobile computing from the 
standpoint of our own research project at Rutgers University.  The DataMan project 
(T.Imielinski as Project Director and B.R.Badrinath as the CoDirector) is funded by 
ARPA (within GLOMO program), and two awards from NSF as well as industry support 
through the industry sponsored Wireless Information Networks Laboratory (WINLAB).  ",
}
@ARTICLE{MAALH98,
   author="Mikkonen, J.  and Aldis, J.  and Lunn, A.  and Awater, G.  and  Hutchison, D.",
   title={The magic {WAND} - Functional overview},
   journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 16,
   number = 6,
   pages = "953--972",
   abstract = "
The Magic WAND project (Wireless ATM Network Demonstrator) is one of the
  largest projects within the European Union ACTS (Advanced Communications
  Technologies and Services) initiative. The project aims to design, verify,
  implement, and demonstrate a wireless access network for ATM I LAN's, The
  complete range of functionality, from physical data transmission to shared
  multimedia application, is addressed. The WAND system is designed for
  indoor environments with user mobility limited to walking speed. The
  system's functional specification has been designed and verified using SDL
  (specification and description language), Ln this paper, the WAND system
  functional model is given and SDL simulation results are presented, to
  illustrate how the protocols support some of the key operations of a
  wireless access network, These include initial registration, call setup,
  and handover.",
}
@ARTICLE{MTN98,
   author="Murase, T.  and Tsukamoto, M.  and Nishio, S.",
   title={Active mobile database systems for mobile computing environments},
   journal = "IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems. E81D(5)",
   year = 1998,
   pages = "427--433",
   abstract = "
In recent years, the rapid advancements of wireless communication
  technology and computer down-sizing technology have enabled users to
  utilize computing resources anywhere in the computer network. New
  applications constructed on the mobile database system are becoming
  popular. However, the current database systems do not provide special
  facilities for specific update operations in a mobile computing
  environment. Moreover, due to the lack of a common data handling method
  and a mutual communication mechanism, varieties in implementations may
  cause applications to be incompatible with each other. In this paper, we
  take up the issue of data handling, in a mobile computing environment, and
  propose an active mobile database system (AMDS) to solve this issue.
  First, we review the difficulties of dynamic update of databases in a
  mobile computing environment, and provide a basic concept of AMDS as a
  solution for these difficulties. In order to construct an AMDS, we focus
  on asynchronous events such as the appearance and disappearance of a
  mobile computer in a wireless communication cell. Then we provide a
  facility to specify the behavior of each system in Event-Condition-Action
  (ECA) rules in the same way as normal active database systems. Moreover,
  we show the architecture and the design of our implementation of AMDS.
  And, finally AMDS can be easily implemented as a common database
  infrastructure and work well on heterogeneous systems through indoor
  experiments.",
}
@ARTICLE{DHM98,
   author="Du, Yonggang and Herrmann, Christoph and May, Klaus Peter and
           Hulyalkar, Samir N. and Evans, David",
   title={Wireless {ATM LAN} with and without infrastructure},
   journal = "IEEE Communications Magazine.",
   year = 1998,
   month = apr,
   volume = 36,
   number = 4,
   pages = "90--95",
   abstract = "
In this article, we consider wireless ATM concepts for small LANs,
  especially for SOHO and future consumer applications. We describe a
  wireless ATM LAN framework architecture that supports wireless ATM
  communications in environments with and without fixed ATM infrastructure.
  For the configuration with ATM infrastructure, a distributed ATM switched
  backbone is proposed, which enables a smart ATM switching element to be
  embedded in every wireless and fixed access point. For bandwidth
  efficiency and ease of operation (place-and-play), we also propose an ad
  hoc wireless ATM LAN concept based on the same 5 GHz wireless ATM air
  interface as is currently under standardization in ETSI/BRAN and ATM
  Forum. Unlike CSMA-based ad hoc systems such as HIPERLAN and IEEE802.11,
  our ad hoc wireless ATM system makes QoS management feasible in an
  infrastructureless environment by using resource reservation and scheduled
  medium access protocol. Since cost scalability is essential throughout our
  system design, we consider forwarding between ad hoc subnets and
  interworking with the fixed network as important but optional features.",
}
@ARTICLE{NW97,
   author="Naghshineh, Mahmoud and Willebeek-LeMair, Marc",
   title={END-TO-END QOS PROVISIONING IN MULTIMEDIA WIRELESS/MOBILE NETWORKS USING
  AN ADAPTIVE FRAMEWORK},
   journal = "IEEE Communications Magazine.",
   year = 1997,
   month = nov,
   volume = 35,
   number = 11,
   pages = "72--81",
   abstract = "
This article presents a framework for multimedia networking in a wireless
  and mobile environment. We consider both multimedia application needs as
  well as networking requirements, and try to bridge these paradigms using
  an adaptive framework. Central to this framework is the concept of
  representing a multimedia connection in terms of multiple substreams each
  with their own specified QoS requirement and making network element;
  (switching and access points), services, and protocols (signaling,
  control, routing) aware of the QoS requirements of such substreams. As
  resource availability in the wireless and mobile network fluctuates, the
  network selects and schedules substreams in order to present the
  information content with an acceptable quality at a receiver (or each
  receiver in case of multicast connections). This is done while achieving a
  reasonable utilization efficiency of network resources and sharing them in
  a fair manner. ",
}
@ARTICLE{MD97,
   author="Munson, Jonathan P. and Dewan, Prasun",
   title={SYNC - A JAVA FRAMEWORK FOR MOBILE COLLABORATIVE APPLICATIONS},
   journal = "Computer.",
   year = 1997,
   month = jun,
   volume = 30,
   number = 6,
   pages = "59ff",
   abstract = "
Introducing the factors of wireless mobile systems into the development of
  collaborative applications complicates developers' lives significantly.
  Application frameworks targeted for coordinating wireless mobile
  applications simplify development.
   
  The authors describe Sync, a development framework that provides
  high-level primitives that enable programmers to create arbitrarily
  complex, synchronized, replicated data objects.
   
  Designed for wireless networks, Sync enables applications to share changes
  at a granularity as small as updates to basic types and so enables better
  performance on low-bandwidth connections.",
}
@ARTICLE{JTK97,
   author="Joseph, Anthony D. and Tauber, Joshua A. and Kaashoek, M. Frans",
   title={Mobile Computing with the {R}over {T}oolkit},
   journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers.",
   year = 1997,
   month = mar,
   volume = 46,
   number = 3,
   pages = "337--352",
   abstract = "
Rover is a software toolkit that supports the construction of both
  mobile-transparent and mobile-aware applications. The mobile-transparent
  approach aims to enable existing applications to run in a mobile
  environment without alteration. This transparency is achieved by
  developing proxies for system services that hide the mobile
  characteristics of the environment from applications. However, to excel,
  applications operating in the harsh conditions of a mobile environment
  must often be aware of and actively adapt to those conditions. Using the
  programming and communication abstractions present in the Rover toolkit,
  applications obtain increased availability, concurrency, resource
  allocation efficiency, fault tolerance, consistency, and adaptation.
  Experimental evaluation of a suite of mobile applications demonstrates
  that use of the toolkit requires relatively little programming overhead,
  allows correct operation, substantially increases interactive performance,
  and dramatically reduces network utilization.",
}

@ARTICLE{BBG98,
   author="Bisdikian, C. and Bhagwat, P. and Gaucher, BP. and Janniello, FJ. and Naghshineh, M. and
  Pandoh, P.",
   title={WiSAP: A wireless personal access network for handheld computing devices},
   journal = "IEEE Personal Communications.",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 5,
   number = 6,
   pages = "18--25",
   abstract = "
New short range wireless communication technologies would enable environment aware, 
mobile, personal area networks. These new technologies
  will serve as enablers for ubiquitous, low-cost, low-complexity,
  small-sized information appliances. These appliances will serve as
  interaction tools between humans and computer-driven services and
  applications existing ih either the close or distant vicinity of humans.
  In this article the new application paradigms these new technologies will
  enable are explored. Furthermore, an experimental wireless personal access
  networking platform called WiSAP, developed to research these new
  technologies and applications paradigms, is presented. Finally, some of
  the experiences gained from WiSAP while designing a consumer-oriented
  portable wireless communication system suitable for wireless mobile
  personal access networks are also presented.",
}

@ARTICLE{Mil97b,
   author="Mills, D.",
   title={Roaming with wireless {LAN}s},
   journal = "Telecommunications [International Edition]",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 31,
   number = 4,
   pages = "53--54",
   abstract = "
Wireless LAN systems include two main components: a PC
   wireless network interface card (NIC) and an access point that allows
   communication with a traditional wired LAN. In addition, as one of
   the main applications for wireless is as a mobile solution, a PCMCIA
   NIC is also essential. The access point acts as a bridge between the
   wired and wireless LANs, sitting on the Ethernet backbone and
   communicating with all attached wireless nodes via an antenna. It
   brings key features to the network, including filtering, security and
   roaming. Wireless NICs in the network allow clients to communicate
   with the wireless access point or with other clients in the same way
   that a conventional Ethernet LAN card communicates with other
   Ethernet clients or devices. Thus, to the wired LAN, a PC with a
   wireless NIC will simply appear as a node on the other side of the
   bridge, and is able to use all the wired LAN's resources. Likewise,
   users on the wired LAN can access resources on the wireless segment.
   Where attached nodes are mobile, for example on fork-lift trucks in
   warehouses, wireless systems must be able to handle seamless roaming
   of nodes between various radio cells, since, as with all radio
   transmitters and receivers, there are range limitations.",
}

@ARTICLE{KFSS97,
   author="Kanaoka, Y. and Fukuoka, T. and Sumita, J. and Shimokado, S.",
   title={Study on wireless LAN for utility application},
   journal = "Souken Houkoku no. 53",
   year = 1997,
   pages = "54--60",
   abstract = "
This project examined the feasibility of a wireless LAN
   (local area network) for intra-office electric utility communications
   as an alternative to conventional wire-circuit LANs which involve
   such problems as increased wiring congestion, limited flexibility in
   dealing with layout changes and increased operating and managing
   costs resulting from wiring changes. The study included measurement
   of noise field intensity at substations, local customer-service
   offices and other locations, and the installation of a prototype
   wireless LAN system in an office environment to address the issues
   associated with the LAN service area, throughput, equipment
   compatibility, as well as mutual interference of multipole wireless
   LAN systems used in the same area. Results of the study are
   discussed.",
}

@ARTICLE{NF97b,
   author="Neves, Nuno and Fuchs, W. Kent",
   title={Adaptive recovery for mobile environments},
   journal = "Communications of the ACM",
   year = 1997,
   month = jan,
   volume = 40,
   number = 1,
   pages = "68--74",
   abstract = "
Mobile computing enables users to access and exchange
   information while they travel, roam in their home environments, or
   work at clients' sites. Currently, mobile computing can only be used
   in restricted contexts; however, the growing investment by industry,
   researchers, and users indicates that the capabilities and
   applications of mobile computing will significantly increase.
   Wireless networking is useful in environments where hard-wired
   networks are not feasible or economically rewarding. Temporary
   networks can also be built faster and in a more cost-effective way by
   using wireless instead of hard-wired LANs. Several vendors are
   selling hardware support for wireless communication. The diversity
   and flexibility introduced by mobile computing bring new challenges
   to the area of fault tolerance. Types of failures that were rare in
   fixed environments are common with mobile hosts. The paper focuses on
   checkpoint-based recovery techniques for distributed systems.",
}

@ARTICLE{DWJWH97,
   author="Drashansky, T.T. and Weerawarana, S. and Joshi, A. and
               Weerasinghe, R.A. and Houstis, E.N.",
   title={Software architecture of ubiquitous scientific computing
               environments for mobile platforms},
   journal = "Journal of Special Topics in Mobile Networks and
               Applications [MONET]",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 1,
   number = 4,
   pages = "421--432",
   abstract = "
Recent and anticipated technological advances in wireless
   computing will permit users to compute ubiquitously, 'anywhere' and
   'any time'. However, mobile platforms are unlikely to have the
   computational resources to solve even moderately complex problems
   that users routinely solve on static workstations today. In the
   SciencePad project our aim is to develop 'ubiquitous' problem solving
   environments (UPSEs) to support mobile aware applications. The
   objective of this paper is to address the architectural design of
   UPSEs on wireless notebook platforms supported by stationary servers
   over low bandwidth connections. There is extensive literature dealing
   with networking and data management issues in mobile computing.
   However, we address design issues at several layers of the mobile
   system. The resulting architecture uses a proxy-based methodology to
   partition the application components across the dual (wireless and
   stationary) network of computational units and build a distributed
   PSE architecture. Our architecture uses parameterized objects and
   templates, lazy evaluation, and also deals with fuzzy and
   unstructured I/O. We articulate the general principal of the
   architecture in the context of scientific computing, which provides
   us with a complex, real world application scenario. It also allows us
   to build on our previous work on various aspects of PSEs for
   scientific computing. Our architecture is currently being validated
   by building a ubiquitous version of PDELab (a scientific computing
   package) on a two mega-bit wireless Ethernet network of notebook
   platforms and heterogeneous parallel machines.",
}

@ARTICLE{Var97,
   author="Varshney, Upkar",
   title={Supporting Mobility with Wireless {ATM}},
   journal = "Computer",
   year = 1997,
   month = jan,
   volume = 30,
   number = 1,
   pages = "131--133",
   abstract = "
An implicit assumption underlying most networking
   research has been that two Internet users would be connected only by
   fixed links (wire lines). Increased use of portable computers,
   wireless networks and satellites has generated interest in supporting
   'computing on the move', or mobile computing. Instead of maintaining
   a fixed position in a network, users in this environment are free to
   roam. Mobile computing raises interesting issues, such as how to
   route packets as the mobile user (host) moves about and how to
   guarantee the quality of service (QOS) that an application running on
   such a mobile host may need. Other issues include the choice of a
   transport protocol to use on top of a mobile host and how to deal
   with poor performance in wireless links. There are two possible
   approaches to supporting mobile computing over the Internet. The
   first uses a mobile IP (Internet Protocol), whereby packets
   (datagrams) are forwarded by a designated stationary host to the
   mobile host. The second approach involves wireless ATM (asynchronous
   transfer mode), with host mobility supported by rerouting/rearranging
   the end-to-end ATM connection between mobile and stationary hosts.",
}

@ARTICLE{SLVW97,
   author="Janche Sang and  Lin, C.-H.M. and Varadaraja, S. and Mu-Cheng Wang",
   title={Distributed network computing over wireless links},
   journal = "Proceedings. 1997 International Conference on Parallel
               and Distributed Systems",
   year = 1997,
   pages = "252--259",
   abstract = "
With the advances of wireless communication technology,
   using the wireless LAN as a platform to perform distributed network
   computing becomes feasible. We study the characteristics of
   end-to-end communication over wireless links. With the advantage of
   reduced bandwidth competition in each LAN segment separated by the
   wireless bridges, and with the overlap of wireless and wired
   communications, an analytical comparison showed that the group
   communications over wireless links can be more efficient than over a
   single segment wired LAN. We conducted experiments of running
   distributed applications and the results showed that with the support
   of threads, wireless network computing can achieve the same
   performance as the wired networks. Furthermore, the statistical
   results from our survey showed that the users cannot tell the
   difference between wireless and wired settings in terms of the data
   access speed.",
}

@ARTICLE{BH97,
   author="Bacon, Jean and Halls, David",
   title={Mobile applications for ubiquitous environments},
   journal = "ICL Systems Journal",
   year = 1997,
   month = nov,
   volume = 12,
   number = 2,
   pages = "264--288",
   abstract = "
Future ubiquitous computing systems are predicated on
   plentiful network bandwidth. End-systems for this mass marketplace
   must be cheap and, above all, simple-to-use. Proposals are already
   being made for this style of ubiquitous environment, augmented by
   processor banks and storage services. We have exploited network
   bandwidth to make both clients and servers stateless, i.e. needing to
   maintain no application-specific software. All persistent knowledge
   about applications is maintained in the documents they exchange. We
   have achieved this as one style of use of a platform which supports
   mobile and distributed computations. The platform allows mobile
   continuations to be used to terminate an application at any point,
   transfer its state in the form of plain text, and resume it
   elsewhere. Advantages of the approach include trivially simple client
   software, the ability to maintain and upgrade applications
   transparent to their clients, client-server session maintenance,
   application mobility, server reselection in response to user mobility
   or server overload, application history logging and the ability to
   resume an application from any point in its history for backtracking
   or failure recovery. The platform is fully implemented as is its
   support for stateless clients and servers. We illustrate the approach
   by means of examples based on Web servers.",
}

@ARTICLE{LST98,
   author="Lui, J.C.S. and So, O.K.Y. and Tam, T.S.",
   title={NFS/M: an open platform mobile file system},
   journal = "Proceedings. 18th International Conference on Distributed
               Computing Systems",
   year = 1998,
   pages = "488--495",
   abstract = "
With the advancement of wireless networks and mobile
   computing, there is an increasing need to build a mobile file system
   that can perform efficiently and correctly for accessing online
   information. Previous system research on mobile file systems is based
   on some experimental platforms. We describe the design and
   implementation of a mobile file system on an open platform, the Linux
   kernel, and at the same time, our mobile file system is compatible
   with the popular NFS 2.0 protocol. We formally define the file
   semantics of our mobile file system, which we called NFS/M. We also
   specify the conditions of object conflict as well as our conflict
   resolution algorithms. NFS/M supports client side caching, data
   prefetching, file system service during the disconnected mode, data
   reintegration and conflict resolution on various file system objects.
   Since the NFS/M is based on an open platform, it serves as a basic
   building block for developing future mobile computing applications.",
}

@ARTICLE{VOL97,
   author="Verhoosel, J.P.C. and Oude-Luttighuis, P.H.W.M.",
   title={Mobile data applications in industry, trade, transport
               and distribution},
   journal = "1997 IEEE International Conference on Personal Wireless
               Communications",
   year = 1997,
   pages = "494--498",
   abstract = "
This paper reports on a study on potential mobile data
   applications in industry, trade, transport and distribution. We
   describe the main business processes in this sector, from which
   mobile data applications are derived. In addition, these applications
   are matched on different mobile networks based on a
   network-characteristics framework.",
}

@ARTICLE{LR98,
   author="Lundberg, R. and Renner, M.",
   title={Building wireless infrastructure applications based on
               off-the-shelf building blocks},
   journal = "Real-Time Magazine no. 2",
   year = 1998,
   pages = "19--24",
   abstract = "
The rapid growth of telecom services and mobile
   subscribers has put the telecom equipment manufacturers under
   additional pressure to provide new products more quickly and with
   ever increasing features and performance; faced with rapidly
   increased competition they are outsourcing more and more of their
   equipment design in order to focus on their core competencies. One of
   the application areas placing largest demands on new technology is
   `wireless'. This article describes the applicability and availability
   of standards based technology and shows how to integrate network
   elements within the wireless infrastructure-such as a Base Station
   Controller-based on off-the-shelf building blocks.",
}

@ARTICLE{LL97,
   author="Li, Yalun and Leung, Victor C.M.",
   title={Supporting personal mobility for nomadic computing over
               the Internet},
   journal = "Mobile Computing and Communications Review",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 1,
   number = 1,
   pages = "22--31",
   abstract = "
This paper presents a new paradigm for nomadic computing
   over the Internet called universal personal computing (UPC), where
   mobile users can access computing resources, network services, and
   personalized computing environments anywhere using any available
   terminals. The concept of UPC and system design issues are discussed
   and the required system architecture capable of managing different
   mobile objects, i.e., users and terminals, in the UPC environment is
   presented. Modifications of connection setup procedures between user
   application programs to enable addressing based on a global user
   identity are considered. ",
}

@ARTICLE{LREFMVWT97,
   author="Liljeberg, M. and Raatikainen, K. and Evans, M. and Furnell, S. and
               Maumon, N. and Veldkamp, E. and Wind, B. and Trigila, S.",
   title={Using CORBA to support terminal mobility},
   journal = "Proceedings TINA '97 - Global Convergence of
               Telecommunications and Distributed Object Computing",
   year = 1997,
   pages = "59--67",
   abstract = "
Nomadicity is quite a new challenge for computing and
   communication technologies. Some of the key issues in the field are:
   the impact of nomadicity on client server interaction; how to support
   terminal mobility, and how to cope with the unique performance
   characteristics of wireless access. The first issue focuses on the
   question of whether the computational viewpoint client server
   interaction mechanisms for feed environments remain valid in mobile
   environments. The other two issues are related to the engineering
   aspect of dealing with mobile routing and the unpredictable
   performance and reliability of wireless networks, generally orders of
   magnitude below those of wired networks. We show a novel way to deal
   with these issues in a CORBA based distributed processing
   environment. Object technology-CORBA, in particular-is already
   mature. Today CORBA provides a software execution and development
   environment that simplifies distributed computing and application
   integration. The main stream of CORBA based solutions is targeted to
   LAN based applications relying on (quite) fast and reliable
   connections. We show that the CORBA 2.0 specification also provides
   the means to support nomadic computing. We demonstrate how the CORBA
   2.0 interoperability architecture, together with some CORBAServices
   (Common Object Service Specifications), can be used to provide
   seamless support to terminal mobility and communication through slow
   wireless connections. The corner stones of our solution are mediated
   bridges, and an Environment Specific Inter-ORE Protocol (ESIOP)
   tailored for wireless networks. ",
}

@ARTICLE{Kao98,
   author="Kao, S.",
   title="Speedy wireless networks",
   journal = "BYTE (International Edition)",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 23,
   number = 3,
   pages = "IS40/15--17",
   abstract = "
Compared to wired networks, which have developed rapidly,
   the wireless LAN, which quietly celebrated its seven-year anniversary
   recently, is still in the dark ages. Stifling the growth and
   popularity of wireless LANs are their low speed, high costs, limited
   range, and the fact that most of them are incompatible. In addition,
   wireless technology has a reputation for being complicated to
   install. As a result, wireless technology today is confined to
   temporary setups. It's showing up mostly in places such as
   stock-trading floors, hospitals, and campuses, where cabling should
   not or cannot be installed for aesthetic, regulatory, or safety
   reasons. Other potential sites for wireless technology include
   warehouses, airports, and railway stations-places where data is
   usually input into laptops or hand-held devices and consolidated with
   central databases upon completion of a task. However, vendors say
   that wireless technology's flexibility benefits are just not great
   enough to outweigh the limitations of the technology's 1- to 2Mbps
   speed. 10-Mbps wireless LANs are coming, and they can carry complex
   audio and video applications.",
}

@ARTICLE{CTCSMFHL97,
   author="Chang, H. and Tait, C. and Cohen, N. and Shapiro, M. and Mastrianni,
               S. and Floyd, R. and Housel, B. and Lindquist, D.",
   title={Web browsing in a wireless environment: disconnected and
               asynchronous operation in ARTour Web Express},
   journal = "MobiCom '97. Proceedings of the Third Annual ACM/IEEE
               International Conference on Mobile Computing and
               Networking",
   year = 1997,
   pages = "260--269",
   abstract = "
In a previous paper (Housel and Lindquist, 1996), we
   described ARTour Web Express, a software system that makes it
   possible to run World Wide Web applications over wide-area wireless
   networks. Our earlier paper discussed how our system significantly
   reduces user cost and response time during online browsing over
   wireless communications links. Even with these savings, however,
   users may experience slow performance. This is a result of the
   inherent delay of wireless communication coupled with congestion in
   the Internet and Web servers, which cannot be masked from users under
   the synchronous request/response model of browsing. Furthermore,
   disconnection-both voluntary and involuntary-is common in the mobile
   environment, and the standard browsing model provides no support for
   disconnected operation. This paper describes how ARTour Web Express
   has been enhanced to support both disconnected and asynchronous
   operation.",
}

@ARTICLE{GSC97,
   author="Geiger, Robert L. and Solomon, James D. and Crisler, Kenneth J.",
   title={Wireless network extension using mobile {IP}},
   journal = "IEEE Micro",
   year = 1997,
   month = nov # "/" # dec,
   volume = 17,
   number = 6,
   pages = "63--68",
   abstract = "
Over the last two decades, we have seen a dramatic shift
   in computing systems, away from the monolithic mainframe and toward
   increasingly distributed, client-server systems. One of the key
   elements enabling the success of the distributed computing
   environment was the interconnecting network technology. High-speed,
   reliable network hardware and protocols evolved to support
   client-server applications. Network technology has now progressed to
   the point that applications are being written to specifically exploit
   the capabilities of the network. The explosion of World Wide Web
   applications is the latest example of the fact that the network is
   now the focus of the distributed computing environment. In a
   concurrent development, personal computing platforms placed
   increasingly powerful systems in ever smaller form factors. Users
   have embraced these advances: Mobile computers, in the form of
   laptops, palmtops, and personal digital assistants (PDAs), are a
   significant element of the current computing environment. However, to
   be fully productive, the mobile computer user requires access to the
   network. Further, access to a network is not sufficient. Mobile users
   need access to the same network-the same resources and services and
   communications capabilities-that they would if they were at their
   desktops. We refer to this concept of providing home network access
   to the mobile user as network extension. Addressing many requirements
   for practical wireless access, this Internet technology aids the
   development of advanced data services for wireless networks,
   including the integrated dispatch enhanced network.",
}

@ARTICLE{Kie98,
   author="Kiefer, K.",
   title={Remote sensing using wireless telecommunications},
   journal = "Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for
               Optical Engineering Vol: 3326",
   year = 1998,
   pages = "396--405",
   abstract = "
A technology has been developed that can enable
   considerable improvements in remote sensing by replacing the wire
   data paths with RF links. The technology must be small and yet
   powerful enough to gather data at speeds that are dictated by
   applications. These speeds could range from sample rates of a few
   hertz (large structural vibration analysis) to many mega-samples per
   second needed for acoustic emission analysis. The RF channels must
   not interfere with existing electronics; conversely, the network must
   be able to operate without interference from existing electronics. To
   accomplish this, a radio technique called spread spectrum is used.
   Various implementations of the technology can be used to satisfy
   various applications. The system concept is based on the premise that
   many applications exist that demand data collection from
   geographically dispersed locations. Moreover, the data must be
   provided with an accurate estimate of exact phase relationships
   between data points. This preservation of phase enables conventional
   and experimental mathematical techniques to be used to define
   relationships between data points and explain the technical
   significance of the relationship. Initial applications of the
   technology involving conventional earth structures such as vehicular
   bridges as well as space vehicles have proved the operational and
   economic feasibility of wireless remote sensing. The utility of RF
   instead of wire is further enhanced by a proprietary set of network
   control algorithms that provide a dynamically reconfigurable network
   that can pass data from one data acquisition point to another until
   the data is finally recorded at a central location. This network
   constantly tests existing paths and evaluates the statistical merit
   of multiple paths through the network. Data is automatically routed
   through the network via the path showing the highest statistical
   probability of success.",
}


@ARTICLE{SZ97,
   author="Sung, Edmond and Zaslavsky, Arkady",
   title={Software assisted handover of mobile clients in heterogeneous wireless 
computing environments},
   journal = "Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference and 
International Computer Science Conference, APSEC and ICSC 1997",
   year = 1997,
   pages = "527--528",
   abstract = "
A software-assisted handover between wireless local area network (LAN) 
and wide area networks (WAN) (SAHWW) is presented for application roaming in 
heterogeneous networks.  Wireless WAN is chosen as a backup for wireless LAN (WLAN).  
In a situation when WLAN cannot handle the connection, it is passed to the backup 
network.  Such process is assisted by a software-handover agent which resides on the 
MW and the server.  The handover agent virtually coordinates the two networks and 
makes the handover procedure transparent to users.  SAHWW is developed in order to 
provide seamless roaming between WLAN and WAN.",
}

@ARTICLE{JK97,
   author="Joseph, Anthony D. and Kaashoek, M. Frans",
   title={Building reliable mobile-aware applications using the Rover toolkit},
   journal = "Wireless Networks",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 3,
   number = 5,
   pages = "405--419",
   abstract = "
This paper discusses extensions to the Rover toolkit for constructing 
reliable mobile-aware applications.  The extensions improve upon the existing failure 
model, which addresses client or communication failures and guarantees reliable 
message delivery from clients to server, but does not address server failures (e.g., 
the loss of an incoming message due to server failure) (Joseph et al., 1997).  Due to 
the unpredictable, intermittent communication connectivity typically found in mobile 
client environments, it is inappropriate to make clients responsible for guaranteeing 
request completion at servers.  The extensions discussed in this paper provide both 
system- and language-level support for reliable operation in the form of stable 
logging of each message received by a server, per-application stable variables, 
programmer-supplied failure recovery procedures, server process failure detection, 
and automatic server process restart.  The design and implementation of fault-
tolerance support is optimized for high performance in the normal case (network 
connectivity provided by a high latency, low bandwidth, wireless link): measurements 
show a best-case overhead of less than 7% for a reliable null RPC over wired and 
cellular dialup links.  Experimental results from both micro-benchmarks and 
applications, such as the Rover Web Browser proxy, show that support for reliable 
operation can be provided at an overhead of only a few percent of execution time 
during normal operation. ",
}

@ARTICLE{SPKC97,
   author="Salkintzis, A.K. and Plevridis, J.E. and Koukourlis, C.S. and Chamzas, C.",
   title={Design and implementation of a low-cost wireless network for remote control 
and monitoring applications},
   journal = "Microprocessors and Microsystems",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 21,
   number = 2,
   pages = "79--88",
   abstract = "
This paper addresses the design and implementation of a wireless 
network, proposed as a cost-effective support platform for remote control and/or 
monitoring applications.  With this network, one or more supervising stations may 
access remote equipment like PLCs, data acquisition systems, weather stations, etc., 
in a reliable, transparent fashion.  A suitable infrastructure is described, capable 
of dealing with the peculiarities and contending system requirements.  The paper 
specifies these requirements and indicates methods to fulfil them.  Also, it provides 
insight into the network structure, to the configuration capabilities, to the model 
of operation, and focuses on the implementation approach.  The hardware and software 
design is described together with a number of critical points related to wireless 
communication.  Furthermore, a discussion on system expandability and performance is 
taking place and, finally, some observations are stated.  The main conclusion is, 
that the proposed system can feature great performance under normal operating 
conditions, easy maintenance and supervision, fast exploitation, and affordable cost.  ",
}

@ARTICLE{Bro97,
   author="Brodersen, Robert",
   title={InfoPad - an experiment in system level design and integration},
   journal = "Proceedings - Design Automation Conference 1997",
   year = 1997,
   pages = "313--314",
   abstract = "
The InfoPad project was started at UC Berkeley in 1992 to investigate the 
issues involved in providing multimedia information access using a portable, 
wireless terminal.  It quickly became clear that a key design constraint was the 
energy consumption, which could best be addressed through an integrated system 
approach.  The project was therefore organized to address all design levels, 
including the applications and user interface, backbone network protocols, software 
for distributed network support, the wireless link, and the pad itself which used a 
number of low voltage ASIC designs and a processor running embedded code.  Tools were 
developed when not available (particularly in support of low energy design), as well 
as an interface to mechanical designers who created a custom injection molded case.  
The wide scope of the project presented a number of unique challenges for a research 
environment and the lessons learn will be presented. ",
}


@ARTICLE{FHT98,
   author="Floyd, R. and Housel, B. and Tait, C.",
   title={Mobile Web access using eNetwork Web express},
   journal = "IEEE Personal Communications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 5,
   number = 5,
   pages = "47--52",
   abstract = "
The mobile computing environment poses severe problems for Web browsing
  and Web-based applications. Mobile communication links are typically slow,
  expensive, and unreliable. This is especially true of wide-area wireless
  networks, which are becoming increasingly popular. Furthermore, both
  voluntary and involuntary disconnections from servers are common in the
  mobile environment, and the standard browsing model provides no support
  for disconnected operation. In addition, the usual request/response model
  of browsing is synchronous, which means that congestion in the network and
  Web servers cannot be masked from users. This article describes eNetwork
  Web Express, st software system that addresses these issues. Paired
  proxies are used to optimize communication in low-bandwidth networks and
  to enable a browsing model in which both disconnected and asynchronous
  operations are supported. The resulting environment allows Web-based
  applications to be used effectively in a mobile setting.",
}

@ARTICLE{ACKL98,
   author="Angin, O. and Campbell, AT. and Kounavis, ME. and Liao, RRF.",
   title={The mobiware toolkit: Programmable support for adaptive mobile networking},
   journal = "IEEE Personal Communications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 5,
   number = 4,
   pages = "32--43",
   abstract = "
Existing mobile systems (e.g., mobile IP, mobile ATM, and third-generation
  cellular systems) lack the intrinsic architectural nexibility to deal with
  the complexity of supporting adaptive mobile applications in wireless and
  mobile environments. We believe that there is a need to develop
  alternative network architectures from the existing ones to deal with the
  tremendous demands placed on underlying mobile signaling, adaptation
  management, and wireless transport systems in support of new mobile
  services (e.g., interactive multimedia and Web access). In this article we
  present the design, implementation, and evaluation of mobiware, a mobile
  middleware toolkit that enables adaptive mobile services to dynamically
  exploit the intrinsic scalable properties of mobile multimedia
  applications in response to lime-varying mobile network conditions. The
  mobiware toolkit is software-intensive (comet.columbia.edu/mobiware) and
  is built on CORBA and Java distributed object technology. Based on an open
  programmable paradigm developed by the COMET Group, mobiware runs on
  mobile devices; wireless access points, and mobile-capable switch/routers
  providing a set of open programmable interfaces and algorithms for
  adaptive mobile networking. ",
}

@ARTICLE{CCMG98,
   author="Caripe, Wilmer and Cybenko, George and Moizumi, Katsuhiro and
           Gray, Robert",
   title={Network awareness and mobile agent systems},
   journal = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
   year = 1998,
   month = jul,
   volume = 36,
   number = 7,
   pages = "44--49",
   abstract = "
Most current computer applications are insensitive to changing network
  conditions. With the growing demand for wireless. satellite, and other
  highly volatile computer communications networks, however, applications
  that are robust in the presence of network volatility must be designed and
  built. Network-robust applications are of great interest in military
  situations today, and we expect that interest to grow in industrial and
  eventually consumer environments as well. Mobile agents are one way to
  realize such applications, especially when used in a wireless environment.
  This article discusses issues and results related to the problem of making
  computer applications network-aware and reactive to changing network
  conditions. It contains a short overview of our work on mobile agents as
  well as a tutorial on network sensing from the agent perspective. Some
  prototypes of network-sensing systems and network aware mobile-agent
  applications are presented.",
}

@ARTICLE{Bah98,
   author="Bahl, Paramvir",
   title={Supporting digital video in a managed wireless network},
   journal = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
   year = 1998,
   month = jun,
   volume = 36,
   number = 6,
   pages = "94--102",
   abstract = "
Several problems have to be overcome before personalized interactive video
  communication services over radio frequency networks can become a reality.
  The challenge of being able to support wireless video services is
  significant since video is generally recognized as being bandwidth-hungry,
  error-sensitive, and sometimes delay-intolerant; radio channels, on the
  other hand, are characterized as having limited capacity and high bit
  error rates, and being time-varying. Under such hostile conditions the
  author explores issues in supporting real-time digital video
  communications over infrastructure-based wireless networks. The guiding
  philosophy behind the work described is that robust wireless video
  communications is possible if the different components within the network,
  operating system, and application layers copperate with one another and
  with the overall system.",
}

@ARTICLE{DFFS98,
   author="Davies, Nigel and Finney, Joe and Friday, Adrian and
           Scott, Andrew",
   title={Supporting adaptive video applications in mobile environments},
   journal = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 36,
   number = 6,
   pages = "138--143",
   abstract = "
The transmission of digital video over wireless network is becoming a
  reality: it is now possible to construct working prototype systems which
  illustrate the benefits to be accrued from the integration of mobile
  computing and digital video. However, systems which deploy video in mobile
  environments must be able to adapt to changes in the quality of service of
  their underlying communications channel. In this article the authors focus
  on the practical applications and implications of supporting adaptive
  video in mobile environments. In particular, we describe a testbed which
  supports multicast transmission of stored and live video sequences over
  both WaveLAN and GSM technologies. The testbed employs H.263 and MPEG
  encoding techniques and enables clients to freely roam between
  heterogeneous networks while maintaining video connectivity.",
}

@ARTICLE{BHTNT98,
   author="Budiarto and Harumoto, K. and Tsukamoto, M. and Nishio, S. and Takine, T.",
   title={On strategies for allocating replicas of mobile databases},
   journal = "IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E81D(1)",
   year = 1998,
   pages = "37--46",
   abstract = "
Mobile databases will play an important role in mobile computing
  environment, to provide data storing and data retrieval functionalities
  which are needed by most applications. In mobile computing environment,
  the wireless communication poses some problems, which require us to
  minimize its use. Replication is a database technique that is commonly
  used to fulfill the requirement in minimizing network usage. In this
  paper, we propose two replica allocation strategies, called primary-copy
  tracking replica allocation (PTRA) and user majority replica allocation
  (UMRA), which are better suited to the mobile computing environment. Their
  proposals are intended to cope with cost performance issues in data
  replication due to user mobility in mobile computing environment. To
  investigate their effectiveness, we provide access cost analysis and
  comparison on these strategies and the static replica allocation (SRA)
  strategy. We show that our proposed strategies outperform the SRA strategy
  when user mobility (inter-cell movement) is relatively low as compared
  with data access rate.",
}

@ARTICLE{NKYHW97,
   author="Nakasuji, A. and Kitajima, Y. and Yoshioka, T. and Hatada, N. and
               Watanabe, T.",
   title={Inventory management system using wireless handy terminal},
   journal = "National Technical Report",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 43,
   number = 1,
   pages = "100--105",
   abstract = "
Multimedia technology is making remarkable progress,
   spreading from business applications to home uses. In particular,
   information terminals using wireless technology, such as mobile
   telephones and PHSs (Personal HandyPhone Systems), are spreading
   rapidly. An inventory management system using 'wireless handy
   terminals' has been developed under such circumstances. It can
   exchange information in real time for outdoor and indoor uses. A
   wireless handy terminal equipped with a barcode reader makes possible
   easy information gathering and processing on-site, as well as
   real-time communications with radio servers. Each server is connected
   to a host computer with standard LAN systems, the Ethernet making it
   possible to build the inventory management system using an existing
   system. The system realizes perfect management of inventories and
   enhanced business efficiency.",
}

@ARTICLE{WB97,
   author="Welling, G. and Badrinath, B.R.",
   title={A framework for environment aware mobile applications},
   journal = "Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on
               Distributed Computing Systems",
   year = 1997,
   pages = "384--391",
   abstract = "
In mobile computing, factors such as add-on hardware
   components and heterogeneous networks result in an environment of
   changing resource constraints. An application in such a constrained
   environment must react to these changes so that available resources
   are properly utilized. In this paper, we propose a framework to build
   environment aware applications. The architecture is based on an event
   delivery mechanism that decouples event detection from delivery,
   giving the flexibility and extensibility that is necessary in a
   mobile computing environment. Information associated with the event
   is delivered as part of the event notification, while delivery
   latency is reduced by clever thread scheduling. We demonstrate the
   utility of this framework by structuring an environment aware
   networking subsystem around a prototype implementation. The
   performance of this implementation is competitive with current event
   delivery mechanisms such as the Unix signal.",
}

@ARTICLE{PS98,
   author="Patiyoot, D. and Shepherd, S.J.",
   title={Techniques for authentication protocols and key
               distribution on wireless ATM networks},
   journal = "Operating Systems Review",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 32,
   number = 4,
   pages = "25--32",
   abstract = "
With the growing acceptance of ATM as the standard for
   broadband networking and the increasing importance of wireless
   devices, it has become appropriate to extend ATM application to
   wireless platforms. Adding a wireless network to existing wired
   network creates a set of problems. Security functions have to be
   reconsidered since wired network security did not account for the
   open medium, mobile roaming. A necessary foundation for securing a
   network is the ability to authenticate entities. There is a need to
   authenticate users of the system so that the resources would not be
   misused by nonsubscribers. After authentication by authentication
   protocol, two parties who are involved in communications should be
   able and are entitled to believe that they are communicating with
   each other and not with intruders. In mobile networks, normally
   secret key cryptography is used for authentication. Both secret key
   and public key are attempted to be used in a wireless ATM network.",
}

@ARTICLE{LM98,
   author="Lopez, M.S. and Manzoni, P.",
   title={A communication protocol for clouds of mobile robots},
   journal = "Tasks and Methods in Applied Artificial Intelligence.
               11th International Conference on Industrial and
               Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and
               Expert Systems IEA-98-AIE. Proceedings vol. 2",
   year = 1998,
   pages = "310--318",
   abstract = "
Mobile robots usually employ dedicated networks to share
   data and control in an open environment. These networks, called
   ad-hoc networks, are multi-hop wireless networks where the mobile
   devices communicate using a shared, low-power, low-bandwidth channel.
   Since the classical routing algorithms of wired networks cannot be
   used, new communication and routing protocols are being developed. In
   this paper, we present a new communication protocol that solves data
   transfer problems, like packet routing, in an ad-hoc network that is
   used to control a cloud of robots. This protocol is efficient in
   situations where a dedicated node, called the coordinator, controls
   the activity of all the robots, and is thus one of the end-points of
   any data interchange.",
}
@ARTICLE{BM98,
   author="Blake, W. and Mahgoub, I.",
   title={Delta service in a mobile file system client cache},
   journal = "1998 IEEE International Performance, Computing and
               Communications Conference. Proceedings",
   year = 1998,
   pages = "222--228",
   abstract = "
This paper evaluates a delta service extension to a
   mobile file system cache developed in order to minimize the amount of
   data transferred over wireless communications links. Network
   bandwidth stands as one of the resource limitations impacting the
   design of mobile computer applications. At the mobile file system
   service level, caching provides resource conservation in distributed
   applications. This paper proposes a delta service to enhance caching
   services characteristic of mobile computer file systems. Well
   established mechanisms for sequence comparison and software
   configuration management, file deltas have applicability to mobile
   computer and distributed file system caching environments. Study of
   the delta service uses trace-driven simulation methodology
   incorporating traces obtained in a real world distributed
   environment. A delta service model will extend the mobile computer
   client cache model of various cache sizes in order to gauge the
   bandwidth savings on the link obtained by the delta service.",
}

@ARTICLE{BB97,
   author="Bakre, Ajay V. and Badrinath, B.R.",
   title={Reworking the RPC paradigm for mobile clients},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 1,
   number = 4,
   pages = "371--385",
   abstract = "
Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is a popular paradigm for designing 
distributed applications.  The existing RPC implementations, however, do not allow 
special treatment of mobile hosts and wireless links: which can be a cause of 
degraded performance and service disruptions in the presence of disconnections, moves 
and wireless errors.  In addition, future information oriented and location aware 
mobile applications will also need the ability to dynamically bind mobile clients to 
local information servers.  Current RPC implementations do not support dynamic 
binding of mobile clients to servers.  In this paper we explore an alternate approach 
for implementing remote procedure calls that is based on a client-agent-server or 
indirect model.  We describe an RPC implementation based on this approach, called M-
RPC, which provides a clean way for mobile wireless clients to access existing RPC 
services on the wired network via their Mobility Support Routers (MSRs).  M-RPC adds 
to the RPC layer on the mobile clients such useful features as dynamic binding, 
support for disconnected operation and call retries from the MSR.",
}

@ARTICLE{JWH97,
   author="Joshi, Anupam and Weerawarana, Sanjiva and Houstis, Elias N.",
   title={On disconnected browsing of distributed information},
   journal = "Proceedings of the 1997 7th International Workshop on Research 
Issues in Data Engineering",
   year = 1997,
   pages = "101--107",
   abstract = "
The software and protocols associated with information browsing systems 
are largely designed with static access points and wired networks in mind, HTTP and 
the Web are a case in point.  Static hosts are connected to wired, high bandwidth 
networks, and are capable of transmitting and receiving large amounts of data without 
significant delays.  As such, the size and format of the data files being received by 
the browser/client has never been a concern.  However, this causes problems when 
information access is desired on mobile hosts (MH), since data transmission over a 
wireless network is much slower than on a wired network.  Mobile computers are also 
relatively resource-poor, compared to their desktop counterparts.  This fact is 
ignored by HTTP servers, and large data files are transmitted to computers that 
cannot properly display them.  Also, mobile computers operate in constantly changing 
network environments.  It is possible for a mobile computer to become temporarily 
disconnected from a network when it changes base stations or goes out of range of a 
base station.  A mobile host may also doze off to preserve battery power and thus be 
disconnected.  The information browsing system and protocols associated with mobile 
computers should thus be able to tolerate the fault of temporary disconnection.  This 
work focuses on addressing these problems in the context of web browsing from a 
mobile host.  The current model of Web browsing is inherently sequential, and 
wasteful of bandwidth.  This paper investigates an efficient model for browsing and 
describes the design of a smart Web browsing application which performs transactions 
based on the user's available resources and manages disconnection.",
}

@ARTICLE{OAM98,
   author="Ochi, Akiyoshi and Atsumi, Toru and Michine, Keiji",
   title={Network applications for mobile computing},
   journal = "Fujitsu Scientific and Technical Journal",
   year = 1998,
   month = sep,
   volume = 34,
   number = 1,
   pages = "41--49",
   abstract = "
Mobile computing, which enables real-time remote access to corporate
  networks from a notebook computer, is now being spotlighted as notebook
  computers become smaller and more complex, and ISDN, wireless networks,
  and cellular phones become more popular. Unlike conventional networks,
  many problems encountered when constructing mobile computing environments
  affect mobile computing users and network administrators. This paper
  discusses these problems and introduces three communications software
  products to help users overcome them.",
}

@ARTICLE{ABGM97,
   author="Alkhatib, Hasan S. and Bailey, Chase and Gerla, Mario and
           McCrae, James",
   title={Wireless data networks: Reaching the extra mile},
   journal = "Computer",
   year = 1997,
   month = dec,
   volume = 30,
   number = 12,
   pages = "59--62",
   abstract = "
As evolving technologies make wireless computing more attractive, the
  availability of bandwidth will become more and more of an issue. While
  spectrum is getting less expensive, it is also getting more crowded,
  particularly at times of peak use. As spectrum becomes more limited, users
  will be increasingly driven to use higher frequencies with higher device
  costs.
   
  Quality of service will also become a key consideration for wireless. Many
  of the telemetry and control applications that will consume an increasing
  percentage of bandwidth require realtime data services.
   
  The best solution to the spectrum saturation and bandwidth availability
  problem is to adopt technologies that make the most efficient use of
  existing spectrum through frequency reuse schemes, optimized signaling
  mechanisms, and scalable network architectures.
   
  But if wireless networks are to be a truly viable technology they'll need
  to be ubiquitous, robust, scalable, secure, and open. To achieve these
  goals quickly, we'll need to accelerate the development and implementation
  of a number of key technologies, including spread spectrum multihopping.",
}

@ARTICLE{RFS97,
   author="Raychaudhuri, Dipankar and French, Leslie J. and
           Siracusa, Robert J. and Biswas, Subir K. and Yuan, Ruixi
           and Narasimhan, Parthasarathy and Johnston, Cesar A.",
   title={WATMNET - A PROTOTYPE WIRELESS ATM SYSTEM FOR MULTIMEDIA PERSONAL
  COMMUNICATION},
   journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications",
   year = 1997,
   month = jan,
   volume = 15,
   number = 1,
   pages = "83--95",
   abstract = "
A prototype microcellular wireless asynchronous transfer mode network
  (WATMnet) capable of providing integrated multimedia communication
  services to mobile terminals is described in this paper. The experimental
  system's hardware consists of laptop computers (NEC Versa-M) with WATMnet
  interface cards, multiple VME/i960 processor-based WATMnet base stations,
  and a mobility-enhanced local-area ATM switch. The prototype wireless
  network interface cards operate at peak bit-rates up to 8 Mb/s, using
  low-power 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM)-band modems.
  Wireless network protocols at the portable terminal and base station
  interfaces support available bit rate (ABR), variable bit rate (VBR), and
  constant bit rate (CBR) transport services compatible with ATM using a
  dynamic time-division multiple-access/time-division duplex (TDMA/TDD) MAC
  protocol for channel sharing and data link control (DLC) protocol for
  error recovery. A custom wireless control protocol is also implemented
  between the portable and base units for support of radio link related
  functions such as user registration and handoff. All network entities
  including the portable, base and switch use a mobility-enhanced version of
  ATM (''Q.2931+'') signaling for switched virtual circuit (SVC) connection
  control functions, including handoff. In the first stage of the prototype,
  the application-level API is TCP/IP over ATM ABR service class using AAL5.
  Early experiments with the WATMnet prototype have been conducted to
  validate major protocol and software aspects, including DLC, wireless
  control, and mobility signaling for handoff. Selected network-based mul
  timedia/video applications requiring moderate bit-rates (similar to 0.5-1
  Mb/s) in ABR mode have been successfully demonstrated on the laptop PC.
  Work aimed at a more complete implementation of WATMnet protocol
  functionalities, along with performance optimization and multimedia
  application software development is currently in progress.",
}


@ARTICLE{LRWS98,
   author="LaPorta, Th.F. and Ramjee, R. and Woo, Th. and Sabnani, K.K.",
   title={Experiences with network-based user agents for mobile applications},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 3,
   number = 2,
   pages = "123--141",
   abstract = "
Wireless networks are characterized by simple end devices and limited 
bandwidth.  One solution to address these and other limitations of the wireless 
mobile environment that has been widely pursued is the placement of proxies, or 
agents, inside the network to assist with application processing that would normally 
take place on end devices.  These agents can additionally manipulate data to reduce 
bandwidth requirements and assist in providing services.  The design and 
implementation of a user agent is heavily impacted by the application it supports.  
In this paper we present our experiences with user agents in two different types of 
applications: telephony-based Personal Communication Services (PCS) and two-way 
messaging.  To provide low latency service, the PCS user agents are mobile so that 
they may be kept close to their end devices.  The design of the PCS agents limits 
migration overhead to the transfer of approximately 100 bytes of information in about 
150 milliseconds.  To provide advanced messaging services, the messaging user agent 
supports flexible messages while limiting air interface bandwidth usage.  The 
messaging agents reduce uplink bandwidth usage by approximately 35% when applied to a 
cellular PCS system, and reduce message payloads by 97%. ",
}
@ARTICLE{MB98,
   author="Meyer, Richard A. and Bagrodia, Rajive L.",
   title={Improving lookahead in parallel wireless network simulation},
   journal = "IEEE International Workshop on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of 
Computer and Telecommunication Systems - Proceedings 1998",
   year = 1998,
   pages = "262--267",
   abstract = "
Simulation of large sets of mobile computers or other wireless 
communication devices is difficult because of the computationally intensive models of 
wireless channels.  Parallel simulation would seem to be applicable here because of 
the large computation granularity, but the location based communication topology 
makes conservative methods difficult to implement.  This paper considers a novel 
approach to improving lookahead in conservative parallel simulations by 
differentiating between data flow paths in the simulation.  An experimental study 
shows that for this application, the technique produces a 70% reduction in null 
message traffic, with only a 25% increase in null message computation overhead, and a 
consistent improvement in parallel performance.",
}

@ARTICLE{MS98b,
   author="Mishra, Partho and Srivastava, Mani",
   title={Effect of connection rerouting on application performance in mobile networks},
   journal = "IEEE Transactions on Computers",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 47,
   number = 4,
   pages = "371--390",
   abstract = "
The increasing deployment of wireless access technology, along with the 
emergence of high speed integrated service networks, such as ATM, promises to provide 
mobile users with ubiquitous access to multimedia information in the near future.  
One of the key problems in building connection-oriented ATM networks that support 
host mobility is designing mechanisms for rerouting virtual circuits to maintain data 
flow to and from mobile hosts.  Ideally, VC rerouting must be done fast enough so as 
to cause minimal disruption to applications while minimizing the signaling overhead.  
In this paper, we evaluate the impact of several virtual circuit rerouting strategies 
on application performance.  We initially identify the primitive operations required 
by any rerouting policy and use this to analytically quantify the cost of each 
rerouting policy in terms of wireless link disruption as a function of various 
network parameters.  We then evaluate the effect of the VC rerouting policy on 
application-level performance using simulations.  Our results show that the effect of 
rerouting policies are strongly dependent on the transport protocol policies and 
application QoS requirements, in addition to the network topology.",
}

@ARTICLE{Par98b,
   author="Parulekar, Subodh S.",
   title={A SIMULATION APPROACH TO THE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A
              BROADBAND INDOOR WIRELESS NETWORK},
   journal = "MAI 36/02 p. 601",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 36,
   number = 2,
   pages = "601",
   abstract = "
There has been a rapid growth in several segments of
   wireless personal communications in recent years. One of the
   potential applications of wireless communications is to support
   multimedia applications on a broadband ATM platform. In such a
   system, remote terminals may be capable of producing broadband
   real-time traffic such as variable bit-rate video or bursty
   instantaneous file transfers. In this thesis, wt describe a broadband
   indoor wireless system, where the base stations are connected through
   an ATM network. The ATM switch provides backbone connectivity among
   microcells as well as with the outside world. We investigate a
   broadband indoor wireless network (BIWN) employing time division
   multiple access (TDMA), based on polling, for dynamic bandwidth
   allocation. This thesis work aims at evaluating the performance of an
   indoor wireless network supporting high speed bursty traffic using a
   developed, simplified simulation approach. The results have been
   obtained through simulations which involve modeling the indoor radio
   channel behaviour, traffic heterogeneity and implementing an
   efficient bandwidth management procedure. The performance of the BIWN
   as seen by a given user terminal has been simulated.",
}
@ARTICLE{Ros97,
   author="Rosen, Eric Carl",
   title={EVALUATING DIGITAL VIDEO STREAM TRANSMISSION VIA
              PACKETIZED WIRELESS CHANNELS (COMPRESSION, CODECS, IMAGE
              PROCESSING)},
   journal = "DAI-B 57/11, p. 7052",
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
Digital video coding exploits redundancy both within and
   between images to achieve the high levels of compression required to
   support video transmission over dedicated wired links. Video
   protocols that operate over packet networks like the Internet must
   additionally take into account the potential for congestion-based
   packet losses, high latency, and variable bandwidth. Wireless video
   protocols must contend with even higher packet loss due to
   uncorrelated phenomena. Unfortunately, these channel characteristics
   interfere with typical codecs, exacerbating the challenge of
   maintaining frame rate during periods of moderate packet loss. New
   codecs that mitigate packet loss by organizing intraframe data in
   progressive or layered representations are needed for robust wireless
   video transport; additional compression gains alone are unlikely to
   provide robustness when packets are lost or corrupted. In addition,
   new network protocols that allow corrupted packets to reach video
   applications are required to significantly improve codec robustness
   beyond current levels. A new metric which evaluates video codestreams
   on their ability to withstand packet errors is developed and applied
   to several image transformations, including the DCT and DPCM. Use of
   the metric suggests a new video codec that is less susceptible to
   corruption than conventional techniques. Implementation and testing
   of this Slug Video codec provides further evidence that current
   network protocols are inadequate to the task of supporting robust
   video transmission over lossy packet networks.
",
}
@ARTICLE{SMAN98,
   author="Srivastava, Mani and Mishra, Partho and Agrawal, Prathima and
           Nguyen, Giao",
   title={Ethersim: a simulator for application-level performance modeling of
  wireless and mobile {ATM} networks},
   journal = "Computer Networks and ISDN Systems",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 29,
   number = "17--18",
   pages = "2067--2090",
   abstract = "
The paper describes Ethersin, a simulation tool to model and study the
  performance of multimedia-oriented integrated service ATM networks with
  mobile hosts and wireless links. The key motivation behind Ethersim is to
  study the application-level impact of hose mobility and wireless channels.
  Ethersim has a discrete event based simulator core and incorporates models
  of user applications and transport, network and MAC layer protocols. It
  provides the capability to specify a cellular wireless ATM network
  topology and host mobility patterns. The software architecture of Ethersim
  employs five special entities: an air module, a map, a mover, mobile
  hosts, and basestations. We also present case-studies of using Ethersim to
  model and study the interaction of transport layer, connection rerouting
  protocol, and radio characteristics in the SWAN [P. Agrawal, A. Asthana,
  M. Cravatts, E. Hyden, P. Krzyzanowski, P. Mishra, B. Narendran, M.
  Srivastava, J. Trotter. SWAN: A Mobile Multimedia Wireless Network, in:
  IEEE Personal Commun. Mag., April 1996] mobile and wireless ATM based
  multimedia; network. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.",
}
@ARTICLE{KD97,
   author="Khetarpal, Rakesh and Dronamraju, S. Krishna",
   title={SMART - A SOLUTION FOR MANAGING THE CAPACITY, GROWTH, AND PERFORMANCE OF
  WIRELESS NETWORKS},
   journal = "Bell Labs Technical Journal",
   year = 1997,
   month = "Summer",
   volume = 2,
   number = 3,
   pages = "182--193",
   abstract = "
The wireless communications industry has shown explosive growth in the
  recent past. At the same time, new information access technologies for the
  Internet have gained universal acceptance. In the wireless market, single
  mobile switching center analog systems have rapidly evolved into hybrid
  networks with time division multiple access and code division multiple
  access technologies. These developments have created a need for a
  comprehensive network performance management tool to measure and analyze
  capacity, growth, and performance of wireless networks. This need is being
  addressed by the state-of-the-art Systems Measurement Analysis and
  Reporting Tool (SMART), which is based on Internet access technology.
  SMART is being developed as one of the first Web-based tools on the
  Autoplex(R) 1000 product line and is designed to run on the operations and
  maintenance platform (OMP) in a client-server architecture, with the OMP
  acting as a network management server. SMART has extensive applications in
  making performance, capacity, and engineering-related decisions that are
  relevant during wireless systems planning, design, and operation. This
  paper describes the SMART architecture, its implementation on the Autoplex
  system, and applications in managing the capacity, growth, and performance
  of a wireless network. Though some features of SMART discussed here have
  been developed, SMART must not be construed as an openly available and
  fully supported product.",
}
@ARTICLE{MER97,
   author="Moreira, EDS. and Encinas, WS. and Ramos, ACB.",
   title={BRINGING WIRELESS VIDEO INTO NETWORKED MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS},
   journal = "Displays-Technology and Applications",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 17,
   number = "3--4",
   pages = "207--215",
   abstract = "
This paper describes the main issues regarding the development of a
  portable system capable of making wireless connections to a TCP/IP network
  for real-time video delivery. Compression is used along with packet radio
  technology, providing a fully mobile and compact device. It is expected
  that using such a device, one camera-person will be able to make a report
  with his/her camera attached to a small battery-powered box which will
  transmit NTSC-quality digitalized and compressed images to a central
  gateway connected to the Internet. Some uses for the system are discussed,
  one of them being an application aimed to control combustion chambers in a
  petrol refinery. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.",
}

@ARTICLE{SM97,
   author="Srivastava, M. and Mishra, P.P.",
   title={On quality of service in mobile wireless networks},
   journal = "Proceeding of the IEEE 7th International Workshop on
               Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio
               and Video",
   year = 1997,
   pages = "147--158",
   abstract = "
This paper addresses the choices that need to be made in
   the design of a quality of service (QoS) framework for mobile and
   wireless networks. An uncontrollably time varying environment,
   arising due to physical processes such as fading as well as
   systematic processes such as handoffs, is an inalienable
   characteristic of these networks. Therefore, the laissez faire model
   of purely reactive applications adapting to a black-box network does
   not work well for multimedia applications in the presence of wireless
   and mobility. However, as we empirically show, the other extreme of
   applying rigid quality of service models borrowed from the wired
   networks, with correspondingly complex network mechanisms, is also a
   bad idea because of the often adverse interaction between higher
   layer protocols with mechanisms such as rerouting and MAC control. We
   advocate that mobile network and wireless link layer mechanisms
   should be kept simple and stupid, though not oblivious of QoS, and
   that applications should be made more sophisticated with QoS
   renegotiation and adaptation capabilities. The paper describes the
   necessary support required in various layers of mobile wireless
   networks, and advocates specific solutions based on empirical
   validations. ",
}
@ARTICLE{PTC98,
   author="Pradhan, P. and Tzi-Cker Chiueh",
   title={Real-time performance guarantees over wired/wireless LANs},
   journal = "Proceedings. Fourth IEEE Real-Time Technology and
               Applications Symposium",
   year = 1998,
   pages = "29--38",
   abstract = "
Distributed audio and video applications require end to
   end performance guarantees from the underlying networks for smooth
   delivery of real time media streams. The end to end nature dictates
   that real time support be built into both wide area and local area
   networks. With the enormous growth of portable computers equipped
   with networking capabilities, it is important to develop real time
   protocols for wireless LAN technologies, such that real time
   audio/video communication services can be extended to these mobile
   terminals as well. The paper describes the implementation effort of
   supporting end to end performance guarantees over a heterogeneous
   local area network comprising of both wired and wireless LAN
   segments. The work also addresses the performance guarantee issues
   associated with terminal mobility in the wireless segments.",
}

@ARTICLE{AAH97,
   author="Abowd, Gregory D. and Atkeson, Christopher G. and Hong, Jason and Long, Sue and Kooper, Rob and Pinkerton, Mike",
   title={Cyberguide: A mobile context-aware tour guide},
   journal = "Wireless Networks",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 3,
   number = 5,
   pages = "421--433",
   abstract = "
Future computing environments will free the user from the constraints of the desktop. Applications for a mobile environment
should take advantage of contextual information, such as position, to offer greater service to the user. In this paper, we present
the Cyberguide project, in which we are building prototypes of a mobile context-aware tour guide. Knowledge of the user's current
location, as well as a history of past locations, are used to provide more of the kind of services that we come to expect from a real
tour guide. We describe the architecture and features of a variety of Cyberguide prototypes developed for indoor and outdoor use
on a number of different hand-held platforms. We also discuss the general research issues that have emerged in our context-aware
applications development in a mobile environment",
}

@COMMENT(This document was done by Gudrun Novak (1994-1996) and Burkhard
Lettner (1997-1999) for the pro-seminar class on "Wireless Computer Networks"
during the summer semester of 1999)

@ARTICLE{PGC95,
	author = "Parfitt, A.J. and Griffin, D.W. and Cole, P.H.",
	title = {Monolithic integrated antenna design for millimetre-wave wireless local area 
network systems},
	journal = "ournal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Australia",
	year = 1995,
	volume = 15,
	number = 2,
	pages = "137--144",
        abstract = "
This paper presents an overview of monolithic millimetre-wave integrated 
antenna design and related considerations, relevant to wireless local area networks.  
Monolithic integration of antenna elements avoids feed-line connectors and as a 
consequence yields more reliable and cost-effective assemblies.  Research on designs 
that takes account of technology constraints and system requirements leads to 
preferred elements and architectural features of arrays for fully integrated front-
end modules.  The potential for optical signal distribution and optical control of 
millimetre-wave antenna beam formation is briefly described, with particular emphasis 
on the aspects of technology and fabrication common to both optical and millimetre-
wave integrated circuits and which may facilitate interconnection between wired and 
wireless data networks."
}
@ARTICLE{KH94,
	author = "Kennerley, A.J. and Hunter, I.C.",
	title = {Surface mount RF and microwave filters using high dielectric constant 
ceramics},
	journal = "Conference Title : IEE Electronics Division Colloquium on Radio Frequency Design in 
Mobile Radio Transceivers",
	year = 1994,
	pages = "2/1--5",
        abstract = "
The increasing utilization of high transmission frequencies for future 
mobile communications and wireless LAN systems boosted the need for high production 
volume, low cost, high performance miniature microwave filters.  An existing design 
is the block filter, which consists of a monolithic block of ceramic with internally 
plated holes forming coupled coaxial transmission lines.   The use of a high 
permittivity ceramic gives a small physical size and low loss due to the large 
surface area of the holes.  However, as the frequency accuracy of the filter is 
proportional to the dimensional tolerance of the filter, tuning is necessary which 
increases the unit cost significantly.  In this paper, a method to overcome these 
limitations using a printed circuit configuration was presented."
}
@ARTICLE{YSM94,
	author = "Young, P.A. and Smith, P.J. and Mouldin, R.B. and Rafter, M.T.",
	title = {Dynamic resource allocation for wireless LAN interconnect},
	journal = "Conference Title: Proceedings of the 1994 IEEE MILCOM",
	year = 1994,
	volume = 1,
	pages = "144--148",
        abstract = "
The evaluation of resource allocation schemes applicable to wireless LAN 
bridge interconnects is discussed.  Emphasis is placed on the allocable channel 
design the distribution of available bandwidth disadvantaged network users on their 
immediate data transmission requirements.  Simulation results that delineate the 
trade-offs leading to an architecture providing optimum performance are explained."
}
@ARTICLE{FP95,
	author = "Falsafi, Aram and Pahlavan, Kaveh",
	title = {Comparison between the performance of FHSS and DSSS for wireless LANs using 
a 3D ray tracing program},
	journal = "Conference Title: Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE 45th Vehicular Technology 
Conference",
	year = 1995,
	volume = 2,
	pages = "569--572",
        abstract = "
 3D ray tracing program developed at the Center for Wireless Information 
Network Studies at Worcester Polytechnic Institute for the simulation of micro-
cellular radio propagation is used to generate the impulse response between two nodes 
of a wireless LAN, when the transmitter and receiver are located at arbitrary points 
within an office area.  This time-domain channel response is then used to compare the 
performance of systems employing frequency-hopping and direct-sequence spread 
spectrum modulation.  When averaged over many locations for the transmitter and/or 
receiver, this yields a site-specific comparison of the two modulation strategies.  
Performance criteria are error and outage probability as a function of transmitted 
power and data rate."
}
@ARTICLE{Mat94,
	author = "Mathias, Craig J.",
	title = {New {LAN} gear snaps unseen desktop chains},
	journal = "Data Communications",
	year = 1994,
	month = mar # " 21, ",
	volume = 23,
	number = 5,
	pages = "75--80",
        abstract = "
It is most likely that the mobility gap separating wireless WANs, and 
LANs will soon close.  This is because emerging wireless LANs are providing users the 
freedom to roam the corporate range.  The removal of this bond is one more step in 
the migration of wireless technology to the networking mainstream.  A number of 
application are expected to follow.  Finally, while the economic argument for 
wireless LANs remain valid expenses for LAN hardware and software often are accounted 
separately from cable purchase, installation and maintenance."
}
@ARTICLE{Cha96,
	author = "Chai-Keong, Toh",
	title = {Performance evaluation of crossover switch discovery algorithms for wireless 
ATM LANs},
	journal = "Conference Title: Proceedings of the 1996 15th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE 
Computer and Communications Societies, INFOCOM'96.",
	year = 1996,
	volume = 3,
	pages = "1380--1387",
        abstract = "
In a connection-oriented Wireless LAN, the mobility of mobile hosts 
results in the establishment and disconnection of new and old virtual circuits.  The 
resulting increase in signalling traffic along with the need to support multi-media 
stream handovers demand a fast, continuous and bandwidth-efficient handover protocol.  
In this paper, we adopt a handover scheme based on partial re-establishments, where a 
new partial path converges to an existing path.  Connection re-routing (CR) 
operations are then performed at the convergence/crossover switch (CX).  To achieve 
localised handovers, a wireless cell clustering scheme is proposed.   The clustering 
of base stations to cluster switches (CLSs) provides fast intra-cluster handovers 
since the CR operations are performed at the CLS.  To support fast inter-cluster 
handovers, four CX discovery schemes (Loose Select, Prior Path, Distributed Hunt and 
Backward Tracking) are introduced.  Simulation results obtained from a trace-driven 
mobile network simulator on four different network topologies (Random, Star, Tree and 
Hierarchical Redundancy) reveal that both Prior Path and Distributed Hunt discoveries 
outperform the others by providing the fastest convergence with shorter resulting 
paths and higher circuit reuse efficiency."
}
@ARTICLE{Ven96,
	author = "Venious, John George",
	title = {CODING SCHEMES FOR ASYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS FIBER
              OPTIC CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
              (CDMA, LANS)},
	journal = "Dissertation",
	year = 1996,
	pages = "2776",
        abstract = "
Fiber Optic Code Division Multiple Access (FO-CDMA) holds
   the promise of a solution to bandwidth, noise and access problems of
   hard-wired Local Area Networks (LAN's). With CDMA multiple nodes can
   simultaneously communicate asynchronously with no waiting. The
   optical fiber media improves reliability and immunity from
   interference versus wireless CDMA, but has required the development
   of new Optical Orthogonal Codes (OOC's).
       Many FO-CDMA researchers have assumed the use of an on-off
   modulation scheme in which the user's code is transmitted when a
   binary '1' is sent, but nothing is transmitted for a '0'. This
   modulation was originally proposed because of the shortage of codes.
   Recently, the number of available orthogonal codes has been increased
   by relaxing orthogonality requirements, but these efforts have
   focused on using the additional codes to support more LAN users.
       On-off modulation is asymmetrical since nothing is transmitted
   for a binary '0' while the optical code is transmitted for a '1'.
   This results in non-equal error probabilities for '1' and '0'
   information bits. For long strings of zeros synchronization problems
   can be expected. Also, the receiver has no direct way of detecting a
   transmission error.
       This effort focused on analyzing asynchronous and synchronous
   FO-CDMA. Suitable codes were selected. The more abundant temporal
   codes were chosen for asynchronous and modified prime codes for
   synchronous systems. On-off modulation was used as the metric.
       The major contributions include the proposal, analysis and
   comparison (qualitative and quantitative) of three new symmetrical
   modulation schemes (bi-coded, code position and quad code position
   encoding) to on-off modulation. All make use of temporal and modified
   prime codes to assign multiple codes to each network user, and codes
   are assigned to each unique symbol to be transmitted. Quad encoding
   increases throughput. Variations in position are used to reduce
   interference. All symmetrical approaches have the inherent ability to
   detect errors. These provide viable alternatives to on-off
   modulation."
}
@ARTICLE{Son96,
	author = "Songchar, Jiang",
	title = {Performance improvement of integrated services on CDMA wireless LANs using 
   a novel protocol. },
	journal = "1996 IEEE Internat. Conf on 
   Communications",
	year = 1996,
	volume = 1,
	pages = "250--254",
        abstract = "
In this paper the authors have considered an integrated voice and data 
   services (Handshake-ALOHA) for CDMA wireless LANs. This protocol is 
   designed to accomodate integrated services on CDMA LANs with quality of 
   service (QoS). It uses a handshake procedure for voice calls first, 
   followed by a reserved period for pure voice transmission. The the 
   remaining time of the frame is allocated to the data users for 
   transmission based on ALOHA protocol in nature. The length of data 
   transmission can be varied according to the number of voice calls 
   initiated, voice packet length and the system threshold. Numerical results 
   in voice call blocking probability, packet loss rate, and network 
   throughput have been presented, including comparison with the pure ALOHA 
   protocol. "
}
@ARTICLE{SMK96,
	author = "Sugiyama, T. and Mizoguchi, M. and Kubota, S.",
	title = {A half-chip offset QPSK modulation CDMA scheme employing differential 
   detection for advanced wireless LAN systems. },
	journal = "IEICE Transactions on Communications",
	year = 1996,
	pages = "693--700",
        abstract = "
This paper proposes a half-chip offset QPSK (quadrature phase shift 
   keying) modulation CDMA (code division multiple access) scheme to allow 
   the simple differential detection while realizing a compact spectrum in 
   nonlinear channels for wireless LAN systems. The experimental results show 
   the proposed scheme achieves excellent Pe (probability of error) 
   performances in ACI (adjacent channel interference) and CCI (co-channel 
   interference) environments. Moreover, by employing time diversity and 
   high-coding-gain FEC (forward error correction), the half-chip offset 
   QPSK-CDMA scheme realizes an improvement of 3.0 dB (in terms of Eb/No at a 
   Pe of 10/sup -5/) in Rician fading environments with a Doppler frequency 
   fD of 10 Hz and a delay spread of 40 nsec. "
}
@ARTICLE{MLM95,
	author = "Mendez, A.J. and Lambert, J.L. and Morookian, J.M. and Bergman, L.A. and Gagliardi, R.M.",
	title = {Applications of optical code division multiple access (CDMA) to wireless 
   communications.},
	journal = "Konferenz-Einzelbericht: Wireless Communications",
	year = 1995,
	volume = 2556,
	pages = "102--106",
        abstract = "
The theoretical foundations for code division multiple access (CDMA) are 
   similar for microwave and optical implementations, and the advantage of 
   this form of multiple access communications are similar, also. The 
   advantages include the ability to support bursty, asynchronous, concurrent 
   communications and to tolerate multipath interference. Optical 
   implementations of CDMA are different in that they tend to require guided 
   lightwaves (e.g., fiber cable), the coding is imposed on the intensity 
   rather than on the amplitude of the lightwave, the various codes are not 
   strictly orthogonal, and the receiver uses direct detection. This gives 
   rise to the term 'optical CDMA'. The pseudo-orthogonal CDMA codes usually 
   require wide bandwidths to represent the encoded data, so that optical 
   CDMA is sometimes considered bandwidth inefficient. Two classes of optical 
   CDMA codes which are sufficiently bandwith efficient for wireless 
   communications applications are (1) incoherent spectral CDMA and (2) 
   optical matrix CDMA. In addition, the wireless communications applications 
   may need to support various data rates (for the various services), and 
   these two classes of optical CDMA are both very tolerant of data rate 
   variations. An appropriate topology for applications such as a local area 
   network (LAN) is a star and, for multimedia data distribution, a tree."
}
@ARTICLE{WK96,
	author = "Jianming Wu and Ryuji Kohno",
	title = {A wireless multimedia {CDMA} system based on transmission
                 power control.},
	journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications",
	year = 1996,
        month = may,
	volume = 14,
	number = 4,
	pages = "683--691",
        abstract = "
This paper proposes a wireless multimedia code division multiple access 
   (CDMA) system based on transmission power control. When we transmit 
   multimedia information (i.e., speech, image, and data), differences in 
   information rate, traffic performance, and required quality should be 
   taken into account. The wireless CDMA system can achieve a flexible 
   balance if transmission power distribution is controlled by using channel 
   measurement information, i.e., traffic. In this paper, the optimal control 
   of transmission power is derived by linear programming and nonlinear 
   programming. Numerical results using a LAN demonstrate that the proposed 
   method can satisfy the required quality. "
}
@ARTICLE{MS96,
	author = "Matsunaga, Y. and Shibutani, M.",
	title = { A short-span optical feeder for wireless personal communication systems 
   using multimode fibers.},
	journal = "IEICE Transactions on Electronics",
	year = 1996,
	volume = "E79-C",
	number = 1,
	pages = "118--123",
        abstract = "
In this paper, we propose to use graded-index multimode fibers (GI-MMFs) 
   with Fabry-Perot laser diodes (FP-LDs) for short-span and low-cost 
   feeders. The multimode fiber feeders can be applied to wireless personal 
   communication systems where the required feeder length is within several 
   hundred meters, such as distributed antenna networks for microcellular 
   systems or wireless LANs. The use of multimode fibers makes fiber coupling 
   and connection easier, and has the potential to greatly reduce total 
   system cost. Three types of GI-MMFs are considered as transmission media, 
   (1) silica-based glass optical fiber (GI-GOF), (2) silica-core 
   plastic-clad fiber (GI-PCF), and (3) all-plastic optical fiber (GI-POF). 
   It is shown that GI-GOF and GI-PCF are suitable for use as feeders in the 
   microcells of CDMA cellular and wireless LAN systems within 300 m in 
   length. GI-POF is estimated to be suitable for use as feeders in wireless 
   LANs within 100 m in length. A multimode fiber feeder with FP-LDs and 
   GI-PCF of 300 m is developed in order to demonstrate its applicability to 
   a wireless LAN system operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. "
}
@ARTICLE{JHW95b,
	author = "Jiang, S.J. and Huang, Y. and Weng, W. and Lin, L. and Chen, C. and Huang, W.",
	title = {An integrated packet video/voice/data protocol for CDMA wireless LANs. },
	journal = "Konferenz-Einzelbericht: Visual Communications and Image Processing 95",
	year = 1995,
	volume = 2501,
	number = 3,
	pages = "1396--1407",
        abstract = "
This paper proposes an integrated protocol for CDMA wireless LANs. Voice, 
   data, and images can be exchanged over the wireless LANs based on this 
   frame-based protocol. This protocol uses a handshake procedure for voice 
   calls first, followed by a short polling/contention for data/video 
   transfer requests. Then, the formal transmissions are allocated to voice 
   users the higher priority, while the data/video transfers will not start 
   until some random delay. The startup time of data/video transfer depends 
   on the number of voice calls initiated and the system threshold. This 
   protocol fully utilizes the characteristic of CDMA technique which allows 
   simultaneous transmissions, while utilizes the movable boundary concept in 
   TDMA to assure quality of service. Approximate performance analysis by 
   assuming fixed packet length of both voice packets and data/video packets 
   are proposed and numerical results in voice call blocking probability, 
   packet loss rate, and network throughput are presented. "
}
@ARTICLE{ZSW95,
	author = "Zhongping, Zhang and Seifert, F. and Weigel, R.",
	title = { Time code division multiple access: a multiple access technology for 
   indoor wireless communications. },
	journal = "Konferenz-Einzelbericht: Broadband Networks: Strategies and Technologies",
	year = 1995,
	volume = 2450,
	pages = "624--631",
        abstract = "
Multiple access technology is important for wireless mobile radio 
   communication systems to improve the system performance and capacity. 
   According to the indoor radio channel characteristics the authors propose 
   a multiple access scheme - the Time Code Division Multiple Access (TCDMA) 
   for indoor wireless applications with a carrier frequency 2.4 GHz by 
   combining advantages of both Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Code 
   Divison Multiple Access (CDMA). For implementation of a TCDMA system they 
   use Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) devices with delays less than 5 
   microseconds as analog Matched Filter (MF) in the receiver. The indoor 
   multipath fading channel is modeled taking into account the measurement 
   results for investigation of the TCDMA system capacity. Spreading codes 
   for synchronization with maximal linear code sequences and for user data 
   with Gold code sequences are selected according to their properties of 
   autocorrelation and crosscorrelation. Additionally, data detection 
   techniques are used to combat the multipath fading. Simulation results 
   presenting bit error rate verus number of the active users are provided to 
   prove the feasibility of TCDMA systems for indoor applications. "
}
@ARTICLE{PGH95b,
	author = "Padgett, Jay E. and G{\"u}nther, Christoph G. and
                  Hattori, Takeshi",
	title = {Eine Triebkraft der modernen Kommunikation. Wireless Personal 
   Communication. },
	journal = "Zeitschriftenaufsatz: ComTec",
	year = 1995,
        volume = 7,
	pages = "348--365",
        abstract = "
Der Beitrag gibt einen Ueberblick ueber die weltweit unterschiedlichen 
   Konzepte des zellularen Mobilfunks und mikrozellularer Funknetze. Fuer 
   alle Funkdienste werden die Frequenzbereiche, Modulationsverfahren oder 
   Datenprotokolle beschrieben. Analoge Zellularfunksysteme fuer Japan, 
   Europa und Amerika sind nur kurz aufgefuehrt. Digitale Zellularfunksysteme 
   basieren hauptsaechlich auf Multiplexverfahren: FDMA (frequency division 
   multiple access), TDMA (time division multiple access) und CDMA (code 
   division multiple access). Dargestellt werden GSM und DCS 1800 fuer 
   Europa, IS-54, IS-95 und IS-136 fuer USA und Nordamerika und PDC (personal 
   digital cellular) fuer Japan. Abgegrenzt davon werden drahtlose Telefone 
   (analog oder digital) aufgrund ihrer geringeren Reichweite und 
   verschiedenen Netzstrukturen und Datenformate. Beschrieben werden die 
   Luftschnittstelle CT2, DECT (digital european cordless 
   telecommunications), das japanische PHS (personal handphone system), WACS 
   und PACS von Bellcore/USA, digitale drahtlose Telefone in den 
   ISM-Baendern, paketvermittelte drahtlose Datensysteme ARDIS, Mobitex, der 
   GRPS-Standard, drahtlose LANs wie Freeport, WaveLAN und HIPERLAN (high 
   performance radio LAN). In Europa soll langfristig der Standard UMTS 
   (universal mobile telecommunication system) als Multibetreibersystem 
   entwickelt und angeboten werden. Abschliessend wird auf globale 
   Satelliten-Mobilfunkdienste eingegangen. Der Beitrag enthaelt eine 
   ausfuehrliche Abkuerzungstabelle aller Bezeichnungen der besprochenen 
   Funknetze. "
}
@ARTICLE{SSW95,
	author = "Sanada, Y. and Seki, K. and Wang, Q. and Kato, S. and Nakagawa, M. and Bhargava, V.K.",
	title = {A transmission power control technique on a TDD-CDMA/TDMA system for wireless multimedia networks. },
	journal = "Zeitschriftenaufsatz: IEICE Transactions on Communications",
	year = 1995,
	volume = "E78-B",
	number = 8,
	pages = "1095--1104",
        abstract = "
The assumed network connects mobile terminals to a node of an ATM based 
high speed LAN through a radio central unit. Only human interface 
facilities are implemented into the terminal so that users access 
integrated services through the node of the network. The uplink (from a 
mobile terminal to a radio central unit) employs a CDMA scheme to transmit 
human interface signals ( approximately 2.4kbit/s) and the downlink 
employs a TDMA scheme to transmit display interface signals ( 
approximately 24 Mbit/s). Both the CDMA and the TDMA signals occupy the 
same frequency band. To mitigate bit error rate degradation due to the 
fading, the radio central unit estimates the impulse response of the 
channel from the received CDMA signals and controls the transmission power 
of the TDMA signals to compensate the fading attenuation. The bit error 
rate performance of the downlink with the proposed transmission power 
control is theoretically analysed under several fading conditions. 
Numerical results using the Nakagami-m fading model and recent propagation 
measurements show that the proposed power control technique compensates 
the fading attenuation and improves the bit error rate performances. The 
bit error rate of the downlink is reduced from 10/sup -2/ to 10(/sup -/5) 
at the symbol SNR of 20 dB by employing the proposed transmission power 
control, which is less sensitive to the severity of the fading. 
Furthermore, the proposed transmission power control is implemented 
without increasing the terminal complexity because all the processing on 
the power control of the downlink is carried out only in the radio central 
unit. "
}
@ARTICLE{Miz94,
	author = "Mizuno, M.",
	title = { A consideration on the application of spread spectrum techniques to SHF and EHF mobile and indoor wireless communications. },
	journal = "Konferenz-Einzelbericht: VTC 1994, 1994 IEEE 44th Vehicular Technol. Conf.",
	year = 1994,
	volume = 1,
	number = 1,
	pages = "587--589",
        abstract = "
Future mobile communication systems will extend its frequency bands over 
wider ranges, for instance SHF microcellular and wireless LAN systems, and 
millimeterwave broadband communication systems. Spread spectrum techniques 
will be more effective when wider spread bandwidth is available. This 
means these techniques will fit to such high frequency bands. This paper 
proposes optimum ways of application of spread-spectrum techniques for 
such RF bands. This includes effective usage of fading reduction and CDMA 
capability, based on the propagation measurement results. "
}
@ARTICLE{HMB94,
	author = "Hayes, M.P. and McGrath, S. and Burkley, C.J.",
	title = {A spread spectrum wireless LAN based on interference cancellation techniques. },
	journal = "Konferenz-Einzelbericht: VTC 1994, 1994 IEEE 44th Vehicular Technol. Conf.",
	year = 1994,
	volume = 2,
	number = 2,
	pages = "775--779",
        abstract = "
This paper describes the evaluation of a direct sequence spread spectrum 
   wireless LAN, based on interference cancellation techniques. Good 
   orthogonality between spreading codes with near perfect average power 
   control is essential for adequate spectrum efficiency in conventional CDMA 
   applications but good average power control is often difficult to 
   maintain. Interference Cancellation Code Division Multiple Access 
   (IC-CDMA) is a method proposed for third generation mobile systems which 
   considerably improves the user capacity of a spread spectrum system. A 
   significant advantage of IC-CDMA is that it does not require equal 
   received powers thereby eliminating the need for complex power control 
   algorithms. The system design was evaluated using a simulation toolset 
   which supports direct DSP implementations. The toolset, based on a 
   hierarchical block diagram approach, was used to evaluate the performance 
   of IC-CDMA for various system configurations and channel conditions. The 
   results obtained illustrate that IC-CDMA, with some restrictions, is more 
   suitable for a cellular application than conventional CDMA. "
}
@ARTICLE{LDM95,
	author = "Liu, QZ. and Davies, R. and Macdonald, RI.",
	title = {Characterization of fiber-optic Microwave link with optoelectronic upconverter using impulse response identification system},
	journal = "Microwave \& Optical Technology Letters.",
	year = 1995,
	volume = 3,
	number = 10,
	pages = "135--138",
        abstract = "
A fiber-optic microwave link with a monolithic integrated optoelectronic
  upconverter has been characterized experimentally using the impulse
  response identification system (IRIS). It is shown that a low-cost optical
  system performs signal transmission, detection, and conversion, while
  introducing minimal signal distortion over that of standard radio
  modulation devices. This offers potential for a low-cost solution to the
  problem of distribution of future microwave and millimeter-wave signals in
  building for PCN and wireless LAN applications. (C) 1995 John Wiley \&
  Sons, Inc."
}
@ARTICLE{KI95,
	author = "Kawasaki, S. and Itoh, T.",
	title = {Millimeter-Wave active integrated antennas utilizing harmonics},
	journal = "Electronics \& Communications in Japan, Part 2: Electronics (English
  Translation of Denshi Tsushin Gakkai Ronbunshi)",
	year = 1995,
	volume = 1,
	number = 78,
	pages = "90--100",
        abstract = "
This paper reports an active integrated antenna which combines the antenna
  function with the millimeterwave MMIC technology. In addition to a high
  carrier frequency, the compactness of the circuit is extremely useful for
  applications to automobile radar and wireless LAN.
   
  To realize low-cost millimeter-wave subsystems, this paper describes an
  active integrated antenna making use of the slot antenna and the second
  harmonic of the FET oscillator. The input impedance of the slot antenna is
  included in the design of a strongly coupled active integrated antenna
  array. The oscillation frequency of the array was evaluated by a large
  signal analysis.
   
  In the case of a two-dement active integrated antenna using a harmonic,
  the second harmonic operating frequency of 39.3 GHz was obtained. The
  phase of the radiation of the fundamental mode was adjusted so that
  different radiation patterns for different modes were obtained. Also, in
  the uniplanar-type four-element array, a large signal analysis was carried
  out including the discontinuities in the coplanar waveguide. Through the
  present trial fabrication, the fundamental data for fabrication of
  millimeter-wave monolithic active integrated antennas were obtained."
}
@ARTICLE{KJU95b,
	author = "Kim, B.C. and Jang, JS. and Un, CK.",
	title = {Idle-Signal casting multiple access wirh collision resolution (ICMA/CR) protocol for wireless LAN},
	journal = "Electronics Letters",
	year = 1995,
	volume = 9,
	number = 31,
	pages = "698--700",
        abstract = "
The authors propose an idle-signal casting multiple access with collision
  resolution (ICMA/CR) protocol for wireless LAN. This protocol focuses on
  efficient collision resolution by adopting the binary-tree protocol. By
  using the collision resolution algorithm, the retransmission process can
  be controlled so that collisions are resolved more efficiently using
  nearly immediate feedback information, thereby increasing the
  throughput-delay performance of the ICMA/CD protocol."
}
@ARTICLE{Fla94,
	author = "Flatman, A.",
	title = {Wireless LANS - Developments in technology and standards},
	journal = "Computing \& Control Engineering Journal.",
	year = 1994,
	volume = 5,
	number = 5,
	pages = "219--224",
        abstract = "
This article examines the major developments in wireless LAN standards and
  technology.  It describes the fundamentals of radio and infra-red, and
  reviews, the main considerations facing the systems designer.  The article
  also charts the objectives, plans and progress of industry standards, and
  reviews the status of European spectrum assignment and licensing relating
  to spread spectrum LANs, HIPERLAN and DECT."
}
@ARTICLE{PRB96,
	author = "Perezjimenez, R. and Rabadan, JA. and Betancor, MJ.",
	title = {2MBIT/S FQPSK-2 Modem for infrared wireless LAN},
	journal = "Electronics Letters. ",
	year = 1996,
	volume = 20,
	number = 32,
	pages = "1848--1849",
        abstract = "
A 2Mbit/s FQPSK-2 modem design and its evaluation is presented. Its main
  application is wireless infrared local area networks. The design is fully
  digital, which enables the modem to be integrated on only one chip.
  FQPSK-2 modulation was chosen for its high spectral efficiency. robustness
  against jitter, and constant amplitude of its complex envelope."
}
@ARTICLE{LKB96b,
	author = "LaMaire, Richard O. and Krishna, Arvind and
                  Bhagwat Pravin and Panian, James",
	title = {Wireless {LAN}s and mobile networking - standards and
                 future directions},
	journal = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
	year = 1996,
	month = aug,
	volume = 34,
	number = 8,
	pages = "86--94",
        abstract = "
The emerging widespread use of wireless LAN systems together with the
  users' desire for such systems to interoperate has created a requirement
  for standards. Many standards bodies are currently defining standards for
  wireless systems that relate to different layers of the networking
  protocol stack. Of these, two influential physical and data link layer
  standards, IEEE 802.11 and the European HIPERLAN, are described. The
  article then considers the network layer by discussing extensions that are
  being made to the widely used Internet Protocol (IP) to deal with mobility
  (wired or wireless). The final standards that are discussed relate to
  wireless link management. The article concludes by speculating on future
  directions for wireless LAN systems."
}
@ARTICLE{PBM96,
	author = "Perezjimenez, R. and Betancor, MJ. and Melian, VM.",
	title = {Improved PPM schemes for IR-wireless LAN},
	journal = "Electronics Letters.",
	year = 1996,
	volume = 10,
	number = 32,
	pages = "885--887",
        abstract = "
The authors present a modified PPM modulation technique for infra-red
  wireless LAN that improves the spectral efficiency of the system
  significantly. The resulting signal (improved PPM or IPPM), which is based
  on FQPSK IJF filters, is jitter- and ISI-free and can be recovered with
  any PPM standard receiver."
}

@ARTICLE{MF96,
	author = "Mehdi, Hussein and Feher, Kamilo",
	title = {FBPSK, Power and spectrally efficient modulation for PCS and satellite broadcasting applications},
	journal = "IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting.",
	year = 1996,
	month = mar,
	volume = 42,
	number = 1,
	pages = "27--32",
        abstract = "
FBPSK, A new modulation technique which leads to nonlinear amplified power
  efficient BPSK modulated systems is presented, This technique has an
  offset quadrature modulator structure, and uses the nonlinear FQPSK
  processor to smooth the pulse shape of transmit data, FBPSK can be
  nonlinearly amplified using C class type of amplifiers with minimum
  spectral regeneration leading to power and spectrally efficient systems
  compared to conventional BPSK in both satellite and PCS applications, it
  can deliver 1 Watt output power compared to 150 mWatt for BPSK, and
  reduces spectral regeneration by a minimum of 18 dB in wireless LAN
  applications, FBPSK is compatible with BPSK, and can be demodulated using
  conventional BPSK receivers, The BER performance of FBSPK in AWGN channels
  has less than 1.1 dB degradation compared to theoretical BPSK for BER of
  10-4, FBPSK increases power output, spectral efficiency, extends battery
  life, and reduces radiation compared to BPSK modulated systems."
}

@ARTICLE{Jia94,
	author = "Jiang, S.J.",
	title = {A novel error control scheme for CDMA wireless LANs},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  Proceedings of 1994 IEEE Region 10's Ninth Annual
               International Conference. Theme: Frontiers of Computer
               Technology",
	year = 1994,
	volume = 2,
	pages = "581--586",
        abstract = "
A hybrid-ARQ error control protocol for asynchronous code
   division multiple access (CDMA) local area networks is proposed and
   its performance is evaluated. Assuming a peer-to-peer type but with a
   base station for power control, each unit can communicate directly
   and the near-far effect is eliminated. Packets are convolutionally
   encoded before modulation. The receiver has a hard-decision decoder
   using a modified Viterbi decoding algorithm, and may decide to
   request retransmission under a threshold criterion of the algorithm.
   The network is modeled with several interactive continuous-time
   absorbing Markov chains. Degradation of throughput may be expected
   but this can be reasonably controlled by adjusting the threshold
   level. This hybrid scheme offers a more flexible set of parameters
   from which individual users can choose, thus it can be customized to
   fit the individual reliability level needs for each receiver."
}
@ARTICLE{RNP94,
	author = "van Roosmalen, H.R.R. and Nijhof, J.A.M. and Prasad, R.",
	title = {Performance of a hybrid CDMA/ISMA protocol with multiple return channels and buffering},
	journal = "Conference Title:  Performance of a hybrid CDMA/ISMA protocol with multiple
               return channels and buffering",
	year = 1994,
	volume = 3,
	pages = "1024--1028",
        abstract = "
The impact of buffering and the use of a multichannel
   base station on the performance of a hybrid CDMA/ISMA protocol is
   investigated by simulation. Buffering moves the performance
   bottleneck from the terminal receiver link to the base station. The
   protocol performs best when both buffering and multiple return
   channels are used. The throughput and delay have been evaluated for
   the proposed hybrid CDMA/ISMA protocol considering packet buffering,
   multiple return channels, spread spectrum CDMA and p-persistent ISMA
   with DPSK modulation scheme for computer communications in Rayleigh
   fading indoor environments."
}
@ARTICLE{Jia96,
	author = "Jiang, S.",
	title = {Improvement of integrated services on CDMA wireless LANs
               using the handshake-ALOHA protocol},
	journal = "Electronics Letters",
	year = 1996,
	volume = 32,
	number = 1,
	pages = "12--14",
        abstract = "
The author proposes a frame-based, handshake-ALOHA
   protocol suitable for CDMA wireless LANs. Performance evaluation
   using a continuous-time Markov chain and Poisson error models shows
   that both the data and voice throughput are significantly improved,
   compared to the pure ALOHA protocol."
}

@ARTICLE{PBD95,
	author = "Philipsand, L. and Bolsens, I. and De Man, H.",
	title = { A programmable CDMA IF transceiver ASIC for wireless communications},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  Proceedings of the IEEE 1995 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference",
	year = 1995,
	pages = "307--310",
        abstract = "
A digital CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
   transceiver ASIC called PMCM (Programmable Mobile Communications
   Modem) is presented. Spreader and correlator functions, band-limiting
   filters and IF (Intermediate Frequency) up- and downconverters are
   on-chip. The functional blocks are programmable to a large extent,
   making the chip usable in a wide application area. First time right
   silicon was generated using the CATHEDRAL high-level synthesis design
   environment. The ASIC has been embedded in a number of mobile
   satellite terminals; currently it is applied in a WLAN (Wireless
   Local Area Network) context."
}

@ARTICLE{JWL94,
	author = "Jiang, S.j. and Weng, Wande and Longsong, Lin",
	title = {A handshake protocol for CDMA wireless LANs with error control capabilities},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  APCCAS `94. 1994 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems",
	year = 1994,
	pages = "39--44",
        abstract = "
Observing the threshold effect of CDMA systems, this
   paper proposes a simple, fair protocol suitable for the CDMA
   environment, which does not need the additional feedback channel but
   can still achieve the goal of error control. Based on the same
   rationale as the CSMA/CD protocol, this protocol is designed to avoid
   collision or congestion of traffic before formal transmission of a
   packet. By the handshake procedure, the intended transmitter is able
   to test the channel quality and the receiver`s status using a very
   short handshake packet. Therefore, channel traffic can be controlled
   to avoid overload. The throughput and reliability are analyzed based
   on the underlying Markovian models. Numerical results are compared to
   other error control schemes and show that with a reasonably short
   handshake time compared to the packet transmission time, this
   handshake protocol with simple forward error correction offers an
   excellent alternative for error control and can even improve the
   throughput performance."
}
@ARTICLE{JK96,
	author = "Jianming, Wu and Kohno, R.",
	title = {A wireless multimedia CDMA system based on transmission power control},
	journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications",
	year = 1996,
	volume = 14,
	number = 4,
	pages = "683--691",
        abstract = "
This paper proposes a wireless multimedia code division
   multiple access (CDMA) system based on transmission power control.
   When we transmit multimedia information (i.e., speech, image, and
   data), differences in information rate, traffic performance, and
   required quality should be taken into account. The wireless CDMA
   system can achieve a flexible balance if transmission power
   distribution is controlled by using channel measurement information,
   i.e., traffic. In this paper, the optimal control of transmission
   power is derived by linear programming and nonlinear programming.
   Numerical results using a LAN demonstrate that the proposed method
   can satisfy the required quality."
}
@ARTICLE{EC95,
	author = "Elmirghani, J.M.H. and Cryan, R.A.",
	title = {Mobile diffuse infrared data communication LANs utilising PPM-CDMA},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  Thirteenth Annual Conference on European Fibre Optic Communications and Networks.",
	year = 1996,
	volume = 3,
	pages = "132--135",
        abstract = "
The widespread utilisation of portable computer terminals
   has dictated new mobility requirements within the local area network
   (LAN). This paper investigates a hybrid pulse position modulation
   code division multiple access (PPM-CDMA) communication system based
   on radiation. Results are presented for the maximum number of users
   that can communicate over the network at a given bit rate and it is
   shown that there exists an optimum PPM order, at a given number of
   users, that maximises the achievable bit rate. The utilisation of
   optical orthogonal codes (OOC) as signature sequences is proposed.
   Original results are presented for the false alarm errors due to the
   OOC crosscorrelations while the optimum system operating parameters
   that minimise these errors are specified."
}
@ARTICLE{BP96,
	author = "Bor-Chin, Wang and Po-Rong, Chang",
	title = {Spread spectrum multiple-access with DPSK modulation and diversity for image transmission over indoor radio multipath fading channels},
	journal = "IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology",
	year = 1996,
	month = apr,
	volume = 6,
	number = 2,
	pages = "200--214",
        abstract = "
As demand for networked multimedia applications is
   increasing rapidly, it is important to provide the ubiquitous
   accessibility for these services in wireless communication
   environment. Such access allows users to share novel multimedia
   applications without any geographical restrictions. We investigate
   the application of the well-known antimultipath spread spectrum
   code-division multiple access (SS-CDMA) techniques to image
   transmission related to the development of next-generation multimedia
   wireless local area networks within a building. SS-CDMA is
   particularly well suited to a subband coding scheme that divides the
   image information into multiple parallel data streams using an
   analysis filter bank, each of which is multiplied by its unique
   spreading code. All the product signals are then transmitted at the
   same time in the same radio channel, even though the total bandwidth
   of all the signals may exceed the channel bandwidth. Each received
   signal is independently recovered at the decoder by multiplying its
   spreading code and all the recovered subbands are then reassembled by
   a synthesis filter bank into a close reproduction to the original
   image. A forward error correction (FEC) scheme based on convolutional
   codes with interleaving is proposed to minimize the effect of bursty
   channel errors on the picture quality degradation. Better image
   quality can be achieved by using the predetection diversity combining
   in order to combat the indoor multipath distortion. In this paper,
   the image quality of subband image transmission via SS-CDMA indoor
   fading channels with differential phase shift keying (DPSK)
   modulation is evaluated and examined. Simulation results show that
   the image peak signal-to-noise (PSNR) ratio is inversely related to a
   logarithmic function of bit error rate when each subband employs
   equal protection channel coding."
}
@ARTICLE{CGR95,
	author = "Carcopardi, S. and Gatti, F. and Reali, G.",
	title = {Channel estimation using linear prediction for wireless indoor communications},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  ICC `95 Seattle. Communications - Gateway to Globalization. 1995 IEEE International Conference on Communications",
	year = 1995,
	volume = 2,
	pages = "1014--1018",
        abstract = "
The paper examines wireless local area network (WLAN)
   applications based on the DS-CDMA technique. It paper deals with the
   equalization of the indoor radio channel. The equalization is based
   on the RAKE processing of the received signal. The estimation of the
   weights of the channel has been carried out in two steps: the former
   consists in a preliminary estimation based on isolating the desired
   magnitudes from the received signal by means of correlation
   techniques; the latter accomplishes a linear regression on the
   samples provided by the preliminary estimation in order to counteract
   the delay caused by a filtering operation. The system performance, in
   terms of BER versus E/sub b//N/sub o/, is provided."
}
@ARTICLE{CL95,
	author = "Chen, X.H. and Lim, N.C.",
	title = {Triple-receiver-based code protocol for unslotted DS/SSMA packet-radio networks and its performance analysis},
	journal = "IEE Proceedings-Communications",
	year = 1995,
	volume = 142,
	number = 3,
	pages = "193--200",
        abstract = "
 An unslotted DS/SSMA packet-radio protocol (the
   triple-receiver-based code (R/sup 3/) protocol) suitable for
   code-division multiple-access (CDMA) wireless data networks is
   proposed. The communication between two data terminals is initiated
   by hand-shaking (request and acknowledgement stages) followed by
   data-packet transmission (pair-up stage), using the receiver-based
   signature codes for multiple-accessing. The two-dimensional
   continuous-time Markov chain was used to model and analyse the
   behaviour of the network. The analytical results show that a
   respectable improvement in throughput-delay performance can be
   achieved, applying the proposed protocol to unslotted DS/SSMA
   packet-radio networks, when compared to other reported code
   protocols."
}
@ARTICLE{MKI95,
	author = "Mao, W. and Kohnoand, R. and Imai, H.",
	title = {MFSK/FH-CDMA system with two-stage address coding and error correcting coding and decoding},
	journal = "IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences",
	year = 1995,
	volume = "E78-A",
	number = 9,
	pages = "1117--1126",
        abstract = "
In this paper we propose a two-stage address coding
   scheme to transmit two data symbols at once within a frame in a
   MFSK/FH-CDMA system. We compare it with the conventional system using
   single-stage address coding. Assuming that the address codes of all
   users are known in the receiver, a multiuser detection scheme is
   applied and the performance is evaluated by computer simulations to
   show the improvement in bit error rate (BER) comparing to the
   conventional system. We also investigate the performance of
   error-correcting coding and decoding in the two-stage address coded
   MFSK/FH-CDMA system. An erasure decoding scheme is modified for the
   two-stage address coded system and is utilized to improve spectral
   efficiency or to increase user capacity in the MFSK/FH-CDMA system.
   Finally, we investigate a hybrid scheme of combining the multiuser
   detection scheme and the error-correcting decoding scheme for the
   two-stage address coded MFSK/FH-CDMA system. The performance is
   evaluated by computer simulations."
}
@ARTICLE{SSW95b,
	author = "Seki, K. and Sanada, Y. and Wang, Q. and Kato, S. and Bhargava, V.K.",
	title = {A wireless multimedia network on time division duplex CDMA/TDMA},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers, and Signal Processing.",
	year = 1995,
	pages = "441--444",
        abstract = "
A wireless multimedia network using a novel channel
   equalizer on a TDD CDMA/TDMA scheme is proposed. The uplink employs a
   CDMA scheme to transmit low speed human interface signals, and the
   downlink employs a TDMA scheme to transmit high speed signals
   including video and images. The control signals for equalization are
   calculated by using the output of the matched filters of the CDMA
   receiver. Theoretical analysis has been carried out to evaluate the
   BER performance. Numerical results show that a low BER of less than
   10/sup -6/ is achieved for the downlink by employing the proposed
   channel equalizer."
}
@ARTICLE{EC94,
	author = "Elmirghani, J.M.H.  and Cryan, R.A.",
	title = {Indoor infrared wireless networks utilising PPM CDMA},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  Singapore ICCS '94. Conference Proceedings",
	year = 1994,
	volume = 1,
	pages = "334--337",
        abstract = "
A new hybrid PPM-CDMA is proposed for the mobile indoor
   infrared network. The technique provides asynchronous multiple access
   where each user (or facility on the network) is assigned a signature
   code belonging to the class of optical orthogonal codes (OOC).
   Original results are presented indicating that there exists an
   optimum PPM-CDMA order that maximises the achievable bit rate at a
   given number of users. Performance results are presented and the
   optimum operating parameters are specified."
}
@ARTICLE{HRN95,
	author = "Huy, Linh Anh Le  and van Roosmalen, H.  and Nijhof, J.  and Prasad, R.",
	title = {Unslotted hybrid CDMA/ISMA protocol for indoor wireless computer communications},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  Proceedings IEEE Third Symposium on Communications and Vehicular Technology in the Benelux",
	year = 1995,
	pages = "68--75",
        abstract = "
A hybrid code division multiple access/inhibit sense
   multiple access (CDMA/ISMA) protocol has been proposed as an
   effective multiple access scheme for indoor wireless computer
   communications. This new protocol combines the advantages of both
   CDMA and ISMA into one protocol. On the one hand the ISMA protocol
   introduces a limitation to the number of simultaneous accesses to the
   transmission channel. On the other hand the CDMA protocol introduces
   an improvement to the packet survival chance. It is shown that the
   performance of the slotted hybrid CDMA/ISMA protocol is better than
   CDMA only. In addition, code sharing can be applied to reduce
   hardware cost. This paper presents the performance analysis of the
   unslotted CDMA/ISMA protocol in order to take greater advantage of
   the strength of the hybrid protocol. The performance comparison
   between the slotted and unslotted hybrid CDMA/ISMA protocol is
   evaluated in terms of throughput and delay using computer simulation
   and mathematical analysis."
}
@ARTICLE{SD95,
	author = "Sung, Won Lee. and Dong, Ho Cho ",
	title = {istributed reservation CDMA for wireless LAN},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  GLOBECOM '95. Communications for Global Harmony. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.",
	year = 1995,
	volume = 1,
	pages = "360--364",
        abstract = "
Recent technology innovations have increased the interest
   of end-user in wireless LAN (local area networks). However,
   conventional access protocols have some problems such as degradation
   of channel utilization, necessity of control station and code reuse.
   Therefore, we propose new multiple access schemes, 'distributed
   reservation CDMA with priority (DR CDMA P)' and 'distributed
   reservation CDMA without priority (DR CDMA NP)', that can solve those
   problems in a distributed CDMA wireless LAN environment. Simulation
   results show reliable performance improvement by the new proposed
   protocols in a wireless LAN environment that has a large bandwidth
   and many nodes. This performance improvement is due to the variable
   length transmission property, minimum guard time and preamble, and
   optimal channel utilization of reservation CDMA. Also, DR CDMA P
   transmits data effectively when the offered load increases over 1 due
   to the effective control mechanism, although reservation TDMA and DR
   CDMA NP cannot transmit data due to an extreme delay in the heavy
   load condition. In the view of management, insertion of new node and
   extension problems can be easily solved in proposed reservation CDMA
   protocols. Also, the new protocols can provide a high degree of
   security readily due to the spread spectrum property. Especially,
   inter-networking with conventional protocols, such as IEEE 802.3
   Ethernet, is simple without additional overhead because of the
   variable length property."
}

@ARTICLE{GCR96,
	author = "Gatti, F. and Cacopardi, S. and Reali, G. ",
	title = {Channel estimation using linear prediction for wireless indoor communications},
	journal = "CSELT Technical Reports",
	year = 1996,
	volume = 24,
	number = 1,
	pages = "29--39",
        abstract = "
his paper deals with the equalisation of the indoor
   radio channel. The equalisation is based on the Rake processing of
   the received signal. The estimation of the weights of the channel has
   been carried out in two steps: the former consists in a preliminary
   estimation based on isolating the desired magnitudes from the
   received signal by means of correlation techniques; the latter
   accomplishes a linear regression on the samples provided by the
   preliminary estimation in order to counteract the delay caused by a
   filtering operation. The system performance, in terms of BER versus
   E/sub b//N/sub o/, is provided."
}
@ARTICLE{CEC96,
	author = "Chan, H.H. and Elmirghani, J.M.H. and Cryan, R.A.",
	title = {Performance analysis of indoor infrared wireless networks utilising PPM CDMA},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  1995 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Converging Technologies for Tomorrow's Applications.",
	year = 1995,
	volume = 3,
	pages = "1467--1471",
        abstract = "
A hybrid based on pulse position modulation code division
   multiple access (PPM CDMA) is studied in the context of the indoor
   infrared LAN. The utilisation of optical orthogonal codes (OOC) as
   signature sequences is investigated. Original results are presented
   illustrating the improvement in bit rate achieved by utilising PPM
   CDMA rather than on-off keying (OOK) CDMA. It is demonstrated that
   there exists an optimum PPM order, at a given number of users.
   Original results are presented that evaluate the dispersion in the
   optical diffuse infrared channel and its effects on optical
   orthogonal codes (OOC). A new equalisation technique is introduced
   and analysed in the context of this channel. The method is shown to
   be effective in reducing the resultant intersymbol interference
   (ISI). Illustrative examples are given on an isolated pulse and a
   typical OOC. The results indicate that good performance can be
   achieved with minimum hardware overheads."
}
@ARTICLE{Ros94,
	author = "Ross, A.H.M.",
	title = {CDMA for wireless local loop},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  Wireless Computer Communication. Emerging Business
               Opportunities. Papers Presented at the International
               Conference on Wireless Computer Communication: Emerging
               Business Opportunities (Infocom'94)",
	year = 1994,
	pages = "72--86",
        abstract = "
This paper discusses the fundamentals of code division
   multiple access (CDMA) technology as it applies to wireless local
   loop. While CDMA is a generic term, this paper addresses the specific
   implementation of CDMA embodied in the common air interface of
   EIA/TIA IS-95, recently adopted for use in digital cellular radio in
   North America. Substantial improvement of system capacity over more
   traditional FDMA and TDMA systems is the primary motivation for
   adoption of CDMA. This paper discusses the capacity limitations of
   the various technologies. It then goes on to discuss the IS-95 signal
   structure, messaging, voice coding, cad processing, and network
   interactions."
}
@ARTICLE{LNY95,
	author = "Lo, F.L. and Ng, T.S. and Yuk, T.I.",
	title = {A model for evaluating the performance of code phase assignment CDMA LAN},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  Sixth IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor
               and Mobile Radio Communications. PIMRC'95. Wireless:
               Merging onto the Information Superhighway",
	year = 1995,
	volume = 2,
	pages = "896--900",
        abstract = "
This paper describes a model for a fully-connected, full
   duplex, and synchronized CDMA LAN where the receivers use the same
   maximal length sequence with different chip phase offset for
   receiving messages. The ALOHA medium access is used. The performance
   of the model is analyzed by considering the succession of states the
   system is in as a Markov process. The behaviour of a 5-station system
   is shown."
}
@ARTICLE{SMK95,
	author = "Sugiyama, T. and Mizoguchi, M. and Kubota, S. and Kato, S.",
	title = {A high efficient and interference resistant half-chip offset QPSK-CDMA scheme for wireless LAN systems},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  GLOBECOM '95. Communications for Global Harmony. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.",
	year = 1995,
	volume = 3,
	pages = "2166--2170",
        abstract = "
This paper proposes a half-chip offset QPSK (quadrature
   phase shift keying) modulation CDMA (code division multiple access)
   scheme to allow the simple differential detection while realizing a
   compact spectrum in nonlinear channels for wireless LAN (local area
   network) systems. The experimental results show the proposed scheme
   combined with forward error correction (FEC) achieves excellent Pe
   performances in adjacent channel interference (ACI) and co-channel
   interference (CCI) environments and significantly improves the
   frequency utilization efficiency."
}
@ARTICLE{Mad96,
	author = "Madani, K.",
	title = {Future technologies for wireless personal communications},
	journal = "Microwave Engineering Europe",
	year = 1996,
	pages = "36--38",
        abstract = "
The concept of a universal radio Personal Communications
   System (PCS) has been around for over a decade now, but it has not
   been yet properly defined or formally standardized. The idea of a
   universal system stems naturally from the recent rapid evolution of
   the wireless cellular telephony in Europe, North America, Japan and
   many other parts of the world. In addition, it is desired that this
   ideal system to be capable of dealing with a mixture of voice, video
   and data, and to be able to handle services with different data rates
   (perhaps from 2.4 kb/s to >10 Mb/s). Predictions of what these future
   mobile PCSs will look like must take into account many diverse
   parameters such as: technological feasibility, cost and
   marketability, regulatory factors and political issues. The existing
   technologies which are currently deployed in various radio
   communications systems are likely to converge, to form a single or
   maybe a few systems containing the main features and advantages of
   all the previous ones."
}
@ARTICLE{Beh94,
	author = "Behrhorst, S.V.",
	title = {Digital receivers and DDS for base stations},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  Conference Proceedings. RF Expo WEST",
	year = 1994,
	pages = "371--377",
        abstract = "
There are two schools of thought on cellular base station
   design. One emphasizes similarities in transceiver design between
   mobile and fixed stations, envisioning direct application of
   technology developed for handsets to base stations. Others contend
   that cellular chip-sets will not solve problems unique to base
   stations, and systems designers continue to develop solutions using a
   mix of standard products and ASICs. Another factor influencing the
   discussion is the proliferation of wireless products and standards.
   Uncertainty about which standards will prevail is causing cellular
   operators to seek out equipment that is both flexible and compact. A
   transceiver that could be programmed to accommodate analog, TDMA,
   CDMA, or a combination of all three would allow operators to
   redistribute capacity from one standard to another, with few, if any,
   hardware changes. IC manufacturers are beginning to provide the
   technology necessary to make such universal base stations a reality.
   Demonstration of technology is just the first step, as cellular
   operators will ultimately choose solutions that are most cost
   effective. Therefore, as cellular base station designers currently
   pursue several approaches to achieve smaller, less expensive
   equipment, this paper examines multiple architectures and relates
   some applicable IC technologies to each design. The technologies
   discussed in this paper also apply to other digital transceiver
   designs, such as satellite terminals, digital modems, and wireless
   LANs."
}

@ARTICLE{JXL95,
	author = "Jeng, S.S. and Xu, G. and Lin, H.P. and Vogel, W.J.",
	title = {Experimental study of antenna arrays in indoor wireless applications},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  Conference Record of The Twenty-Ninth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers",
	year = 1995,
	volume = 2,
	pages = "766--770",
        abstract = "
A spatial signature is the response vector of an antenna
   array to a mobile unit at a certain location. The mobile subscribers
   at different locations exhibit different spatial signatures. The
   exploitation of spatial diversity (or difference of spatial
   signatures) is the basic idea of the so-called
   space-division-multiple-access (SDMA) scheme, which can be used to
   significantly increase the channel capacity and quality and combat
   multipath fading in a wireless communication system. The purpose of
   this paper is to describe indoor experiments conducted with our
   antenna array (or smart antenna) testbed to study the vector channel
   propagation characteristics in various indoor scenarios. The results
   to be presented include indoor DOA angle spread and spatial signature
   variation due to terminal displacement. The experimental results show
   the rich spatial diversity and potential benefits of using an antenna
   array for indoor wireless applications, such as wireless local area
   networks (LANs). "
}
@ARTICLE{SK96,
	author = "Stamatelos, G.M. and Koukoulidis, V.N.",
	title = {Reservation-based bandwidth allocation in a radio ATM LAN},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  1995 IEEE International Conference on Communications.
               Converging Technologies for Tomorrow's Applications. ICC
               '96. Conference Record",
	year = 1996,
	volume = 3,
	pages = "1247--1253",
        abstract = "
The comparative performance of a number of
   reservation-based bandwidth sharing policies that could be used to
   maximize the link utilization and/or offer equally fair or
   preferential treatment to a class of supported users, is examined
   here in the context of a radio ATM LAN. Our analytical results, based
   on a recursion for the link occupancy distribution originally
   suggested by Kaufman (1981) and Roberts (1981) independently and
   subsequently extended to include finite source population models, are
   further extended here in the cases of equal sharing of the resources
   with retries, and a dynamic sharing mechanism in which, when the
   available capacity is exceeded, weighted reductions for the active
   users' rates and queueing are employed. Next, examining the
   application of the above sharing schemes in an indoor radio
   environment, we apply Reed Solomon based forward error correction
   (FEC) to recover radio-related packet losses. The performance and the
   effects of a fading-mitigating switched-antenna-diversity mechanism
   and the required packet-basis coding protection, are subsequently
   taken into account in order to establish the actual radio link
   throughput under the above circumstances."
}
@ARTICLE{Bak96,
	author = "Baker, W.D.",
	title = {The role of MCMs in wireless communications},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  Proceedings 1996 IEEE Multi-Chip Module Conference",
	year = 1996,
	pages = "2--5",
        abstract = "
Many of us are relying more and more heavily on wireless
   communications in our daily activities. Portable telephones, pagers,
   cellular telephones, wireless LANs and WANs and many other similar
   devices represent the wireless world and are becoming more and more
   indispensable. The number of active units is forecasted to exceed one
   billion by the year 2000 by far surpassing the installed base of
   personal computers. This growth will not happen without difficulty
   some of which is already being experienced. Calls are dropped or
   noisy, pages are lost, circuits are busy or the system use is
   difficult, not to mention security and administrative issues. The
   role MCMs play in this arena is discussed. Both the opportunity and
   challenge to MCMs in the growth wireless communications are outlined."
}
@ARTICLE{Leu95,
	author = "Leung, P.S.K.",
	title = {Asymmetric-raised-cosine frequency shift keying (ARC-FSK)-a new modulation with superior anti-multipath characteristics for mobile and personal communications systems},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  1995 Fourth IEEE International Conference on Universal Personal Communications.",
	year = 1995,
	pages = "117--122",
        abstract = "
A novel asymmetric-raised-cosine frequency shift keying
   (ARC-FSK) digital modulation with superior anti-multipath
   characteristics is proposed for high speed indoor PCS and wireless
   LAN applications. The new modulation is significantly more robust
   than GMSK in a multipath radio propagation environment. Our
   theoretical analysis and computer simulation studies show that the
   proposed ARC-FSK has the potential to increase the speed limit of
   conventional PCS and wireless LAN systems (currently using GMSK/GFSK)
   by more than than two times without a channel equalizer. The penalty
   is a mere 4% reduction in spectral efficiency. Another advantage of
   ARC-FSK is its backward compatibility with conventional GMSK/GFSK. We
   conclude that the ARC-FSK modulation is ideal for high speed TDMA/PCS
   and wireless LAN systems where high power/spectral efficiency and
   simple receiver structure are desired."
}
@ARTICLE{JS95,
	author = "Juliano, B.A. and Sheel, S.J.",
	title = {A look at the evolving classroom: wireless data communication and mobile satellite communication},
	journal = "Conf. Title:  International Conference on Computers in Education 1995.
               Proceedings of ICCE 95",
	year = 1995,
	pages = "229--235",
        abstract = "
The authors describe potential applications of wireless
   data communications and mobile satellite communications technology
   aimed at improving education. The motivation behind this work is that
   the technology now exists for providing today`s students with not
   only better access to educational facilities, but also instantaneous
   communications with distant sites and mobile units. Incorporating
   these communications technologies with existing information systems
   for education will increase efficiency and productivity as well as
   the educational opportunities for tomorrow`s citizens."
}
@ARTICLE{Cor97,
	author = "Corazza, G.E.",
	title ={ On the generation of side information for frequency
                 hopping multiple access in Rice fading},
	journal = "1997 IEEE 47th Vehicular Technology Conference.
               Technology in Motion (Cat. No.97CH36003)",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 3,
	pages  = "1605--1608",
        abstract = "
In the framework of wideband wireless local area networks
   (WWLAN), spread spectrum techniques are a viable solution for
   uncoordinated multi-user communications. Here, frequency hopping is
   considered for its less stringent power control requirements with
   respect to direct sequence. In particular, the generation of side
   information to allow errors-and-erasures decoding of Reed-Solomon
   codes in frequency hopping multiple access communications is
   addressed. Symbols are erased following a Bayesian decision rule
   (BDR). New expressions are given for the erasure decision function in
   Rice fading conditions for both synchronous and asynchronous hopping.
   The performance sensitivity with respect to the Rice factor is
   studied, and compared to that of the ratio-threshold test (RTT). It
   is found that while BDR a's more robust than RTT for the synchronous
   case, the opposite seems to hold in the asynchronous case. (4 Refs.)
	"}




@ARTICLE{Miy97,
	author = "Miyamoto, S.",
	title ={ Effect of microwave oven interference on the performance
               of digital radio communications systems},
	journal = "1997 IEEE International Conference on Communications.
               Towards the Knowledge Millennium. ICC '97. Conference
               Record (Cat. No.97CH36067)",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 1,
	pages  = "51--55",
        abstract = "
We investigate the effects of microwave ovens
   interference on the performance of digital radio communications
   systems (PDC, PHS, ISM-band (2.45 GHz) wireless LAN). At first, we
   experimentally measure the interference radiated from microwave ovens
   and discuss the statistical characteristics of interference. Then, by
   using the measurements results, the effects of interference on the
   performance of pi /4-shift QDPSK and DS/CDMA systems are evaluated.
   Numerical results conclude that the performance of digital radio
   communication systems are significantly degraded by the effect of
   interference. Moreover, we propose a new TDMA channel assignment
   method for microwave oven interference and investigate the
   performance improvement achieved by proposed channel assignment.
   (8 Refs.)
	"}



@ARTICLE{IEEE97,
	author = "IEEE",
	title ={ 1997 IEEE 47th Vehicular Technology Conference.
               Technology in Motion},
	journal = "1997 IEEE 47th Vehicular Technology Conference.
               Technology in Motion",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 3,
        abstract = "
The following topics were dealt with: adaptive antenna
   arrays; CDMA; interference rejection; mobile satellite communication;
   radio propagation modelling; wireless ATM; co-channel interference
   cancellation; urban propagation; handoff algorithms; error control
   coding; multi-user detection; paging; location area engineering;
   blind equalisation; DECT; mobility management; wireless channel
   performance; radio transmitter/receiver design; multiple access
   systems; power control; wireless network optimisation; ray tracing;
   3rd generation wireless systems; OFDM techniques; traffic modelling;
   ITS; synchronisation; DSP techniques; diversity reception; modulation
   and coding; cellular radio; wireless LAN; PRMA; indoor propagation;
   dynamic channel assignment; multimedia protocols; ARQ; personal
   communication systems; frequency hopping GSM; multicarrier systems;
	"}


@ARTICLE{Sch97,
	author = "Schinke, M.",
	title ={ A new generation of 3 V front end solutions for wireless
               communication based on silicon and GaAs MMICs},
	journal = "ITG-Fachberichte",
	year = 1997,
	pages  = "163--171",
        abstract = "
The dramatic increase in competition forced manufacturers
   to design cheaper, smaller and lighter handhelds with permanently
   improving performance to fulfill customer's requirements. In order to
   achieve these targets a higher integration not only in the baseband
   but also in the RF-frontend was pushed as well as the 3 V capability
   of the devices. The discrete solutions were substituted by fully
   integrated MMICs (monolithic microwave integrated circuits) in order
   to reduce the device count, space requirements, design effort and
   thus save costs. These MMICs are available now for all communication
   standards and all kinds of systems. Low noise and power amplifiers
   and a switch for GSM, PCN and DECT standards (TDMA/FDMA systems) are
   described. Besides designing for the major standard systems Siemens
   provides devices for most wireless communication systems e.g. PCS1900
   (TDMA/CDMA), wireless LAN, wireless in the local loop (WLL or FRA)
   and more. (0 Refs.)
	"}

@ARTICLE{Wys97,
	author = "Wysocki, B.J.",
	title ={ Power spectra of signal formats for DS-SS CDMA wireless
               LANs},
	journal = "1996 IEEE TENCON Digital Signal Processing Applications
               Proceedings (Cat. No.96CH36007)",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 1,
	pages  = "329--332",
        abstract = "
The paper deals with the spectral analysis of signal
   formats for DS-SS CDMA WLANs. The main emphasis is put on
   introduction of a quantitative measure which allows for comparison of
   different spreading codes and channel modulations from the viewpoint
   of a uniformity of an in-band power distribution. Such a measure is
   essential to compare different DS-SS CDMA systems performance in
   mitigating the effects of frequency selective fading. (9 Refs.)
	"}


@ARTICLE{Per97,
	author = "Perle, H.-C.",
	title ={ Fairness of a decentralized RLAN based on asynchronous
               DS/CDMA},
	journal = "Seventh IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor
               and Mobile Radio Communications. PIMRC'96 (Cat.
               No.96TH8240)",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 2,
	pages  = "653--657",
        abstract = "
Performance figures are obtained for a decentralized
   radio local area network (RLAN) based on asynchronous direct-sequence
   code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA). Packets are transmitted with
   equal powers and arrive at the spatially distributed receiver nodes
   with different power levels. The packet error probability is given
   for randomly chosen spreading sequences that are periodically
   repeated from bit to bit. Using these results, the network throughput
   figures of finite user DS/CDMA-ALOHA are presented for various
   spatial node distributions. Fairness in terms of equal share for all
   nodes on the network throughput is not always given. This is
   documented using the node throughput figures as well as a newly
   defined measure for the fairness of the network. It is shown, that
   the fairness can be drastically improved by adjusting the transmitter
   power according to the distance to the desired receiver. (12 Refs.)
	"}


@ARTICLE{Mos97,
	author = "Moss, J.G.O.",
	title ={ Analysis of a DS-CDMA receiver DLL architecture},
	journal = "1996 IEEE 4th International Symposium on Spread Spectrum
               Techniques and Applications Proceedings. Technical
               Program. (Cat. No.96TH8210)",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 1,
	pages  = "460--464",
        abstract = "
This paper explores the design of a baseband
   direct-sequence CDMA system using a delay-locked loop (DLL) for chip
   synchronisation, for use in a high speed wireless data link. The
   performance of some feedback loop controllers is analysed, and
   control aspects of the inherent loop delay due to the integrate and
   dump action are considered. It was decided that a decision directed
   DLL (DD-DLL) was simplest to implement for the high chip-rate
   application, and the synchronisation of a 100 Mchips/second indoor
   wireless-LAN was simulated using a measured 5 GHz radio channel.
   Approximate expressions are presented for the theoretical noise
   performance metrics of jitter and mean time to lose lock (MTLL) for
   the proposed DLL. (7 Refs.)
	"}


@ARTICLE{Sub97,
	author = "Subramanian, S.",
	title ={ Performance of a multiple-antenna-multiple-equalizer
               system for a CDMA indoor wireless system},
	journal = "18th Biennial Symposium on Communication. Symposium
               Proceedings",
	year = 1997,
	pages  = "211--215",
        abstract = "
The effectiveness of using a
   multiple-antenna-multiple-equalizer (MAME) system in a
   direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) system is
   investigated. There are two main advantages that could result by
   using this strategy. An increased number of users can share the same
   spread-bandwidth due to the superior interference attenuation
   performance of the MAME system as compared to single-equalizer-based
   systems. In addition, the MAME system enables the use of lower-rate
   equalizers while still achieving satisfactory performance. Relevant
   concepts are presented to justify the use of a MAME system in a CDMA
   indoor wireless system. Simulation results are presented which show
   the advantages of using a MAME-system-based receiver. (8 Refs.)
	"}


@ARTICLE{IEE97,
	author = "IEE",
	title ={ IEE Colloquium on ATM Traffic in the Personal Mobile
               Communications Environment (Ref. No.1997/032)},
	journal = "IEE Colloquium on ATM Traffic in the Personal Mobile
               Communications Environment (Ref. No.1997/032)",
	year = 1997,
	pages  = "54",
        abstract = "
The following topics were dealt with: third generation
   mobile ATM; polling based wireless ATM LAN MAC protocol; mobile
   handoffs in ATM multispot beam dynamic satellite networks;
   statistical multiplexing and connection admission control;
   millimetre-wave fibre radio system for broadband access network; ACTS
   MEDIAN wireless LAN; CDMA cellular systems virtual connection tree;
   and S-UMTS transport.
	"}


@ARTICLE{Sun97,
	author = "Sung-Won, Lee",
	title ={ Reservation CDMA for distributed wireless LAN},
	journal = "Journal of KISS[A] [Computer Systems and Theory]",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 23,
	pages  = "1211--1224",
        abstract = "
Recent technology innovations have increased the interest
   of end-user on wireless LAN (Local Area Network). However,
   conventional access protocols have some problems such as the
   degradation of channel utilization, necessity of control station and
   code reuse. Therefore, we propose new multiple access schemes,
   `Distributed Reservation CDMA with Priority (DR CDMA P)' and
   `Distributed Reservation CDMA without Priority (DR CDMA NP)' that can
   solve those problems in distributed CDMA wireless LAN environment.
   Simulation results show reliable performance improvement by new
   proposed protocol in wireless LAN environment that has large
   bandwidth and many nodes. This performance improvement is due to the
   variable length transmission property, minimum guard time and
   preamble, and optimal channel utilization of reservation CDMA. Also,
   DR CDMA P can transmit data effectively when offered load increases
   over 1 due to the effective control mechanism, although reservation
   TDMA and DR CDMA NP cannot transmit data due to an extreme delay in
   the heavy load condition. In the view of management, insertion of new
   node and extension problems can be easily solved in proposed
   reservation CDMA protocols for its variable length property which can
   encapsulate conventional LAN frame. Also, new protocol could provide
   high degree of security readily because of spread spectrum property.
   Especially, inter-networking with conventional protocol, such as IEEE
   8023 Ethernet, is simple without additional overhead for variable
   length property. (9 Refs.)
	"}


@ARTICLE{Fra97,
	author = "Franchina, L.",
	title ={ A wireless CDMA local area network: RF modellization and
               design},
	journal = "IWMC '96, International Workshop on Mobile Communications",
	year = 1997,
	pages  = "253--257",
        abstract = "
In this paper we present the design of the RF part of a
   wireless LAN in the ISM band 2.4-2.48 GHz. Particular attention is
   given to the problem of simulation of any part of the device and of
   the whole device as an RF system. Therefore we focus also on the
   problem of a complete and versatile model of the different
   disturbance sources so as to obtain an efficient preview of the
   device performances. We are interested in process control
   applications, therefore we are going to work in an indoor environment
   probably in the presence of industrial plant. The modellization is
   therefore developed for a realistic environment, with problems of
   impulse noise and multipath fading. Furthermore, the whole system
   must be low-cost so as to satisfy the performance-cost rate that is
   very important with reference to a wired solution. (17 Refs.)
	"}


@ARTICLE{Mat97,
	author = "Matsunaga, Y.",
	title ={ A short-span optical feeder for wireless personal
               communication systems using multimode fibers},
	journal = "21st European Conference on Optical Communication,
               ECOC'95, including Symposium on Photonic versus
               Electronic Technologies in Switching and Interconnection.
               Symposium on Broadband Networks for Video and Multimedia
               Services (IEEE Cat. No.95TH8127)",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 1,
	pages  = "231--234",
        abstract = "
We propose a multimode fiber feeder for short-span and
   low-cost radio signal transmission 1.9 GHz and 2.4 GHz RF signals
   used in wireless personal communications are successfully transmitted
   through multimode fibers using a Fabry-Perot laser diode within
   several hundred meters. The proposed fiber feeder for CDMA-based
   digital cellular and wireless LANs is designed to cover antenna dead
   spots. (8 Refs.)
	"}



@ARTICLE{OG97,
	author = "Onodera, Keith K. and Paul R. Gray",
	title ={ A 75 mW 128 MHz DS-CDMA baseband correlator for
               high-speed wireless applications},
	journal = "1997 Symposium on VLSI Circuits. Digest of Papers (IEEE
               Cat. No.97CH36115)",
	year = 1997,
	pages  = "117--118",
        abstract = "
A 5 V DS-CDMA correlator uses sampled analog signal
   processing to achieve 75 mW power dissipation, 128 MS/s processing
   rate and 54 dB input dynamic range in a 1.2 mu m CMOS process. A new
   passive correlation technique eliminates the integrating opamp and
   associated power and settling time overhead. Six 64-chip correlators
   recover the 2 Mb/s data stream from the doubly modulated (PN and
   Walsh) I and Q input signals. A 10 bit 8 MS/s ADC digitizes the
   outputs of the correlators for subsequent digital data processing and
   acquisition/tracking control. (5 Refs.)
	"}


@ARTICLE{Bur97,
	author = "Burrell, A.",
	title ={ An integrated approach to signaling, transmission, and
               traffic monitoring for dynamic capacity allocation in
               mobile ATM networks},
	journal = "Proceedings of the Thirtieth Hawaii International
               Conference on System Sciences (Cat. No.97TB100234)",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 5,
	pages  = "109--118",
        abstract = "
Proposes and evaluates a signaling and transmission
   algorithmic system for a wireless digital network, in conjunction
   with a traffic monitoring algorithm (TMA) for dynamic capacity
   allocation in multimedia ATM environments. The deployed signaling
   protocol is stable, and two transmission techniques are compared: a
   framed time-domain based (FTDB) technique and a framed CDMA (FCDMA)
   technique. The overall signaling/transmission/traffic monitoring
   proposed system has powerful performance characteristics, where the
   TMA-FTDB combination is superior to the TMA-FCDMA combination in
   environments where message lengths are relatively short and the speed
   of the transmission lines is relatively low. (14 Refs.)
	"}


@ARTICLE{Ban97,
	author = "Ban, K.",
	title ={ Convolutionally coded DS/CDMA system using multi-antenna
               transmission},
	journal = "GLOBECOM 97. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.
               Conference Record (Cat. No.97CH36125)",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 1,
	pages  = "92--96",
        abstract = "
In this paper, we discuss the use of convolutional codes
   with a multi-antenna transmission scheme for DS/CDMA systems. The
   binary input data to a rate 1/M encoder produces M coded bits, which,
   in turn, are assigned to M different antennas and transmitted from
   each antenna simultaneously. An intentional delay of several chips
   duration is introduced at each antenna before transmission, which
   enables a receiver to distinguish the signals from different
   antennas. Because the proposed scheme utilizes spatial and time
   domains for coding, it can achieve not only implicit time-diversity
   through the use of coding with interleaving, but also space-diversity
   through the transmission from multiple antennas. Multi-antenna
   schemes with convolutional codes can perform better than conventional
   single antenna schemes with the same codes and transmission diversity
   technique with the same number of transmitting antennas, especially
   when a fading is relatively slow and interleaving size is limited.
   (8 Refs.)
	"}


@ARTICLE{OG98,
	author = "Onodera, Keith K. and Paul R. Gray",
	title ={ A 75-mW 128-MHz DS-CDMA baseband demodulator for
               high-speed wireless applications [LANs]},
	journal = "IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits",
	year = 1998,
	month = may,
	volume = 33,
	number = 5,
	pages  = "753--761",
        abstract = "
A DS-CDMA demodulator uses analog sampled-data signal
   processing to achieve a 75-mW power dissipation and a 128-MS/s
   processing rate in a 1.2- mu m double-metal double-poly CMOS process.
   To demodulate the signal, a low-power passive correlation technique
   is introduced that eliminates the integrating opamp with its
   associated power and settling time overhead. In a prototype
   demodulator, six 64-chip correlators recover the 2-Mb/s data stream
   from the doubly modulated [pseudorandom noise (PN) and Walsh]
   quadrature input signal. An on-chip 10-b pipelined ADC sampling at 8
   MS/s follows the analog correlation to permit digital implementation
   of the acquisition and tracking algorithms. (19 Refs.)
	"}


@ARTICLE{Rap97,
	author = "Rapajic, P.B.",
	title ={ Performance analysis of slotted ALOHA/CDMA system with
               adaptive MMSE receivers},
	journal = "IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics,
               Communications and Computer Sciences",
	year = 1997,
	volume = "E80-A",
	number = 12,
	pages  = "2485--2492",
        abstract = "
A slotted ALOHA direct sequence spread spectrum system
   with random signatures is considered. The system is applicable in
   cases where a large number of terminals transmit to a single hub
   station like in cellular digital radio, personal mobile systems and
   wireless LANs. It is shown that significant improvements in packet
   throughput capacity are obtained if the adaptive receiver structures
   are used. Systems for the comparison are the spread spectrum slotted
   ALOHA system and the conventional slotted ALOHA system. (16 Refs.)
	"}


@ARTICLE{Kay97,
	author = "Kaya, I.",
	title ={ Exploiting multipath activity using low complexity
               equalisation techniques for high speed wireless LANs},
	journal = "VTC '98. 48th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference.
               Pathway to a Global Wireless Revolution (Cat.
               No.98CH36151)",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 2,
	pages  = "1593--1597",
        abstract = "
Recent developments have shown that there is considerable
   interest in wireless high-speed communications. While increasing data
   rates causes ISI cancellation problems, it also provides the
   opportunity to benefit from additional multipath diversity. The use
   of such diversity is not unique to equalised TDMA systems, indeed it
   has already been exploited in CDMA systems through the RAKE receiver.
   This paper introduces a new decision feedback equaliser (DFE) based
   on the use of a channel matched filter (CMF). The DFE coefficients
   are directly calculated from the uniform power delay profile of the
   CMF. The ISI cancellation accuracy obtained using this method is
   comparable to the conventional RLS-Kalman algorithm, however the
   computation load is significantly reduced. Performance comparisons
   and implementation benchmarks are given for an indoor 24 Mb/s
   (HIPERLAN) application. (16 Refs.)
	"}


@ARTICLE{Nay98,
	author = "Naylon, J.",
	title ={ Low-latency handover in a wireless ATM LAN. },
	journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications ",
	year = 1998,
	volume = 16,
	number = 6,
	pages  = "909--921",
        abstract = "
The micro- and picocellular architectures proposed for wireless ATM LANs 
   lead to wireless terminals frequently changing their point of attachment 
   to the network. Because ATM connections have quality of service (QoS) 
   guarantees which must be maintained, handover must be as seamless as 
   possible. We present a novel architecture and protocol which primarily 
   aims to keep the interruption period due to handover low, rather than 
   seeking to keep the process entirely lossless. We compare the tradeoffs 
   made, with those in other schemes from the literature, and give 
   quantitative results from an implementation of our scheme on a 10 
   Mbits/s(exp -1) prototype wireless ATM LAN. 
	"}


@ARTICLE{Eng98,
	author = "Eng, K.",
	title ={ Research perspectives in high-speed networks: Gigabit ATM, wireless ATM 
                 and Gigabit Ethernet. },
	journal = "I2nd IEEE International Workshop on Broadband 
   Switching Systems Proceedings, IEEE BSS '97. Workshop Theme 'Switching 
   Systems for the Broadband Internet and for QoS on Demand' ",
	year = 1998,
	pages  = "3",
        abstract = "
Summary form only given. Enormous advances have been achieved in the last 
   decade in creating broadband networking technologies (ATM standards, ATM 
   hardware and software developments, fast IP techniques, Gigabit LANs and 
   so on). We describe and summarize the state of the art in Gigabit ATM from 
   the perspectives of technological accomplishments and calibration for 
   near-term capabilities of hardware and software systems. We then discuss 
   some of the research efforts in pushing such technologies into the 
   forefront of wireless networks. In the meantime, ongoing explosive growth 
   in the Internet and other data networks have prompted tremendous interests 
   in Gigabit Ethernet and other related LAN/WAN efforts. Perspectives on 
   these latter activities are also discussed. 
	"}


@ARTICLE{Ano98,
	author = "anonym.",
	title ={ Luftige Datenuebertragung. Wireless LANs. },
	journal = "Network Computing",
	year = 1998,
	pages  = "40--43",
        abstract = "
Durch den Wegfall von Einschraenkungen beim Einsatz von Funk-LANs 
   erweitern sich die Einsatzbereiche betraechtlich. Der Betrieb von 
   Datenfunksystemen wurde durch die Verfuegung 122 des BMPT 
   (Bundesministerium fuer Post und Telekommunikation) von 1997 neu geregelt. 
   Danach ist das Betreiben von Funk-LANs auch grundstuecksuebergreifend 
   erlaubt. Der neue Standard IEEE 802.11 schafft weltweit die 
   Voraussetzungen fuer Funk-LAN-Komponenten, die bezueglich ihres 
   Air-Interfaces untereinander kompatibel sind. Der neue Standard 
   unterstuetzt Uebertragungsgeschwindigkeiten von 1 und 2 MBit/s. Das 
   Protokoll zwischen den Access-Points wird aber mit dem Standard IEEE 
   802.11 nicht abgedeckt. Um das Roaming, die Bewegung von einer Zelle in 
   die naechste ohne Verbindungsverlust, zu bewaeltigen, wurden von den 
   Unternehmen Aironet, Digital Ocean und Lucent Technologies ein Zusatz 
   eingebracht. Geeinigt hat man sich dabei auf das IAPP (Inter Access Point 
   Protocol), das bis auf die Ebene des Roaming die Kompatibilitaet der 
   Loesungen gewaehrleistet. Produkte verschiedener Hersteller werden im 
   Artikel vorgestellt. 
	"}


@ARTICLE{Ano98b,
	author = "anonym.",
	title ={ Wireless LANs: still optional.  },
	journal = "Telecommunications, International Edition",
	year = 1998,
	volume = 32,
	number = 3,
	pages  = "85--86",
        abstract = "
The convenience offered by wireless local area networks has long promised 
   a substantial increase in its use. The wireless LAN is likely to be a huge 
   growth area as local area mobile computing becomes widely accepted, even 
   demanded. Over the past couple of months, a new wireless LAN standard has 
   been evaluated by the industry. The article looks at whether it is what 
   the market and customers want.
	"}


@ARTICLE{Yon98,
	author = "Yonggang-Du",
	title ={ Wireless ATM LAN with and without infrastructure. },
	journal = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
	year = 1998,
	volume = 36,
	number = 4,
	pages  = "90--95",
        abstract = "
We consider wireless ATM concepts for small LANs, especially for SOHO and 
   future consumer applications. We describe a wireless ATM LAN framework 
   architecture that supports wireless ATM communications in environments 
   with and without fixed ATM infrastructure. For the configuration with an 
   ATM infrastructure, a distributed ATM switched backbone is proposed, which 
   enables a smart ATM switching element to be embedded in every wireless and 
   fixed access point. For bandwidth efficiency and ease of operation 
   (place-and-play), we also propose an ad hoc wireless ATM LAN concept based 
   on the same 5 GHz wireless ATM air interface as is currently under 
   standardization in the ETSI/BRAN and ATM Forum. Unlike CSMA-based ad hoc 
   systems such as HIPERLAN and IEEE802.11, our ad hoc wireless ATM system 
   makes QoS management feasible in an infrastructureless environment by 
   using resource reservation and scheduled medium access protocol. Since 
   cost scalability is essential throughout our system design, we consider 
   forwarding between ad hoc subnets and interworking with the fixed network 
   as important but optional features. 
	"}


@ARTICLE{Ber98,
	author = "Bernhard, J.T.",
	title ={ Analysis of integrated antenna positions on a laptop computer for mobile 
   data communication.  },
	journal = "IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society 
   International Symposium 1997.",
	year = 1998,
	volume = 4,
	pages  = "2210--2213",
        abstract = "
The next generation of portable computer users will want wireless LAN 
   capability built into their units. These integrated wireless systems will 
   allow users to exchange data at high speeds without having to contend with 
   awkward antenna structures or install specialized PCMCIA cards. However, 
   communication systems integration in laptop computers will create several 
   problems in the implementation and performance of antennas. One of the 
   most important issues associated with the design of integrated 
   communication systems for laptop computers is antenna placement. An 
   integrated system design provides the opportunity to place an antenna in a 
   position that will maximize its 'visibility' to incoming signals while 
   still remaining cost- and aesthetically-effective. This paper reports on a 
   study of the electromagnetic 'visibility' of several different positions 
   on a laptop computer using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) 
   technique. This visibility is approximated by relative measures of current 
   density induced on the computer's conducting chassis by incoming plane 
   waves in the 2.4-2.484 GHz frequency band. 
	"}


@ARTICLE{MRD97,
	author = "Moh, W. Melody and Usha Rajgopal and Asha Dinesh",
	title ={ Design, analysis, and evaluation of an improved scheme for ATM burst-level 
   admission control.  },
	journal = "Computer Communications",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 20,
	number = 12, 
	pages  = "1107--1122",
        abstract = "
Fast reservation protocols (FRP) have been under consideration for 
   burst-level admission control and block transfer in both ATM LAN and WAN. 
   In this paper we propose a modification to the FRP and the FRP/IT 
   (Immediate Transmission). The resulting protocols, named MFRP (Modified 
   FRP) and MFRP/IT (Modified FRP/IT), are based on bandwidth negotiation 
   between the source and a fast server at the network. Initially, the source 
   requests a desired rate and an acceptable minimum rate. If the network can 
   support at least the minimum rate, it sends an acknowledgment with a 
   granted rate, otherwise a negative acknowledgment is sent. The new 
   mechanism thus uses one extra parameter in both the request and the 
   acknowledgment, but requires no more complicated control mechanism at the 
   network server than the original FRP and FRP/IT protocols. We present 
   mathematical analysis of the new scheme in terms of blocking probability, 
   delay, and wasted bandwidth in unsuccessful multipoint requests. Using 
   computer simulation, the performance of the new protocols are also 
   evaluated and compared with existing protocols: the original FRP, the 
   Adaptive FRP (AFRP), and the FRP/IT. The simulation environment includes 
   both single-stage and multi-stage ATM LAN and WAN for single-rate and 
   multi-rate traffic streams. Simulation results show that the new protocols 
   significantly reduce blocking probability, and, as a result, improve 
   network throughput and message delay; which agrees with what the analysis 
   suggests. Applications of the proposed schemes to block transfer in ATM 
   networks and traffic control in wireless ATM networks are also discussed. 
    
	"}


@ARTICLE{MMH97,
	author = "Meyer, Robert G. and William D. Mack and Johannes
                  J. E. M. Hageraats",
	title ={ A 2.5-GHz BiCMOS transceiver for wireless LAN's. },
	journal = "IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits",
	year = 1997,
	month = dec,
	volume = 32,
	number = 12, 
	pages  = "2097--2104",
        abstract = "
A BiCMOS transceiver intended for spread spectrum applications in the 
   2.4-2.5 GHz band is described. The IC contains a low-noise amplifier (LNA) 
   with 14 dB gain and 2.2 dB NF in its high-gain mode, a downconversion 
   mixer with 8 dB gain and 11 dB NF, and an upconversion mixer with 17 dB 
   gain and P(ind -1 dB) of +3 dBm out. An on-chip local oscillator (LO) 
   buffer accepts LO drive of -10 dBm with a half-frequency option allowed by 
   an on-chip frequency doubler. Power consumption from a single 3-V supply 
   is 34 mA in transmit mode, 21 mA in receive mode, and 1 mu A in sleep 
   mode. 
	"}



@ARTICLE{Wit97,
	author = "Wittneben, A.",
	title ={ On the potential of adaptive antenna combining for intersymbol 
   interference reduction in high speed wireless LANs. },
	journal = "IEEE 47th Vehicular Technology Conference. 
   Technology in Motion (Cat. No.97CH36003",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 2,
	pages  = "627--631",
        abstract = "
The complexity of the equalizer, which is required for high speed wireless 
   LANs, contributes considerably to the equipment cost and 
   power-consumption. It is well known, that adaptive antenna arrays can 
   efficiently reduce intersymbol interference. The application to WLANs 
   introduces two severe problems: (i) the small form factor of the equipment 
   causes strong antenna correlation (ii) to date there are no reliable 
   broadband diversity channel models available for the indoor environment. 
   These problems are addressed in the paper. Our main contributions are: (1) 
   a derivation of the average probability of error of a receiver with a 
   correlated antenna array. This provides fresh insight into the underlying 
   degradation mechanism. (2) Realistic quantitative performance results on 
   the basis of channel measurements rather than channel models by emulation 
   of a coupled dipole linear antenna array. We conclude, that a compact 
   linear dipole array with four lambda /4 spaced elements provides a 
   satisfactory tradeoff between performance and complexity for WLANs. To 
   this end an adaptive array is a viable alternative to an equalizer. 
	"}


@ARTICLE{Ste97,
	author = "Stemm,M.",
	title ={ Measuring and reducing energy consumption of network interfaces in 
   hand-held devices. },
	journal = "IIEICE Transactions on Communications",
	year = 1997,
	volume = "E80-B",
	number = 8,
	pages  = "1125--1131",
        abstract = "
Next generation hand-held devices must provide seamless connectivity while 
   obeying stringent power and size constraints. We examine this issue from 
   the point of view of the network interface (NI). We measure the power 
   usage of two PDAs, the Apple Newton Messagepad and Sony Magic Link, and 
   four NIs, the Metricom Ricochet Wireless Modem, the AT and T Wavelan operating 
   at 915 MHz and 2.4 GHz, and the IBM Infrared Wireless LAN Adapter. These 
   measurements clearly indicate that the power drained by the network 
   interface constitutes a large fraction of the total power used by the PDA. 
   We then examine two classes of optimizations that can be used to reduce 
   network interface energy consumption on these devices: transport-level 
   strategies and application-level strategies. Simulation experiments of 
   transport-level strategies show that the dominant cost comes not from the 
   number of packets sent or received by a particular transport protocol but 
   the amount of time that the NI is in an active but idle state. Simulation 
   experiments of application-level strategies show that significant energy 
   savings can be made with a minimum of user-visible latency. 
	"}


@ARTICLE{Kre97,
	author = "Kremser,H.G.",
	title ={ Funken mit 6 Chips. Chipsatz zum Aufbau eines drahtlosen 
   Datentransceivers.  },
	journal = "MegaLink",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 4,
	number = "13/14",
	pages  = "38--40, 42",
        abstract = "
PRISM heisst ein aus sechs Bausteinen bestehender Chipsatz, mit dem eine 
   Moeglichkeit zum wirtschaftlichen Aufbau von PCMCIA(TypII)- und 
   ISA-Netzwerk-Adapterkarten fuer drahtlose LAN geboten wird. Die 
   Kombination der sechs Chips, dazu gehoert u.a. der weltweit einzige 
   DSSS-Basisbandprozessor mit integrierten AD-Wandlern und separatem 
   DSSS-Spreader und De-Spreader, ermoeglicht Datenuebertragungsraten von 4 
   MBaud und uebertrifft damit die in der derzeitigen Version des Standards 
   IEEE 802.11 definierten Leistungsdaten. Mit 2,7 bis 5,5 V koennen die 
   Bausteine des Chipsatzes versorgt werden. Anwendungsspektrum der genannten 
   LAN-Adapterkarten: Wireless Barcode-Scanner und Point-of-Sale-Terminal 
   fuer kommerzielle und industrielle Maerkte, PC-Netzwerke sowie Hubs und 
   Bridges, drahtlose digitale Audio/Video-Systeme und Ueberwachungskameras. 
	"}


@ARTICLE{MBY97,
	author = "Madihian, Mohammad and Emmanuel Bak and Hiroshi Yoshida and
                  Hiroshi Hirabayashi and Kyotaka Imai and Yasushi Kinoshita
                  and Tohru Yamazaki and Laurent Desclos",
	title ={ A 2-V, 1-10 GHz BiCMOS transceiver chip for multimode wireless 
   communications networks. },
	journal = "IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits",
	year = 1997,
	month = apr,
	volume = 32,
	number = 4,
	pages  = "521--525",
        abstract = "
This paper concerns the design consideration, fabrication process, and 
   performance results for an ultra-broadband, low-voltage, low-power, 
   BiCMOS-based transceiver chip for cellular-satellite-LAN wireless 
   communication networks. The transceiver chip incorporates an RF amplifier, 
   a Gilbert down-mixer, and an IF amplifier in the receive path, and an IF 
   amplifier, a Gilbert up-mixer, and an RF amplifier in the transmit path. 
   For an RF frequency in the 1 - 10 GHz band and an IF frequency in the 100 
   - 1000 MHz band, the developed transceiver chip consumes less than 60 mW 
   at 2 V, to yield a downconversion gain of 40 dB at 1 GHz and 10 dB at 10 
   GHz and an upconversion gain of 42 dB at 1 GHz and 11 dB at 10 GHz. To 
   avoid possible start-up problems caused during 'stand-by' to 'enable' mode 
   transition, a simple switching technique is employed for enabling either 
   the receive or the transmit path, by changing the value of a reference 
   voltage applied to both the down- and the up-mixers. While the developed 
   transceiver chip exhibits the best performance for a dc supply voltage of 
   2 V, it shows a graceful degradation for a +/- 0.15 V voltage deviation. 
   The transceiver's chip size is 1.04 mm x 1.04 mm. 
	"}



@ARTICLE{Oka97,
	author = "Okada,T.",
	title ={ VJ25 System: 19-GHz high-speed wireless LAN system.  },
	journal = "NTT Review",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 9,
	number = 1,
	pages  = "86--92",
        abstract = "
This paper describes a new high-speed wireless LAN system in the 19-GHz 
   band based on the RCR STD-34A Japanese radio system standard. This system 
   features a maximum throughput of 15.2 Mbit/s, which is faster than 
   Ethernet's. To achieve high speed wireless data transmission, this system 
   adopts GSMA (Global Scheduling Multiple Access), in which all data 
   transmission is managed in the CM (Control Module), and DQPSK is used as a 
   modulation scheme. This GSMA has both short-length and long-length frames, 
   and performs well with light traffic and heavy traffic with minimal delay. 
   In addition, as a countermeasure to shadowing and multipath fading, the CM 
   has an omni-beam antenna, and each UM (User Module) uses a 12-sector 
   antenna, and sector selection diversity is carried out at the UM.  
	"}


@ARTICLE{Kah97,
	author = "Kahn,J.M.",
	title ={ Wireless infrared communications. },
	journal = "Proceedings of the IEEE",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 85,
	number = 2,
	pages  = "265--298",
        abstract = "
The use of infrared radiation as a medium for high-speed short-range 
   wireless digital communication is discussed. Available infrared links and 
   local-area networks are described. Advantages and drawbacks of the 
   infrared medium are compared to those of radio and microwave media. The 
   physical characteristics of infrared channels using intensity modulation 
   with direct detection (IM/DD) are presented including path losses and 
   multipath responses. Natural and artificial ambient infrared noise sources 
   are characterized. Strategies for designs of transmitter and receivers 
   that maximize link signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are described. Several 
   modification formats are discussed in detail, including on-off keying 
   (OOK) pulse-position modulation (PPM), and subcarrier modulation. The 
   performance of these techniques in the presence of multipath distortion is 
   quantified. Techniques for multiplexing the transmissions of different 
   users are reviewed. The performance of an experimental 50-Mb/s 
   on-off-keyed diffuse infrared link is described.  
	"}


@ARTICLE{Mar97,
	author = "Maruhashi,K.",
	title ={ A 60GHz-band low noise HJFET amplifier module for wireless LAN 
   applications. },
	journal = "1996 IEEE MTT-S Internat. Microwave Symp. Digest",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 1,
	pages  = "13--16",
        abstract = "
A 60 GHz-band low noise amplifier module has been developed based on 0.15 
   micron AlGaAs/InGaAs heterojunction FET technologies. A two-stage MMIC 
   amplifier was designed and fabricated, which exhibited a noise figure less 
   than 3 dB with a gain higher than 10 dB over 59.5 to 61.5 GHz range. For 
   the module fabrication, two MMIC chips were mounted in a WR-15 waveguide 
   housing. The four-stage amplifier module demonstrated a noise figure of 4 
   dB and a gain higher than 24 dB from 59 to 60 GHz. The authors assume that 
   this is the best reported figure including a microstrip-to-waveguide 
   transition loss, using GaAs-based MMICs operating at this frequency range. 
   The measured output power for the module at 1 dB gain compression point 
   was 4 dBm. Temeperature test from -20 to 70 deg C revealed very small 
   noise figure and gain variations of 0.35 dB and 0.62 dB, respectively.   
	"}


@ARTICLE{Tak97,
	author = "Takimoto,Y.",
	title ={60 GHz short range transceivers and applications for minimum delay spread 
   LAN.  },
	journal = "1996 IEEE MTT-S Internat. Microwave Symp. Digest",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 2,
	pages  = "509--512",
        abstract = "
The authors describe the design and measured performances of the developed 
   60 GHz band MMICs, fabricated brass-board models of millimeter-wave 
   application systems such as high and ultra-high speed wireless LAN, 
   wide-band analog signal transmission and low bit-rate contactless ID 
   systems, and the demonstrated performance of the wireless LAN system in a 
   minimum delay spread (MDS) configuration set in the company's conceptual 
   propagation test room   
	"}


@ARTICLE{Nin97,
	author = "Ninomiya,T.",
	title ={60-GHz transceiver for high-speed wireless LAN system. },
	journal = "1996 IEEE MTT-S Internat. Microwave Symp. Digest",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 2,
	pages  = "1171--1174",
        abstract = "
The authors have developed a 60-GHz transceiver unit for high-capacity 
   wireless LAN systems, employing state-of-the-art MMIC technology. This 
   prototype showed sufficiently good performance in an ethernet-compatible 
   10-Mbps random access CSMA/CD wireless system, and proved its potential 
   usefulness in various commercial products.    
	"}


@ARTICLE{Oha97,
	author = "Ohata,K.",
	title ={Sixty-GHz-band ultra-miniature monolithic T/R modules for multimedia 
   wireless communication systems. },
	journal = "1996 IEEE MTT-S Internat. Microwave Symp. Digest",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 44,
	number = 2,
	pages  = "2354--2360",
        abstract = "
The development of 60 GHz-band ultra-miniature FM/frequency-shift keying 
   (FM/FSK) transmitter/receiver modules fabricated with a complete 
   monolithic-microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) chip set, including 
   dielectrically stabilized fundamental-frequency oscillators for multimedia 
   wireless communication systems, is reported. The 0.9 cc transmitter 
   module, which consists of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and two 
   power amplifiers, exhibits 11.5 MHz/V modulation sensitivity, 10.2 dBm 
   output power, and -2.4 ppm/ degrees C frequency stability. With the 
   receiver module, which consists of low noise amplifier (LNA), a mixer, and 
   a local oscillator (LO), 5.4 dB double-side band (DSB) noise figure with 
   10.8 dB downconversion gain has been achieved. The 60 GHz band monolithic 
   dielectric-resonator (DR) stabilized oscillators offer a practical 
   approach to ultra miniature transmitter/receiver modules for high-speed 
   wireless LAN systems with data rates greater than 10 Mbps and for 
   video-signal and compressed HDTV-signal (MUSE) transmission systems.    
	"}


@ARTICLE{Fal96,
	author = "Falconer, David",
	title ={A system architecture for broadband millimeter-wave access to an ATM LAN.},
	journal = "IEEE Personal Communications",
	year = 1996,
	month = aug,
	volume = 3,
	number = 4,
	pages  = "36--41",
        abstract = "
We present a system architecture for a broadband indoor wireless digital 
   communications system, capable of supporting ATM at transport bit rates up 
   to about 160 Mb/s for broadband LANs. Access is via a radio system with 
   carrier frequencies within the 20 to 60 GHz range, because of the relative 
   abundance of available bandwidth in this range. The system design is 
   shaped by a set of service requirements, by the characteristics of indoor 
   millimeter wave radio channels, and by the constraints and opportunities 
   of the relevant device technologies. The design includes a multi-access 
   microcellular architecture accommodating ATM traffic with a wide range of 
   broadband and narrowband bit rates and services in an office environment. 
   A modern configuration incorporating bandwidth spreading, signal 
   processing, and coding measures to provide immunity to the effects of 
   radio channel fading, multipath, shadowing, interference and noise, and 
   millimeter-wave component limitations has been developed. The architecture 
   exploits millimeter-wave and SAW device technologies to design and realize 
   the various transceiver components in low-cost, low-power monolithic 
   and/or hybrid form.    
	"}


@ARTICLE{Per297,
	author = "Perez-Jimenez,R.",
	title ={2Mbit/s FQPSK-2 modem for infrared wireless LAN.},
	journal = "Electronics Letters",
	year = 1996,
	volume = 32,
	number = 20,
	pages  = "1848--1849",
        abstract = "
A 2 Mbit/s FQPSK-2 modem design and its evaluation is presented. Its main 
   application is wireless infrared local area networks. The design is fully 
   digital, which enables the modem to be integrated on only one chip. 
   FQPSK-2 modulation was chosen for its high spectral efficiency, robustness 
   against jitter, and constant amplitude of its complex envelope.      
	"}


@ARTICLE{Mel97,
	author = "Melian,V.M.",
	title ={2 Mb/s DPSK modem for infrared wireless LAN and data communication.},
	journal = "etaCOM 96, the 1st Annual Conf. on Emerging 
   Technol. and Applications in Communications",
	year = 1997,
	pages  = "158--161",
        abstract = "
This paper shows the design of a 2 Mb/s wireless IR experimental modem 
   using DPSK modulation technique. This modem is suitable for LAN and data 
   communications in office environments using both diffuse and quasidiffuse 
   IR beams. This paper focuses on optical transmitter and receiver design, 
   due optical power and sensibility limitations in such links.     
	"}


@ARTICLE{Lee97,
	author = "Lee,S.W.",
	title ={Reservation CDMA access method for central/distributed wireless LAN. },
	journal = "IEICE Transactions on Communications",
	year = 1997,
	volume = "E80-B",
	number = 5,
	pages  = "736--745",
        abstract = "
Recent technology innovations have increased the study of wireless LAN 
   (local area networks). Also, the improved computing power of the end user 
   has needed a distributed communication environment. However, conventional 
   access protocols (TDMA, CSMA/CA and CDMA) have problems such as the 
   degradation of channel utilization, necessity of control station and code 
   reuse. Therefore, we propose a new multiple access scheme, hybrid 
   reservation CDMA based on our previous work, DR-CDMA. The proposed method 
   for a distributed/central wireless LAN architecture provides a distributed 
   channel access mechanism, code reuse method and internetworking method 
   with a conventional wire-based LAN. In the proposed mechanism, efficient 
   channel utilization can be obtained by minimizing overhead. Also, variable 
   length frames from the upper layer can be transmitted without 
   segmentation. Moreover, nodes are serviced based on priority. For 
   management, the insertion of a new node can be done easily in the proposed 
   HR-CDMA in the proposed method due to its variable length property which 
   can encapsulate conventional LAN frames. According to computer simulation, 
   it has been shown that the performance of the proposed method is better 
   than that of the reservation TDMA bitmap protocol with respect to delay 
   and throughput characteristics in distributed environments as well as 
   interworking environments between wired and wireless LAN.      
	"}


@ARTICLE{Mar98,
	author = "Maruyama, T.",
	title ={Design and analysis of small multisector antenna for
               wireless LANs based on monopole Yagi-Uda elements},
	journal = "Electronics and Communications in Japan, Part 1",
	year = 1998,
	volume = 81,
	number = 12,
	pages  = "80--90",
        abstract = "
This paper proposes a new small multisector antenna
   called MS-MPYA (multisector monopole Yagi-Uda array) for wireless
   LANs. MS-MPYA consists of a multisector monopole Yagi-Uda array on a
   circular finite ground plane. The horizontal radiation pattern of the
   MS-MPYA is largely determined by the multisector array setting
   effect. A numerical analysis shows that setting metallic fins between
   arrays is effective in eliminating the strong reflection that would
   otherwise cause pattern instability; when the metallic fins are set,
   the beamwidth is reduced in the horizontal plane due to mutual sector
   interaction. The MS-MPYA design method considers the variables of
   array length, ground plane length, reflector height, and fin length.
   We clarify that the MS-MPYA offers a much lower profile than corner
   reflector or horn antennas. (26 Refs.)    
	"}



@ARTICLE{Bar97,
	author = "Baras, J.S.",
	title ={Fast asymmetric Internet over wireless
               satellite-terrestrial networks},
	journal = "MILCOM 97. MILCOM 97 Proceedings ",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 1,
	pages  = "372--377",
        abstract = "
We describe our work on the design and implementation of
   high performance Internet services over networks consisting of
   interconnected direct broadcast (satellite) hosts and terrestrial
   wireless LANs with various capabilities. The network uses receive
   only satellite links for downstream data delivery and wireless and
   wireline terrestrial links for the upstream path. A key concept in
   our work is that of a hybrid terminal, which is a PC connected to a
   DBS antenna and to the local wireless LAN. The hybrid terminal uses a
   modem connection for outgoing traffic while receiving incoming
   information through the VSAT. (5 Refs.)   
	"}



@ARTICLE{Fos98,
	author = "Foschini, G.J.",
	title ={On limits of wireless communications in a fading
               environment when using multiple antennas},
	journal = " Wireless Personal Communications",
	year = 1998,
	volume = 6,
	pages  = "311--335",
        abstract = "
This paper looks at the ultimate limits of bandwidth
   efficient delivery of higher bit-rates in digital wireless
   communications and how these limits might be approached. We examine
   exploitation of multi-element array (MEA) technology. Specifically,
   we present some basic information theory results that promise great
   advantages of using MEAs in wireless LANs and building to building
   wireless communication links. We explore the important case when the
   channel characteristic is not available at the transmitter but the
   receiver knows (tracks) the characteristic which is subject to
   Rayleigh fading. Fixing the overall transmitted power, we express the
   capacity offered by MEA technology and we see how the capacity scales
   with increasing SNR for a large but practical number, n, of antenna
   elements at both transmitter and receiver. We investigate the case of
   independent Rayleigh faded paths between antenna elements and find
   that with high probability extraordinary capacity is available.
   Compared to the baseline n=1 case, which by Shannon's classical
   formula scales as one more bit/cycle for every 3 dB of
   signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) increase, remarkably with MEAs, the
   scaling is almost like n more bits/cycle for each 3 dB increase in
   SNR. To illustrate how great this capacity is, even for small n, take
   the cases n=2, 4 and 16 at an average received SNR of 21 dB. For over
   99% of the channels the capacity is about 7, 19 and 88 bits/cycle
   respectively, while if n=1 there is only about 1.2 bit/cycle at the
   99% level. For say a symbol rate equal to the channel bandwith, since
   it is the bits/symbol/dimension that is relevant for signal
   constellations, these higher capacities are not unreasonable. The 19
   bits/cycle for n=4 amounts to 4.75 bits/symbol/dimension while 88
   bits/cycle for n=16 amounts to 5.5 bits/symbol/dimension. (44 Refs.)   
	"}


@ARTICLE{Riv97,
	author = "Riva, G.",
	title ={Characterization of MM-wave indoor propagation with
               directive antennas},
	journal = "27th European Microwave 97 Conference and Exhibition.
               Bridging the Gap Between Industry and Academia.",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 1,
	pages  = "130--134",
        abstract = "
The rapid and widespread demand for new services, such as
   high-speed data and multimedia services, which are very demanding in
   terms of bitrate and thus bandwidth, are increasing the interest
   toward broadband applications. The aim of the work is to study if and
   when the selective fading can be effectively coped with by the
   adoption of directive antennas, so exploiting the inherent angular
   diversity of the communication channel. The achievable improvements
   are highlighted and some suggestions for the design of future
   millimeter wave wireless LANs are provided. The investigation is
   accomplished by means of an electromagnetic computer model, based on
   a fully 3D ray tracing approach. The adopted algorithm has been
   validated by comparison with some test measurements both at 30 and 60
   GHz, whereas the adopted electromagnetic parameters have been
   estimated by means of specific measurements of the materials
   characteristics. (12 Refs.)   
	"}


@ARTICLE{IEEE97d,
	author = "IEEE",
	title ={Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on Personal,
               Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - PIMRC '97},
	journal = "Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on Personal,
               Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - PIMRC '97",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 3,
        abstract = "
The following topics were dealt with: statistical channel
   modeling; third generation systems; multiuser detection; smart
   antennas; multicarrier CDMA; propagation; systems evolution; wireless
   ATM; trellis-coded modulation; system performance; multiple access
   communications; acquisition and tracking; receiver design; cellular
   systems; dynamic channel allocation; wireless packet access;
   modulation; wireless networks security; multiuser communications;
   antenna diversity; wireless local loop; system demonstrations and
   testbeds; wireless Internet access; error control coding; radio
   resource allocation; deconvolution/equalization; synchronisation;
   RF/IC technology; power control; modulation and fading channels;
   optical communication; user location and tracking; satellite
   communication; multimedia; channel measurement and simulation;
   interference cancellation; wireless LANs.   
	"}


@ARTICLE{IEEE97b,
	author = "IEEE",
	title ={A planar sector antenna for indoor high-speed wireless
               communication terminals},
	journal = "IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
               Symposium 1997",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 2,
	pages = "1352--1355",	
        abstract = "
Wide-band digital indoor communication systems, such as
   wireless LANs and wireless ATMs, are being developed in the
   quasi-millimeter and millimeter wave frequency bands. In such
   high-speed systems, the degradation of transmission quality by
   multipath fading is a significant problem. Since wireless
   communication users operate their terminals without knowing the
   direction of the other station, the antennas should cover all
   directions with narrow beams. In addition, the antenna gains should
   be equalized in all directions. A sector antenna consists of narrow
   beams radially oriented and the beams are electrically switched to
   select the best signal. Therefore, its hardware is not complex and
   control is fairly simple. This paper shows a new methodology for
   realizing planar sector antennas. The sector antenna uses two kinds
   of beams formed by two kinds of antennas: planar 4-beam subarrays and
   planar single-beam subarrays. In order to equalize the antenna gains
   in all sectors, the beam shapes are carefully designed to offset the
   movement experienced by portable terminals. The 4-beam subarray is a
   multi-beam antenna integrated with a planar Butler matrix feeding
   circuit. The design method of the subarray and an evaluation of its
   characteristics in the 19 GHz band are discussed. (4 Refs.)
	"}



@ARTICLE{IEEE97c,
	author = "IEEE",
	title ={A novel beam combination method for indoor high-speed
               wireless communication systems},
	journal = "1997 IEEE 47th Vehicular Technology Conference.
               Technology in Motion",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 3,
	pages = "1758--1762",	
        abstract = "
A novel beam combination method for wide-band digital
   indoor communication systems such as wireless LANs and wireless ATMs
   is proposed. Crossed fan-beams are used at the base station (BS) and
   personal stations (PSs). The beam combination method provides better
   transmission quality than the traditional pencil-beam combination and
   eliminates complex beam control in the BS. Maximum dispersion
   distributions in a transmission frequency bandwidth are calculated by
   a 3D indoor propagation delay simulation algorithm. A prototype
   fan-beam antenna for the PS is fabricated and measured at 20 GHz.
   (10 Refs.)
	"}



@ARTICLE{Pas97,
	author = "Passiopoulos, G.",
	title ={Integrated endfire sectored antennas for microwave and
               millimeter wave LANs},
	journal = "Tenth International Conference on Antennas and
               Propagation",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 1,
	pages = "394--398",	
        abstract = "
This paper suggests the use of short tapered slot
   antennas (TSAs) as a flexible antenna element in realising sectored
   antennas for high speed, increased capacity wireless LANs operating
   in the high microwave and millimeter wave regions. Design guidelines,
   typical radiation characteristics, and sectored antenna topologies
   based on this antenna element are presented. (14 Refs.)
	"}


@ARTICLE{Eco97,
	author = "Economou, L.",
	title ={Patch antenna equivalent to simple monopole},
	journal = "Electronics Letters",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 33,
	number = 9,
	pages = "727--729",	
        abstract = "
Properties of a circular patch antenna with radiation
   characteristics similar to those of a resonant monopole are
   presented. The TM/sub 01/ mode excited patch on a small ground plane
   radiates a null on boresight and is easy to match to a 50 Omega line.
   Applications include mobile vehicle applications and wireless LANs.
   (6 Refs.)
	"}


@ARTICLE{Ueh96,
	author = "Uehara, K.",
	title ={A planar sector antenna for indoor high-speed wireless
               communication systems},
	journal = "IEICE Transactions on Communications",
	year = 1997,
	volume = "E79-B",
	number = 12,
	pages = "1773--1777",	
        abstract = "
For quasi millimeter-wave and millimeter-wave high-speed
   wireless communications over wireless LANs and wireless ATMs, narrow
   beam antennas have been shown to provide high transmission quality by
   suppressing the troublesome multipath effect. However, the diameter
   of sector antennas needed to create the narrow beams rapidly
   increases with the sector number. In addition, the cylindrical shape
   of typical sector antennas does not suit portable terminals. This
   paper shows a methodology for designing planar sector antennas that
   overcomes these problems. The proposed antenna uses two kinds of
   beams and the antenna gains are equalized in all sectors. The antenna
   is developed as a 4-beam subarray fed by a planar Butler matrix
   circuit. The design method of the subarray and an evaluation of its
   characteristics in the 20 GHz band are discussed. (13 Refs.)
	"}


@ARTICLE{GPSB97,
	author = "Guo, Y.J. and A. Paez and R. A. Sadeghzadeh and S. K. Barton",
	title ={A circular patch antenna for radio {LAN}'s},
	journal = "IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation",
	year = 1997,
	month = jan,
	volume = 45,
	number = 1,
	pages = "177--178",	
        abstract = "
A TM/sub 02/-mode circular patch antenna for the
   application of radio LANs is reported. An experimental prototype
   operating at 5.2 GHz is designed and tested. The antenna pattern is
   omnidirectional in azimuth and has a notch in the normal direction. A
   3.3% bandwidth of VSWR <or=2 and 4.2-dB antenna gain were measured.
   Experimental results agree well with theoretical predictions.
   (5 Refs.)
	"}


@ARTICLE{GH97,
	author = "Gang,Wu and Hase, Y.",
	title ={An integrated multimedia transmission protocol for high-speed wireless 
   LAN.},
	journal = "Journal of the Communications Research Laboratory",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 44,
	number = 3,
	pages = "361--371",	
        abstract = "
Developments in new frequency bands for wireless communications make it 
   possible to provide a broadband channel for new services. In order to 
   implement integrated multimedia transmissions in a wireless environment 
   without losing the compatibility with wired networks, the concept of 
   wireless ATM (WATM) is proposed. Compared with wired ATM, wireless access 
   and mobility management are two major R and D topics for implementation of 
   WATM. In this paper, we focus on the topic of wireless access and propose 
   an integrated multimedia transmission protocol, which is based on the MAC 
   protocol RS-ISMA (slotted idle signal multiple access with reservation), 
   to support CBR, VBR, ABR and UBR services as well as to provide immediate 
   retransmissions. An RS-ISMA based prototype full-duplex high-speed 
   wireless LAN in the 60 GHz band is under development in our laboratory.
	"}


@ARTICLE{Mil98b,
	author = "Mills,D.",
	title ={Wireless LANs: still optional.},
	journal = "Telecommunications, International Edition",
	year = 1998,
	volume = 32,
	number = 3,
	pages = "85--86",	
        abstract = "
The convenience offered by wireless local area networks has long promised 
   a substantial increase in its use. The wireless LAN is likely to be a huge 
   growth area as local area mobile computing becomes widely accepted, even 
   demanded. Over the past couple of months, a new wireless LAN standard has 
   been evaluated by the industry. The article looks at whether it is what 
   the market and customers want. 
	"}


@ARTICLE{TN98,
	author = "Tanaka,Y. and Nakagawa,M.",
	title ={Optical parallel transmission with multi-wavelength for high speed 
   communications on indoor channels.},
	journal = "IEICE Transactions on Communications",
	year = 1998,
	volume = "E81-B",
	number = 4,
	pages = "729--736",	
        abstract = "
In indoor optical channels, intersymbol interference (ISI) due to 
   multipath propagation prevents high data rate transmission for 
   applications such as wireless LAN. In this paper, a new optical 
   multi-wavelength modulation technique has been investigated for improving 
   the quality of transmission. In this technique, parallel transmission is 
   used, which lowers the data rate per channel and thus reduces the effects 
   of ISI. Furthermore, parallel coding is used in predetermined parallel 
   branches, so that coding can correct errors without changing the system 
   data rate. Simulation results show that a combination of these methods can 
   achieve high quality transmission without reduction of the total data 
   rate.  
	"}



@ARTICLE{OG98b,
	author = "Okamoto,G. and Guanghan,Xu.",
	title ={Multimedia communications over wireless LANs via the SWL protocol.},
	journal = "Proceedings of the Thirtieth Hawaii International 
   Conference on System Sciences",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 5,
	pages = "54--63",	
        abstract = "
The transmission of multimedia data over networks has increased steadily 
   over the past few years and this increase is projected to accelerate in 
   the future. However, virtually all current products and research for 
   multimedia traffic over networks have concentrated solely on transmission 
   of multimedia applications to and from wired terminals. Excluding mobile 
   terminals from multimedia applications such as voice clearly limits the 
   flexibility and potential of those applications. Additionally, the 
   bandwidth allocated for wireless LANs in the IEEE 802.11 standard is 
   limited and overall throughput is limited, and these limitations will 
   become a bottleneck for expanding wireless network capabilities. We 
   exploit another resource, i.e., space, and design a new smart wireless LAN 
   (SWL) protocol to achieve throughput multiplication and flexibility for 
   mixed traffic networks. Experimental studies and computer simulations will 
   show the feasibility and performance benefits for using SWL with wireless 
   LANs, particularly for multimedia applications.  
	"}



@ARTICLE{BL98,
	author = "Boettcher,J. and Limbrunner,T.",
	title ={Multimedia communications over wireless LANs via the SWL protocol.},
	journal = "Methoden des Fernzugriffs auf Feldbus-basierte Systeme.",
	year = 1998,
	volume = 119,
	number = "7/8",
	pages = "8, 10--13",	
        abstract = "
Vorgestellt werden Kommunikationssysteme fuer den Fernzugriff auf lokale 
   Feldbusanwendungen in Fernueberwachungs- und Fernwirksystemen der 
   Prozessautomatisierung. Diese fuer den Einsatz von Verfahren der 
   Fernwartung und Ferninbetriebsetzung verfuegbaren Kommunikationssysteme 
   auf technischer Basis von leitungsgebundenen Uebertragungssystemen, wie 
   das Analogtelefonnetz PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) und 
   digitales ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) sowie von 
   Funksystemen, wie Modacom oder GSM (Global System for Mobile 
   Telephony)-basierte Systeme werden lokal mit WLL (Wireless Local 
   Loop)-Systemen auf DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephone)-Technik 
   verknuepft, wobei DECT die technische Basis fuer drahtlose lokale 
   Netzwerke und drahtlose Feldbussysteme bildet. Vermittelt werden die 
   typischen Datentransferraten, die bei Funksystemen im Bereich von 9600 
   Baud und bei ISDN-Festnetzen bei 64000 Baud liegen. Verwiesen wird auf die 
   neue ADSL-Technik, bei der im Zweidrahtnetz Datenraten von bis zu 8 MBaud 
   moeglich sind. Beschrieben werden die Anschaltungen an Hostsysteme durch 
   ein Gateway mit Verwendung spezieller Koppelmodule bei Funksystemen und 
   Modems oder ISDN-Karten mit Capi-Schnittstelle bei drahtgebundenen 
   Uebertragungsverfahren. Angegeben sind verwendete Standardschnittstellen 
   und Software-Tools bzw. Visualisierungsprogramme, basierend auf Windows, 
   mit Trend zu offenen Treibern und zur Unterstuetzung von OLE (Object 
   Linking and Embedding). Berichtet wird ueber eine Fallstudie eines 
   Fernzugriffs auf einen kompatiblen Feldbus am Beispiel eines P-Netzes nach 
   Euronorm EN 50170. Vermittelt werden weitere Fallbeispiele eines 
   Multinet-Fernzugriffs, eines LAN (Local Area Network)-Fernzugriffs in 
   Echtzeit mit Racks (Reusable Communication Interface for Communicating 
   Real Time Kernels)-kompatiblem Vigo als Feldbustreiber sowie eines 
   Fernzugriffs ueber Internet bzw. Intranet und eines Fernzugriffs ueber 
   GSM-Mobilfunk. Hingewiesen wird darauf, dass zukuenftig ein grosser Teil 
   der Geraete, Maschinen und Anlagen herstellerseitig mit entsprechenden, 
   dem Fernzugriff zugaengigen Schnittstellen ausgestattet sein wird.  
	"}



@ARTICLE{Par98,
	author = "Parry,R.R.",
	title ={Mobility and the Internet.},
	journal = "IEEE Potentials",
	year = 1998,
	volume = 17,
	number = 2,
	pages = "8--10",	
        abstract = "
The Internet Protocol (IP) was never intended for mobility. Nevertheless, 
   we need to provide this functionality without changing the underlying 
   protocol. If we could start over again, hindsight would provide a wealth 
   of wisdom in implementing a mobility protocol. However, given the 
   installed base, the overriding design requirement must be to remain 
   compatible with the standard IP. Mobile-IP must be able to support 
   mobility for both wired and wireless local area networks (LANs). The 
   Mobile-IP must be able to function in the harsh, wireless world where high 
   error rates are the norm and bandwidth is limited. The paper considers how 
   the design must accommodate a mobile host moving between wireless LANs, as 
   well as between a wire and wireless LAN. It discusses the design 
   requirements, multicasting and tunneling.   
	"}



@ARTICLE{TI98,
	author = "Tasaka,S. and Ishibashi,Y.",
	title ={ Stored media synchronization schemes in ATM and wireless networks: a 
   performance comparison.},
	journal = "1997 IEEE 6th International Conference on 
   Universal Person Communications Record.",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 2,
	pages = "766--772",	
        abstract = "
This paper compares four schemes of lip synchronization control between 
   voice and video for stored media transmission. Two out of the four 
   interleave voice and video to form a single transport stream for 
   transmission (single-stream approach). The other two set up separate 
   transport streams for the individual media streams (multi-stream 
   approach). In each of the two approaches, we have the alternative of 
   exerting the control or not. We implemented the four schemes on an ATM LAN 
   and on an interconnected ATM-wireless LAN under the TCP protocol. The mean 
   square error of synchronization, total pause time, throughput and total 
   output time were measured in each of the schemes to find out which scheme 
   is the most suitable for a given condition of the underlying communication 
   network and traffic.   
	"}


@ARTICLE{ISK98,
	author = "Ishikawa,H. and Shinonaga,H. and Kobayashi,H.",
	title ={ Carrier Frequency Offset-Spread Spectrum (CFO-SS) method for wireless LAN 
   system using 2.4 GHz ISM band.},
	journal = "IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics",
	year = 1997,
	volume = "E80-A",
	number = 12,
	pages = "2366--2371",	
        abstract = "
A wireless communications system with a transmission rate of 10 Mbit/s 
   using Japanese ISM band (2471-2497 MHz) is presented. This system employs 
   a novel spread spectrum multiple access method named 'CFO-SS (Carrier 
   Frequency Offset-Spread Spectrum)' method. In the CFO-SS system, a single 
   PN code is commonly assigned to all the multiple carriers, and the 
   frequency offset between the carriers is determined by the information 
   symbol rate, which is small as compared with the spread bandwidth of the 
   signal. Bit error rate performance of the proposed CFO-SS system under 
   multipath environments is investigated by computer simulation, and the 
   performance of the CFO-SS method is confirmed for wireless LAN systems 
   using the 2.4 GHz ISM band.    
	"}


@ARTICLE{Sch98,
	author = "Schl{\"u}ter, Klaus",
	title ={ Aus der Luft gegriffen. Landgestuetzter PC-Funk.},
	journal = "PC Magazin DOS",
	year = 1998,
	month = feb,
	pages = "98--100",	
        abstract = "
Die Firma Digital stellte erstmalig ein FunkLAN in grossem Stil auf der 
   Systems 97 vor. Dabei wurden 20 Ausstellerinseln in einer Messehalle 
   gekoppelt. Die darin eingebundenen Laptops und Desktop-Geraete waren mit 
   Funkadaptern oder Netzwerkkarten ausgestattet. APs (Access Point) dienten 
   als Schaltzentrale. Derzeitig bieten ausser Digital auch andere Hersteller 
   FunkLANs an. Alle benutzen das vom ETSI (European Telecommunications 
   Standards Institute) festgelegte ISM-Band 
   (Industrial-Scientific-Media-Netz). Darin sind aber noch keine 
   Festlegungen zu Schnittstellen getroffen, so dass die FunkLAN-Komponenten 
   der Hersteller inkompatibel sind. Erst der Standard IEEE 802.11 (Institute 
   of Electronical and Electrical Engineers) von Juni 1997 wird zu einer 
   Vereinheitlichung fuehren. Ein weiterer Nachteil der bisherigen Funknetze 
   war die mit bis zu 2 MBit/s zu geringe Bandbreite. Dieses Manko soll das 
   HiperLAN (High Performance European Radio LAN) ausgeraeumen, das derzeitig 
   von einem ETSI-Gremium spezifiziert wird. FunkLANs und Software fuer den 
   schnellen Datentransfer werden vorgestellt. IBM hat die ARTour-Produkte 
   (Advanced Radio Communication on Tour) in die eNetwork-Familie integriert. 
   Sie sollen unter dem Sammelbegriff eNetwork Wireless vermarktet werden. 
   Diese Client/Server-Middleware gestattet Aussendienstmitarbeitern Zugriff 
   auf die Intranets ihrer Firmen. ATM (Asyncronous Transfer Mode) eignet 
   sich zum Transport.    
	"}


@ARTICLE{Sto97,
	author = "Stock, Uwe",
	title ={ Wireless LAN - ein Netz fuer alle Faelle. Der kuerzlich verabschiedete 
   IEEE-Standard 802.11 schafft klare Verhaeltnisse.},
	journal = "Elektronik",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 46,
	number = 19,
	pages = "94--99",	
        abstract = "
Das fuer die Standardisierung von Netzwerkprotokollen zustaendige 
   IEEE-Komitee 802 hat 1990 eine Untergruppe 802.11 eingerichtet. Das Ziel 
   des Komitees war es, einen neuen Standard fuer drahtlose Netzwerke 
   festzulegen. In diesem Standard werden die Spezifikationen fuer den MAC 
   (Media Access Controller) und den PHY (Physical Layer) festgelegt. Damit 
   wird eine Mischung von Endgeraeten verschiedener Hersteller ermoeglicht, 
   solange sie dem Standard entsprechen. Bei den beiden hier vorgestellten 
   Funkverfahren handelt es sich jeweils um sogenannte 'Spread 
   Spectrum'-Verfahren. Beim FHSS-Verfahren wird ein 1- beziehungsweise 
   2-MBit/s-Datenstrom aus dem MAC genommen und nach dem 2-Ebenen- 
   beziehungsweise 4-Ebenen-GFSK-Verfahren moduliert. Dieses modulierte 
   Signal wird dann innerhalb einer Bandbreite von 1 MHz uebertragen. Beim 
   DSSS-Verfahren wird ebenfalls ein 1- beziehungsweise 2-MBit/s-Datenstrom 
   aus dem MAC genommen. Diesmal werden die Daten aber mit Hilfe von 
   11-MBit/s-BPSK- beziehungsweise 22-MBit/s-QPSK-Modulation ueber einen 
   Frequenzbereich vom 20 MHz verteilt. Im direkten Vergleich der beiden 
   Uebertragungsverfahren ueberwiegen die Vorteile fuer das FHSS-Radio. MAC 
   und PHY bilden die beiden Hauptkomponenten fuer eine Wireless-LAN-Karte. 
   Ein Mikrocontroller uebernimmt die Steuerung des Gesamtsystems und 
   verarbeitet die als Software implementierten zeitunkritischen Teile des 
   MAC.  
	"}


@ARTICLE{GOH97,
	author = "Gang,Wu. and Okazaki,T. and Hase,Y.",
	title ={ Performance analysis of a hybrid wireless LAN using R-ISMA.},
	journal = "IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, 
   Communications and Computer Sciences",
	year = 1997,
	volume = "E80-A",
	number = 7,
	pages = "1272--1280",	
        abstract = "
In this paper, we propose a modified R-ISMA (reserved idle signal multiple 
   access) protocol for a wireless local area network (WLAN) with a hybrid 
   system construction. The protocol can support a basic service area as 
   large as that supported by a centralized system and allows the direct 
   transmission between neighbor stations as in a distributed system without 
   the problem of hidden terminals. Since a polling scheme is used during 
   transmission of information packets, an ARQ (auto repeat request) scheme 
   is easily applied. A dynamic analysis using transient fluid approximation 
   analysis is used for performance evaluation. In the analysis, we use the 
   Fritchman channel model to describe a burst error environment. Some 
   numerical examples using a set of practical system parameters are given. 
   It is shown that the system performance is improved compared with a 
   centralized system with R-ISMA. 
	"}


@ARTICLE{Mil97,
	author = "Mills,D.",
	title ={ Roaming with wireless LANs.},
	journal = "Telecommunications, International Edition",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 31,
	number = 4,
	pages = "53--54",	
        abstract = "
Wireless LAN systems include two main components: a PC wireless network 
   interface card (NIC) and an access point that allows communication with a 
   traditional wired LAN. In addition, as one of the main applications for 
   wireless is as a mobile solution, a PCMCIA NIC is also essential. The 
   access point acts as a bridge between the wired and wireless LANs, sitting 
   on the Ethernet backbone and communicating with all attached wireless 
   nodes via an antenna. It brings key features to the network, including 
   filtering, security and roaming. Wireless NICs in the network allow 
   clients to communicate with the wireless access point or with other 
   clients in the same way that a conventional Ethernet LAN card communicates 
   with other Ethernet clients or devices. Thus, to the wired LAN, a PC with 
   a wireless NIC will simply appear as a node on the other side of the 
   bridge, and is able to use all the wired LAN's resources. Likewise, users 
   on the wired LAN can access resources on the wireless segment. Where 
   attached nodes are mobile, for example on fork-lift trucks in warehouses, 
   wireless systems must be able to handle seamless roaming of nodes between 
   various radio cells, since, as with all radio transmitters and receivers, 
   there are range limitations. 
	"}


@ARTICLE{NF97,
	author = "Neves,N. and Fuchs,W.K.",
	title ={ Roaming with wireless LANs.},
	journal = "Adaptive recovery for mobile environments.",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 40,
	number = 1,
	pages = "68--74",	
        abstract = "
Mobile computing enables users to access and exchange information while 
   they travel, roam in their home environments, or work at clients' sites. 
   Currently, mobile computing can only be used in restricted contexts; 
   however, the growing investment by industry, researchers, and users 
   indicates that the capabilities and applications of mobile computing will 
   significantly increase. Wireless networking is useful in environments 
   where hard-wired networks are not feasible or economically rewarding. 
   Temporary networks can also be built faster and in a more cost-effective 
   way by using wireless instead of hard-wired LANs. Several vendors are 
   selling hardware support for wireless communication. The diversity and 
   flexibility introduced by mobile computing bring new challenges to the 
   area of fault tolerance. Types of failures that were rare in fixed 
   environments are common with mobile hosts. The paper focuses on 
   checkpoint-based recovery techniques for distributed systems.
	"}



@ARTICLE{PLP97,
	author = "Posch,R. and Leitold,H. and Pucher,F.",
	title ={ ISDN LAN access: remote access security and user profile management.},
	journal = " Communications and Multimedia Security II, Proc. 
   of the IFIP TC6/TC11 Internat. Conf. on Communications and Multimedia 
   Security II",
	year = 1997,
	pages = "222--233",	
        abstract = "
Extending local area networks (LANs) to the home is an important area of 
   today's communication technology. Due to its global availability, making 
   use of services offered by public telecommunication infrastructure gives a 
   high connectivity and flexibility. There are different types of global 
   infrastructure available to build such a remote access environment: Public 
   switched telephone network (pSTN) using modems and wireless cellular radio 
   systems like groupe special mobile (GSM) are used. However, integrated 
   services digital network (ISDN) will replace modem lines due to its higher 
   bandwidth and more adequate embedding. Such a heterogeneous remote access 
   scheme needs enhanced access and traffic control. This paper demonstrates 
   a router-based solution for enhanced ISDN call management. One of the main 
   advantages is the separation of a strategic module which defines the 
   behavior. However, using dial up lines to access LANs requires additional 
   access control and user authentication. As the user profiles may vary 
   widely, a remote access security policy is introduced, which has to deal 
   with binding the user's access rights to the user profile. This security 
   system is based on an information filtering scheme, which is controlled by 
   the authenticated security servers. The authentication algorithm is 
   interchangeable and different authentication methods can be used 
   simultaneously. These can range from simple password-based schemes for low 
   privileged guest profiles to cryptographic methods like zero knowledge 
   authentication using secure ID cards for high privileged remote access 
   profiles. Previews of future, connection oriented remote access schemes 
   like asynchronous transfer mode- (ATM) based broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) are 
   given. 
	"}

@ARTICLE{WJM97,
	author = "Wake,D. and Johansson,D. and Moodie,D.G.",
	title ={  Passive picocell: a new concept in wireless network infrastructure.},
	journal = "Electronics Letters",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 33,
	number = 5,
	pages = "404--406",	
        abstract = "
Mit der Pikozelle wird ein neues Konzept fuer zukuenftige 
   Kurzstrecken-Funkverbindungen hoher Kapazitaet vorgestellt. Dabei wird mit 
   dem Elektroabsorptionsmodulator eine passive und potentiell auch sehr 
   kostenguenstige Komponente als Transceiver in einem optisch gespeisten 
   System benutzt. In Verbindung mit einer Antenne ist das das einzige 
   Element, das fuer einen solchen Funkzugriffspunkt benoetigt wird. Das 
   Konzept wird am Beispiel eines kommerziellen Funk-LAN mit einem drahtlosen 
   3-Mbit/s-Ethernet in einer 6-m-Pikozelle mit einem Leistungsbudget von 6 
   dB dargestellt. 
	"}


@ARTICLE{HP97,
	author = "Hahn,N. and Paulus,M.",
	title ={  Richtfunk- und DECT-Systeme fuer WLL.},
	journal = "Ingenieur der Kommunikationstechnik",
	year = 1997,
	volume = 47,
	number = 1,
	pages = "50--52",	
        abstract = "
Im Verteilnetz von Telekommunikations-Infrastrukturen ist die Wireless 
   Local Loop-Technologie (WLL) bereits als 
   Punkt-zu-Mehrpunkt-Richtfunktechnik eingefuehrt. Der Einsatz der 
   DECT-Technologie im Teilnehmeranschlussbereich in Kombination mit der 
   Punkt-zu-Mehrpunkt-Richtfunktechnik wird gegenwaertig erprobt. Die 
   technischen Anforderungen werden an dem TDMA-Format und seiner 
   Zeitkanalstruktur sowie am DECT-Prinzip und seinem Kanalzugriff 
   erlaeutert. Eine integrierte Funkfernsprech-Loesung mit IRT-Technik und 
   dem DECT-Standard fuer die Punkt-zu-Mehrpunkt-Richtfunksystem wird 
   beschrieben. In den naechsten Jahren werden die Einsatzmoeglichkeiten fuer 
   drahtlose Systeme als Ersatz fuer drahtgebundene Anschluesse im 
   Teilnehmeranschlussnetzbereich ansteigen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die 
   wirtschaftlichen und technischen Vorteile dafuer sorgen, dass sowohl neue 
   als auch traditionelle Fernmeldegesellschaften drahtlose Loesungen in 
   ihren Teilnehmeranschlussnetzen einsetzen werden.  
	"}


@COMMENT(This document was done by Andreas Weigl-Pollak (1994-1996) and Martina
Umlauft (1997-1999) for the pro-seminar class on "Wireless Computer Networks" 
during the summer semester of 1999)

@ARTICLE{ABB96,
   author = "A. Alwan and R. Bagrodia and N. Bambos and M. Gerla and
             L. Kleinrock and J. Short and J. Villasenor",
   title = "Adaptive Mobile Multimedia Networks",
   journal = "IEEE Personal Communications",
   year = 1996,
   month = apr,
   pages = "34--51",
}

@ARTICLE{PRN94a,
   author="Prasad, R. and van Roosmalen, H.R.R. and Nijhof, J.A.M.",
   title={CDMA, ISMA and hybrid CDMA/ISMA for IWCC},
   journal = "IEE Colloquium (Digest)",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 098,
   pages = "11/1--7 ",
   abstract = "
A robust protocol for Indoor Wireless Computer Communications (IWCC) is 
presented.  This protocol is based on the combination of Direct Sequence Code 
Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) and Inhibit Sense Multiple Access (ISMA).  A 
Markov model for the analysis of network performance is given, with simulation 
results.  The results indicate that the hybrid protocol delivers superior performance 
when compared to the separate protocols alone.  Several recommendations for future 
research are made.",
}


@ARTICLE{PRN94b,
   author="van Roosmalen, Huub and Nijhof, Jos and Prasad, Ramjee",
   title={Performance analysis of a hybrid CDMA/ISMA protocol for indoor wireless 
computer communications},
   journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 12,
   number = 5,
   pages = "909--916 ",
   abstract = "
A combination of Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) 
and p-persistent Inhibit Sense Multiple Access (ISMA) protocols is proposed for 
Indoor Wireless Communications (IWC).  The combination of these two protocols is 
called the hybrid CDMA/ISMA protocol.  The performance of the hybrid CDMA/ISMA 
protocol is analyzed with a Markov model considering Differential Phase Shift Keying 
(DPSK) modulation.  The performance is measured in terms of throughput and delay.  
The performance is also evaluated using computer simulation of which the results are 
in close agreement with the Markov model results.  The study of indoor wireless 
communications using a hybrid CDMA/ISMA protocol can be useful for various 
applications in research and design offices, medical data communication in hospitals, 
etc.",
}


@ARTICLE{WMF94,
   author="Wu, Gang and Mukumoto, Kaiji and Fukuda, Akira",
   title={Analysis of an integrated voice and data transmission system using packet 
reservation multiple access},
   journal = "IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology",
   year = 1994,
   month = may,
   volume = 43,
   number = 2,
   pages = "289--297",
   abstract = "
Packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) is a channel access protocol 
proposed for the third generation wireless information networks which have attracted 
considerable attentions recently.  By using the equilibrium point analysis (EPA), a 
PRMA integrated voice and data system has been studied in previous research.  
However, the error between numerical results of the analysis and those of simulation 
is relatively large.  In this paper, we also study an integrated voice and data 
system with PRMA.  The system performance is evaluate by using a Markov analysis 
method.  First, some analytic models are constructed such that the system transition 
can be described by a Markov chain.  Then, we calculate the entries of the one step 
state transition matrix using an iterative procedure.  Finally, system performance 
measures, such as throughput and delay, are evaluated.  Little error between 
numerical results of analysis and those of simulation indicates that the method is 
appropriate to analyze PRMA systems.",
}


@ARTICLE{NCH94,
   author="Noerpel, Anthony R. and Chang, Li Fung and Harasty, Daniel J.",
   title={Radio link access procedure for a wireless access communications system},
   journal = "Conference Record - International Conference on Communications",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "1111--1115",
   abstract = "
This paper describes a link layer protocol that provides for reliable 
delivery of user data over a wireless channel.  This radio link access procedure 
(LAPR) is based on LAPB (used by X.25) and LAPM (used by V.42 error correcting 
modems), but has some deviations due to the nature of the radio link; these 
similarities and differences are discussed.  Coordination between LAPR and call 
control signaling is discussed.",
}


@ARTICLE{CL94a,
   author="Chen, Kwang-Cheng and Lee, Cheng-Hua",
   title={Group randomly addressed polling for multicell wireless data networks},
   journal = "Conference Record - International Conference on Communications",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "913--917",
   abstract = "
An effective multiple access protocol for wireless (mobile) networks such 
as wireless LANs is under active investigation.  Randomly addressed polling (RAP) 
designed to operate in multicell wireless (data) networks was proposed to satisfy 
channel utilization, no handoff roaming, transparency to different physical layer 
transmissions, and other desirable features.  Taking system stability and system 
capacity into consideration, we further modify RAP to GRAP (group randomly addressed 
polling) for wireless LANs and possible other personal/mobile communication networks 
with multicell coverage.  The performance of GRAP has been theoretically analyzed and 
the numerical results are also presented in this paper.  GRAP with better performance 
and stability than RAP while keeping all the desirable features of RAP is clearly one 
of the best candidates for multicell wireless networks.",
}


@ARTICLE{Ket94,
   author="Ketseoglou, T.J.",
   title={Adaptive packet decoding in a wireless multiservice CDMA environment},
   journal = "Conference Record - International Conference on Communications",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "891--896",
   abstract = "
In this paper, adaptive packet decoding in the form of code combining is 
applied in a certain wireless multiservice CDMA environment.  Both voice and packet 
switched data are considered.  The data services employ a slotted ALOHA-type of Code 
Division Random Access protocol.  Concerning channel and modulation, Nakagami fading 
takes place on BPSK, or DBPSK modulated data.  An analytically tractable and simple 
model based on the D and R//0 parameters is employed on the many to one link i.e. the 
reverse link in a wireless environment.  Both queueing delay and channel delay 
analysis on data terminals are presented.  It is shown that this system offers a high 
flexibility in accommodating multiple services with different traffic requirements.",
}


@ARTICLE{NED94a,
   author="Nanda, Sanjiv and Ejzak, Richard P. and Doshi, Bharat T.",
   title={Proceedings of the 1994 IEEE International Conference on 
Communications},
   journal = "Conference Record - International Conference on Communications",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "587--592",
   abstract = "
The cellular radio link is characterized by deep faces leading to long 
error bursts (lasting hundreds of msec).  Data transmission over such links results 
in large packet error rates (in the range 10** minus **3 to 10** minus **1).  We have 
designed a radio link protocol (RLP) to achieve high throughput on such links.  The 
RLP is based on frequent, complete or partial feedback of the receiver state.  
Performance results for the US digital cellular TDMA standard show that the scheme 
can provide the equivalent of 9.6 kbps service per full-rate TDMA channel above a 
carrier to interference ratio of 18 dB.",
}


@ARTICLE{MPG94,
   author="Meier-Hellstern, Kathleen S. and Pollini, Gregory P. and Goodman, David J.",
   title={Network protocols for the cellular packet switch},
   journal = "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
   year = 1994,
   month = feb,
   volume = 42,
   number = 2,
   pages = "1235--1244",
   abstract = "
Future wireless information networks will employ dense grids of base 
stations to support a high user population.  While small cells mitigate capacity 
problems, lengthen battery life, and improve signal quality, the frequent movement of 
users across cell boundaries imposes new burdens on network controllers.  Previous 
work suggests that a Cellular Packet Switch, based on distributed network control, 
can support high density personal communications.  This paper proposes an allocation 
of control functions to elements of the Cellular Packet Switch and specifies the flow 
of information within the switch.  Message flows, defined for key procedures, form 
the foundation of a network layer protocol.  Functionality is divided into the 
categories of call processing (set up and release), mobility management (location 
updates, handover, and path optimization), and radio resource management.",
}


@ARTICLE{JM94,
   author="Jangi, Shrirang and Merakos, Lazaros F.",
   title={Performance analysis of reservation random access protocols for wireless 
access networks},
   journal = "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
   year = 1994,
   month = feb,
   volume = 42,
   number = 2,
   pages = "1223--1234",
   abstract = "
A key issue in future wireless access networks is the design of 
multiaccess protocols that enable dispersed voice and data terminals to efficiently 
share the terminal-to-base radio channel.  A promising class of multiaccess protocols 
for wireless access is that of Reservation Random Access (RRA) protocols, in which 
voice talkspurt packets and data packets are statistically multiplexed over TDMA 
frames.  Voice terminals obtain reservations for their talk-spurts using a random 
access protocol.  An analysis method for evaluating the performance of a class of RRA 
protocols is developed.  The method is based on a Markovian model, whose stationary 
solution is obtained via an iterative computational procedure based on matrix 
decomposition techniques.  Subject to maximum delay constraint the voice packet 
dropping rate and distribution of the number of packets dropped from a talkspurt are 
evaluated for three RRA protocol examples and comparisons are made with the 
performance of an ideal hypothetical multiplexer.",
}


@ARTICLE{CVP94,
   author="Chockalingam, A. and Venkataram, P. and Prabhakar, A.",
   title={Throughput-delay characteristics of OCUM protocol for media access in 
multihop wireless networks with buffers},
   journal = "Computer Communications",
   year = 1994,
   month = jun,
   volume = 17,
   number = 6,
   pages = "419--427",
   abstract = "
In this paper, we present the throughput and delay performance of a busy 
tone-based media access protocol in wireless networks with buffers at each node for 
the queueing of messages.  Partially connected static topologies with a finite number 
of nodes that are globally synchronized to the slot duration are considered.  Each 
node has unlimited buffer resources for transit messages and limited buffer capacity 
for newly arriving entry messages.  The input buffer limiting policy rejects new 
message arrivals when the total number of queued messages (including entry and 
transit messages) exceeds a finite buffer threshold L at each node.  Messages are 
serviced on a first-come-first-served basis.  Simulation results for fully connected, 
ring, bus, multiconnected ring, square lattice and other arbitrary topologies are 
presented.  The protocol offers constant throughput of the order of 0.8-0.9 at high 
arrival rates in a fully connected network.  Throughput is found to improve at low 
arrival rates as the value of L is increased.  However, the improvement becomes 
marginal for L greater than 4. For other multihop topologies like ring, bus, 
multiconnected ring and square lattice, the throughput performance improves beyond 
unity due to spatial reuse.",
}


@ARTICLE{AD94,
   author="Aziz, Ashar and Diffie, Whitfeld",
   title={Privacy and authentication for wireless local area networks},
   journal = "IEEE Personal Communications",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 1,
   number = 1,
   pages = "25--31",
   abstract = "
Wireless networks are being driven by the need for providing network 
access to mobile or nomadic computing devices.  Although the need for wireless access 
to a network is evident, new problems are inherent in the wireless medium itself.  
Specifically, the wireless medium introduces new opportunities for eavesdropping on 
wireless data communications.  Anyone with an appropriate wireless receiver can 
eavesdrop, and this kind of eavesdropping is virtually undetectable.  Furthermore, 
since the wireless medium cannot be contained by the usual physical constraints of 
walls and doors, active intructions through the wireless medium are also made easier.  
In order to prevent this unauthorized access to the network, this article presents 
the design of a secure communication protocol that provides for both the privacy of 
wireless data communications.",
}


@ARTICLE{BL95,
   author="Bauchot, F. J. and  Lanne, F.",
   title={IBM wireless RF LAN design and architecture},
   journal = "IBM Systems Journal",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 34,
   number = 3,
   pages = "390--408",
   abstract = "
This paper describes the medium access control (MAC) protocol and the 
network integration of the IBM Wireless Radio Frequency (RF) Local Area Network (LAN) 
product.  The MAC protocol is an adaptive, hybrid scheme relying on reservation-based 
and contention-based methods.  It provides sustained high performances, both for 
light and heavy traffic conditions.  Some control services of the wireless channel 
are also described: security, data compression, and interference management.  The 
network integration is achieved by relying on the industry standards Open Driver 
Interface (ODI) and Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS).  Wireless 
connectivity can either provide an extension of an existing cabled network or result 
in a stand-alone wireless network.",
}


@ARTICLE{NC95,
   author="Needham, Michael L. and  Crisler, Kenneth J.",
   title={QCRA-a packet data multiple access protocol for ESMR systems},
   journal = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "336--340",
   abstract = "
A high performance packet data link protocol has been designed for 
Enhanced Special Mobile Radio (ESMR) systems using the Motorola Integrated Radio 
System (MIRS) technology to provide packet data services for wireless mobile 
computing applications.  This paper describes a new multiple access data protocol, 
Queued Contiguous Reservation Aloha (QCRA), designed for packet data services in ESMR 
systems.  QCRA extends the concepts of Reservation Aloha to include reservation 
queueing and allocation of contiguous time slots within the context of a TDM land-
mobile radio data system such as MIRS.  These extensions provide the efficiency 
advantages of Reservation Aloha while providing improved delay performance during 
conditions of light channel load.  It is shown via analysis and simulation that this 
new protocol is highly efficient and well-suited to a wide range of land-mobile data 
system applications.",
}


@ARTICLE{PLT95,
   author="Papantoni-Kazakos, Titsa and  Likhanov, Nikolay B. and  Tsybakov, Boris S.",
   title={Protocol for random multiple access of packets with mixed priorities in 
wireless networks},
   journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 13,
   number = 7,
   pages = "1324--1331",
   abstract = "
Random Multiple Access (RMA) protocols comprise an important class for 
the accessing/signaling stage in multimedia ATM wireless networks.  Within the RMA 
class, the ALOHA algorithm is most widely used at this point in time, while, as is 
well known, the latter algorithm becomes unstable, as the user population increases.  
In this paper, we consider the Part-and-Try Algorithm, instead, for a system with 
different priorities.  Based on this algorithm, we construct a mixed priority 
protocol whose total throughput - for all priorities combined - equals 0.487.  In the 
special and important for ATM case of two, low, and high priorities, with respective 
Poisson intensities lambda //L and lambda //H, we also present an analytical 
methodology which allows the computation of the average packet delays as functions of 
the rates lambda //L and lambda //H.",
}


@ARTICLE{CO95a,
   author="Chen, X. H. and  Oksman, J.",
   title={Performance-bound analysis of the new DS/SSMA protocol for wireless data 
networks},
   journal = "IEE Proceedings: Communications",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 142,
   number = 4,
   pages = "255--262",
   abstract = "
The new code protocol (the R**3 protocol) for DS/SSMA wireless data 
networks proposed recently is examined further and an analytical method is given of 
studying its delay and throughput bounds.  In this protocol, the communication-
initiation process between two terminals uses handshaking packets (REQ and ACK 
packets), followed by the data packet.  Different chip rates are utilised in 
transmissions of different packets to avoid destructive collisions between them.  All 
packets are encoded by receiver-based codes.  It is shown that the throughput lower 
bound of this protocol is about 0.24 when the normalised offered channel-traffic load 
is equal to one, and that the protocol offers stability to the network even at a very 
high offered channel-traffic load.",
}


@ARTICLE{JJ95,
   author="Jeong, Dong Geun and  Jeon, Wha Sook",
   title={Performance of an exponential backoff scheme for slotted-ALOHA protocol in 
local wireless environment},
   journal = "IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology",
   year = 1995,
   month = aug,
   volume = 44,
   number = 3,
   pages = "470--479",
   abstract = "
Slotted ALOHA is widely used in local wireless communications not only by 
itself as a multiple access protocol but also as a component in many reservation 
protocols.  This paper suggests a very simple backoff scheme for slotted ALOHA and 
evaluates its performance in local wireless environments.  We analyze the system 
capacity in full load conditions and the throughput-delay characteristics in 
underload conditions.  We conduct computer simulation to evaluate the system 
performance in transient-state.  We also give a protocol parameter value which is 
highly recommendable from the practical viewpoint.  As an application example, we 
examine the packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) system, with the suggested 
backoff scheme and compare its performance with that of the original PRMA system.  ",
}


@ARTICLE{PWB95,
   author="Pichna, Roman and  Wang, Qiang and  Bhargava, Vijay K.",
   title={Performance of cellular packet CDMA carrying two types of traffic},
   journal = "IEEE Pacific RIM Conference on Communications, Computers, and Signal
Processing - Proceedings 1995",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "453--456",
   abstract = "
A packet CDMA protocol intended for carrying two types of traffic in the 
cellular environment of an Integrated Wireless Access Network (IWAN) is presented.  
We examine the performance of the protocol and present numerical results for the 
equilibrium system state.",
}


@ARTICLE{FHK95,
   author="Frankel, Yair and  Herzberg, Amir and  Karger, Paul A. and  Krawczyk, Hugo K. and  Kunzinger, Charles A. and  Yung, Moti",
   title={Security issues in a CDPD wireless network},
   journal = "IEEE Personal Communications",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 2,
   number = 4,
   pages = "16--27",
   abstract = "
The basic CDPD architecture and its authentication protocols are 
discussed.  An investigation on the basic requirements of the security architecture 
and goals is presented, together with the authentication protocol in operation and 
how it can deal with faults.  The authentication key exchange is provided for 
confidentiality.  Tackling the basic issues will assure better service and will 
prevent potential fraud when the network becomes popular.",
}


@ARTICLE{CO95b,
   author="Chen, X.H. and  Oksman, J.",
   title={Using code sensing and chip rate division techniques to improve stability 
and throughput-delay performance for distributed DS/SSMA wireless networks},
   journal = "Wireless Personal Communications",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 1,
   number = 3,
   pages = "191--209",
   abstract = "
The code sensing R**3 code protocol designed for wireless data networks 
is proposed and its performance is analysed in this paper.  The communication between 
two terminals is initiated by hand-shaking packets (the REQ and ACK packets), 
followed by data packet transmission.  The destructive collisions among terminals are 
avoided by utilising busy code sensing and chip-rate division multiple access (CRDMA) 
techniques in transmissions of the REQ packet and the data packet (or ACK packet).  A 
two-dimensional continuous-time Markov model is used to analyse the behaviour of the 
network.  Analytical results are given which show that a remarkable improvement in 
throughput-delay performance can be achieved by the proposed protocol when compared 
to those for other reported protocols.",
}


@ARTICLE{BB95,
   author="Bakre, Ajay and  Badrinath, B.R.",
   title={I-TCP: indirect TCP for mobile hosts},
   journal = "Proceedings - International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "136--146",
   abstract = "
IP based solutions to accommodate mobile hosts within existing 
internetworks do not address the distinctive features of wireless mobile computing.  
IP-based transport protocols thus suffer from poor performance when a mobile host 
communicates with a host on the fixed network.  This is caused by frequent 
disruptions in network layer connectivity due to - i) mobility and ii) unreliable 
nature of the wireless link.  We describe I-TCP, which is an indirect transport layer 
protocol for mobile hosts.  I-TCP utilizes the resources of Mobility Support Routers 
(MSRs) to provide transport layer communication between mobile hosts and hosts on the 
fixed network.  With I-TCP, the problems related to mobility and unreliability of 
wireless link are handled entirely within the wireless link and  the TCP/IP software on 
the fixed hosts is not modified.  Using I-TCP on our testbed, the throughput between 
a fixed host and a mobile host improved substantially in comparison to regular TCP.",
}


@ARTICLE{KLE95,
   author="Karol, Mark J. and  Liu, Zhao and  Eng, Kai Y.",
   title={Distributed-queueing request update multiple access (DQRUMA) for wireless 
packet (ATM) networks},
   journal = "IEEE International Conference on Communications",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "1224--1231",
   abstract = "
An efficient demand-assignment channel access protocol for wireless 
packet (ATM) networks is proposed and studied.  Called Distributed-Queueing Request 
Update Multiple Access (DQRUMA), it can be used for a wide range of applications and 
geographic distances.  Mobiles need to send requests to the base station only for 
packets that arrive to an empty buffer.  For packets that arrive to a non-empty 
buffer, transmission requests are placed collision-free by piggybacking the requests 
with packet transmissions.  Performance evaluation and simulation results are 
presented in this paper.",
}


@ARTICLE{Bha95,
   author="Bharghavan, V.",
   title={Dynamic addressing scheme for wireless media access},
   journal = "IEEE International Conference on Communications",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "756--760",
   abstract = "
This paper proposes a protocol independent Dynamic Addressing scheme for 
Wireless Media Access Protocols, and discusses related systems and performance issues.  
Dynamic Addressing allows spatial and temporal reuse of MAC addresses, thereby 
reducing the address size by a factor of 8. This reduces the control overhead in a 
MACAW [2] style protocol by 30% to 70%, and produces an overall performance 
improvement of 5% to 33%.  Dynamic Addressing also serves as an enabling technology 
for two important features in wireless media access protocols - security, and real-
time support - as described in related papers.  We are implementing the Dynamic 
Addressing scheme as a part of the LCMACA wireless media access protocol.",
}


@ARTICLE{CA95,
   author="Cobb, Jorge A. and  Agrawal, Prathima",
   title={Congestion or corruption: a strategy for efficient wireless TCP sessions},
   journal = "IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications - Proceedings",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "262--268",
   abstract = "
We present a new acknowledgment strategy to improve the performance of 
TCP sessions that originate or terminate in noisy wireless networks for mobile 
computers.  This acknowledgment strategy allows the TCP source to distinguish between 
losses due to congestion and losses due to corruption.  With this distinction, the 
source can reduce its sending rate when congestion occurs, and quickly retransmit 
when corruption occurs.  Without this distinction, TCP throughput is shown to suffer 
significantly over a path with a large bandwidth-delay product.  The strategy is also 
appropriate for dealing with losses due to hand-offs of a mobile computer from one 
wireless cell to another.",
}


@ARTICLE{PJ95,
   author="Perkins, Charles E. and  Jagannadh, Tangirala",
   title={DHCP for mobile networking with TCP/IP},
   journal = "IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications - Proceedings",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "255--261",
   abstract = "
Mobile-IP and the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) are two 
protocols which are likely to be implemented together for use with wireless computers.  
We explore the ways that they can be used with in mobile computers.  These protocols 
interact in subtle ways, presenting a system architect with a variety of trade-offs 
that need careful analysis.  We detail the important interactions and system design 
issues, and also explain the design and implementation of a new DHCP option for 
mobile computers.  The difference between mobility and portability is explained; this 
paper only emphasizes approaches for mobility.  We explore implementation issues that 
we have encountered.",
}


@ARTICLE{Ano95a,
   author="Anon (Ed.)",
   title={Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE International Conference on Communications},
   journal = "IEEE International Conference on Communications",
   year =1995 ,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "662p",
   abstract = "
The proceedings contains 123 papers.  Topics discussed include 
equalization, advanced communications techniques for PCS, half-rate coding for GSM, 
reliable communications software platform, advanced services management, engineering 
reliable telecommunication networks, traffic and congestion control for ATM networks, 
multimedia applications and delivery systems, WDM optical networks and systems, 
traffic management in high speed networks, coding and modulation for wireless, 
protocol implementation technology, radio resource management, self-similar traffic 
modeling for high speed networks, equalization for transmission and recording, 
switching architecture for broadband networks and NII, multimedia teleconferencing 
and supporting technology, advanced digital and analog lightwave systems, and signal 
processing coding and detection for storage.",
}


@ARTICLE{CL95a,
   author="Chen, X.H. and  Lim, N.C.",
   title={Triple-receiver-based code protocol for unslotted DS/SSMA packet-radio 
networks and its performance analysis},
   journal = "IEE Proceedings: Communications",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 142,
   number = 3,
   pages = "193--200",
   abstract = "
An unslotted DS/SSMA packet-radio protocol (the triple-receiver-based 
code (R**3) protocol) suitable for code-division multiple-access (CDMA) wireless data 
networks is proposed.  The communication between two data terminals is initiated by 
hand-shaking (request and acknowledgement stages) followed by data-packet 
transmission (pair-up stage), using the receiver-based signature codes for multiple-
accessing.  The two-dimensional continuous-time Markov chain was used to model and 
analyse the behaviour of the network.  The analytical results show that a respectable 
improvement in throughput-delay performance can be achieved, applying the proposed 
protocol to unslotted DS/SSMA packet-radio networks, when compared to other reported 
code protocols.",
}


@ARTICLE{JHW95,
   author="Jiang, Songchar J. and  Huang, Y. and  Weng, W. and  Lin, L. and  Chen, C. and  Huang, W.",
   title={Integrated packet video/voice/data protocol for CDMA wireless LANs},
   journal = "Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 2501,
   number = 3,
   pages = "1396--1407",
   abstract = "
This paper proposes an integrated protocol of CDMA wireless LANs.  Voice, 
data, and images can be exchanged over the wireless LANs based on this frame-based 
protocol.  This protocol uses a handshake procedure for voice calls first, followed 
by a short polling/contention for data data/video transfer requests.  Then, the 
formal transmission are allocated to voice users the higher priority, while the 
data/video transfers will not start until some random delay.  The startup time of 
data/video transfer depends on the number of voice calls initiated and the system 
threshold.  This protocol fully utilizes the characteristic of CDMA technique which 
allows simultaneous transmissions, while utilizes the movable boundary concept in 
TDMA to assure quality of service.  Approximate performance analysis by assuming 
fixed packet length of both voice packets and data/video packets are proposed and 
numerical results in voice call blocking probability, packet loss rate, and network 
throughput are presented.",
}


@ARTICLE{YB95,
   author="Yavatkar, Raj and  Bhagawat, Namrata",
   title={Improving end-to-end performance of TCP over mobile internetworks},
   journal = "Mobile Computing Systems and Applications - Workshop Proceedings",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "146--152",
   abstract = "
Reliable transport protocols such as TCP use end-to-end flow, congestion, 
and error control mechanisms to provide reliable delivery over an internetwork.  
However, the end-to-end performance of a TCP connection can suffer significant 
degradation in the presence of a wireless link.  We are exploring alternatives for 
optimizing end-to-end performance of TCP connections across an internetwork 
consisting of both fixed and mobile networks.  The central idea in our approach is to 
transparently split an end-to-end connection into two separate connections; one over 
the wireless link and other over the wired path.  The connection over the wireless 
link may either use regular TCP or a specialized transport protocol optimized for 
better performance over a wireless link.  Our approach does not require any changes 
to the existing protocol software on stationary hosts.  Results of a systematic 
performance evaluation using both our approach and regular TCT shop that our approach 
yields significant performance improvements.",
}


@ARTICLE{ABS95,
   author="Amir, Elan and  Balakrishnan, Hari and  Seshan, Srinivasan and  Katz, Randy H.",
   title={Efficient TCP over networks with wireless links},
   journal = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems - HOTOS",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "35--40",
   abstract = "
TCP is a reliable transport protocol tuned to perform well in traditional 
networks made up of wired links with stationary hosts.  Networks with wireless links 
and mobile hosts violate many of the assumptions made by TCP, causing degraded 
performance.  In this paper, we describe a simple protocol that improves TCP 
performance by modifying network-layer software only at a basestation without 
violating end-to-end TCP semantics.  The main idea is to cache packets at the 
basestation and perform local retransmissions.  Simulations of this protocol show 
that is it significantly more robust in the presence of multiple packet losses in a 
single transmission window as compared to TCP.  This enables our protocol to tolerate 
at least 10 times as high an error rate without any performance degradation.",
}


@ARTICLE{CB95,
   author="Cooper, David A. and  Birman, Kenneth P.",
   title={Preserving privacy in a network of mobile computers},
   journal = "Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Symposium on Research in Security 
and Privacy",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "26--33",
   abstract = "
Even as wireless networks create the potential for access to information 
from mobile platforms, they pose a problem for privacy.  In order to retrieve 
messages, users must periodically poll the network.  The information that the user 
must give to the network could potentially be used to track that user.  However, the 
movements of the user can also be used to hide the user's location if the protocols 
for sending and retrieving messages are carefully designed.  We have developed a 
replicated memory service which allows users to read from memory without revealing 
which memory locations they are reading.  Unlike previous protocols, our protocol is 
efficient in its use of computation and bandwidth.  In this paper, we will show how 
this protocol can be used in conjunction with existing privacy preserving protocols 
to allow a user of a mobile computer to maintain privacy despite active attacks.",
}


@ARTICLE{MGS95,
   author="Manzoni, Pietro and  Ghosal, Dipak and  Serazzi, Giuseppe",
   title={Impact of mobility on TCP/IP: an integrated performance study},
   journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 13,
   number = 5,
   pages = "858--867",
   abstract = "
This paper presents a simulation analysis of the impact of mobility on 
TCP/IP augmented with features to support host mobility in wide area networks.  Our 
results show that the existing version of TCP can yield low throughput in highly 
mobile environments due to the fact that TCP cannot discriminate packets dropped due 
to hand-offs with those dropped due to congestion in one or more network resources.  
As a result, TCP invokes congestion recovery process when packets are lost during 
internetwork hand-offs of the mobile host.  We investigate a proposal in which the 
transport layer explicitly receives information from the network layer of any ongoing 
mobility.  We show that by effectively capitalizing this information, TCP can 
appropriately extend the slow-start phase in the recovery process and achieve higher 
throughput.  Based on the simulation analysis we also show the robustness of this 
scheme in the presence of both host mobility and network congestion.",
}


@ARTICLE{CI95,
   author="C{\'a}ceres, Ram{\'o}n and  Iftode, Liviu",
   title={Improving the performance of reliable transport protocols in mobile 
computing environments},
   journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 13,
   number = 5,
   pages = "850--857",
   abstract = "
We explore the performance of reliable data communication in mobile 
computing environments.  Motion across wireless cell boundaries causes increased 
delays and packet losses while the network learns how to route data to a host's new 
location.  Reliable transport protocols like TCP interpret these delays and losses as 
signs of network congestion.  They consequently throttle their transmissions, further 
degrading performance.  We quantify this degradation through measurements of protocol 
behavior in a wireless networking testbed.  We show how current TCP implementations 
introduce unacceptably long pauses in communication during cellular handoffs (800 ms 
and longer), and propose an end-to-end fast retransmission scheme that can reduce 
these pauses to levels more suitable for human interaction (200 ms).  Our work makes 
clear the need for reliable transport protocols to differentiate between motion-
related and congestion-related packet losses and suggests how to adapt these 
protocols to perform better in mobile computing environments.",
}


@ARTICLE{MJP95,
   author="Myles, Andrew and  Johnson, David B. and  Perkins, Charles",
   title={Mobile host protocol supporting route optimization and authentication},
   journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 13,
   number = 5,
   pages = "839--849",
   abstract = "
Host mobility is becoming an important issue due to the recent 
proliferation of notebook and palmtop computers, the development of wireless network 
interfaces, and the growth in global internetworking.  This paper describes the 
design and implementation of a mobile host protocol, called the Internet Mobile Host 
Protocol (IMHP), that is compatible with the TCP/IP protocol suite, and allows a 
mobile host to move around the Internet without changing its identity.  In 
particular, IMHP provides host mobility over both the local and wide area, while 
remaining transparent to the user and to other hosts communicating with the mobile 
host.  IMHP features route optimization and integrated authentication of all 
management packets.",
}


@ARTICLE{LC94,
   author="Li, Meng-Che and  Chen, Kwang-Cheng",
   title={GRAPO - optimized group randomly addressed polling for wireless data network},
   journal = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1425--1429",
   abstract = "
This paper presents a MAC (Medium Access Control) layer protocol GRAPO 
(Optimized Group Randomly Addressed Polling) for wireless (local area) data network.  
GRAPO statically optimizes the original version of GRAP proposed earlier [6] [7] [9] 
to deliver smooth converging and better throughput/delay performance.  It is a good 
candidate of MAC protocol for wireless LANs and other wireless network applications.",
}


@ARTICLE{Kar94,
   author="Karol, Mark J.",
   title={Protocol for fast resource assignment in wireless PCS},
   journal = "IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 43,
   number = 3,
   pages = "727--732",
   abstract = "
The resource assignment multiple access (RAMA) protocol was recently 
proposed for rapidly assigning communication resources (e.g., frequency channels or 
TDMA time slots) in a wireless PCS (personal communications system).  Available 
resources are 'auctioned' one at a time until either all requests for resources are 
satisfied or no more resources are available.  Barring errors caused by fading and 
noise, a resource assignment is made in each and every assignment cycle.  Here we 
propose some simple modifications to the RAMA protocol that increase the number of 
assignments per second and reduce the assignment delay.  The proposed Tree-search 
RAMA (TRAMA) protocol is deterministic, and addresses the need for fast and flexible 
access, handoff, and resource assignment in a future high-capacity wireless PCS.  The 
protocol also has potential applications to local cable access systems.",
}


@ARTICLE{PAL95,
   author="Paul, S. and  Ayanoglu, E. and  La Porta, T.F. and  Chen, K.-W.H. and  Sabnani, K.K. and  
Gitlin, R.D.",
   title={Asymmetric protocol for digital cellular communications},
   journal = "Proceedings - IEEE INFOCOM",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1053-1062",
   abstract = "
An asymmetric link-layer protocol for digital cellular communication 
systems is described.  The protocol supports mobility and is based on a forward error 
correction concept.  The asymmetry in the protocol design reduces the compiled code 
and the processing overhead of a wireless terminal by one-third and two-thirds, 
respectively.",
}


@ARTICLE{KPZ94,
   author="Khayata, Ellen R. and  Puig, Carlos M. and  Zweig, Jonathan M.",
   title={Distributed medium access protocol for wireless LANs},
   journal = "Conference Record of the Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems \& 
Computers",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "238--242",
   abstract = "
The Urn protocol has been proposed for distributed access to the radio 
medium.  Access rights to the channel are determined at each station through 
estimation of the total network load.  The Urn's performance was shown to be similar 
to that of Slotted Aloha at light load, while defaulting to TDMA-like behavior under 
heavy load.  We simulated the Urn protocol in a realistic radio environment, taking 
into account channel effects such as fading, capture, collisions, hidden nodes, and 
noise.  We quantify the resulting disparity of traffic load estimation across users.  
We propose techniques for reducing this divergence.  We also extend the throughput-
delay results to include peer-to-peer and centralized server situations, through 
nonuniform traffic and priority considerations.  We show the throughput of the Urn 
scheme to be high under all these effects.  Introducing two classes of priority 
service reduces the average delay experienced by the high priority users.",
}


@ARTICLE{KJU95,
   author="Kim, B.C. and  Jang, J.S. and  Un, C.K.",
   title={Idle-signal casting multiple access with collision resolution (ICMA/CR) 
protocol for wireless LAN},
   journal = "Electronics Letters",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 31,
   number = 9,
   pages = "698--700",
   abstract = "
The authors propose an idle-signal casting multiple access with collision 
resolution (ICMA/CR) protocol for wireless LAN.  This protocol focuses on efficient 
collision resolution by adopting the binary-tree protocol.  By using the collision 
resolution algorithm, the retransmission process can be controlled so that collisions 
are resolved more efficiently using nearly immediate feedback information, thereby 
increasing the throughput-delay performance of the ICMA/CD protocol.",
}


@ARTICLE{CP95,
   author="Cleary, Allan C. and  Paterakis, Michael",
   title={Investigation of reservation random access algorithms for voice-data 
integration in microcellular wireless environments},
   journal = "International Journal of Wireless Information Networks",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 2,
   number = 1,
   pages = "1--16",
   abstract = "
We present the results of a simulation study that explores the 
performance of two promising reservation random access (RRA) protocols for 
transmitting voice packets over a common radio broadcast channel in a microcellular 
radio environment.  We examine two inherently stable RRA voice protocols, RRA three 
cell and RRA two cell, with respect to voice transmissions under ideal and adverse 
channel conditions.  In addition, we investigate the ability of both protocols to 
support efficient voice-data integration within the system.  The RRA two-cell and RRA 
three-cell algorithms clearly mark the end of the voice contention period, thereby 
enabling all of the terminals within the microcell to differentiate between available 
voice and available data slots.  Separating the two distinct types of transmissions 
and resolving the contending voice packets first thus enforces the priority of the 
voice traffic.  In addition, each protocol can be combined with efficient, easy to 
implement, collision resolution random access protocols for transmitting data packets.  
Such a voice-data integration mechanism eliminates the potential voice degradation 
caused by competition between voice and data terminals for available slots.  Our 
results show that the protocols provide stable and robust performance under adverse 
channel conditions and that they can be employed to sustain voice-data integration 
under heavy system loading.",
}


@ARTICLE{Tra95,
   author="Travis, Bill",
   title={Ease file transfers with IrDA-protocol wireless infrared},
   journal = "EDN",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 40,
   number = 7,
   pages = "8pp",
   abstract = "
The Infrared technology employing Infrared Data Association (IrDA) 
protocols is being used extensively as a wireless-transfer medium in the computer 
world.  In this paper, an overview of the technical aspects of IrDA including the 
hardware and software available for the implementation of the standard are presented.",
}


@ARTICLE{JWL95,
   author="Jiang, Songchar J. and  Weng, Wande and  Lin, Longsong",
   title={Handshake protocol for CDMA wireless lans with error control capabilities},
   journal = "IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems - Proceedings",
   year = 1994,
   pages = "39--44",
   abstract = "
Observing the threshold effect of CDMA systems, this paper proposes a 
simple, fair protocol suitable for CDMA environment, which does not need the 
additional feedback channel while can still achieve the goal of error control.  Based 
on the same rationale of CSMA/CD protocol, this protocol is designed to avoid 
collision or congestion of traffic before formal transmission of packet.  By the 
handshake procedure, the intended transmitter is able to test the channel quality and 
the receiver's status using the very short handshake packet.  Therefore, channel 
traffic can be distributedly controlled to avoid overload situation.  The throughput 
and reliability are analyzed based on the underlying Markovian models.  Numerical 
results are compared to other error control schemes and show that with reasonably 
short handshake time compared to the packet transmission time, this handshake 
protocol with simple forward error correction offers an excellent alternative for 
error control and can even improve the throughput performance.",
}


@ARTICLE{Jia95,
   author="Jiang, Songchar J.",
   title={Novel error control scheme for CDMA wireless LANS},
   journal = "Frontiers of Computer Technology IEEE Region 10's Annual International 
Conference, Proceedings",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "581--586",
   abstract = "
In this paper, a hybrid-ARQ error control protocol for asynchronous code 
division multiple access (CDMA) local area networks is proposed and its performance 
analysis is evaluated.  Assuming peer-to-peer type but with a base station for power 
control, each unit can communicate directly and the near-far effect is eliminated.  
Packet is convolutionally encoded before modulation.  The receiver has a hard-
decision decoder using modified Viterbi decoding algorithm, and may decide to request 
retransmission under a threshold criterion of the modified Viterbi algorithm.  The 
network is modeled with several interactive continuous-time, absorbing Markov chains.  
Degradation of throughput may be expected but can be reasonably controlled by 
adjusting the threshold level.  This hybrid scheme offers a more flexible set of 
parameters from which individual users can choose, thus, can be customized to fit the 
individual need of reliability level for each receiver.",
}


@ARTICLE{BGH95,
   author="Bird, Ray and  Gopal, Inder and  Herzberg, Amir and  Janson, Phil and  Kutten, Shay and  Molva, 
Refik and  Yung, Moti",
   title={KryptoKnight family of light-weight protocols for authentication and key 
distribution},
   journal = "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
   year = 1995,
   month = feb,
   volume = 3,
   number = 1,
   pages = "31--41",
   abstract = "
An essential function for achieving security in computer networks is 
reliable authentication of communicating parties and network components.  Such 
authentication typically relies on exchanges of cryptographic messages between the 
involved parties, which in turn implies that these parties be able to acquire shared 
secret keys or certified public keys.  Provision of authentication and key 
distribution functions in the primitive and resource-constrained environments of low-
function networking mechanisms, portable, or wireless devices presents challenges in 
terms of resource usage, system management, ease of use, efficiency, and flexibility 
that are beyond the capabilities of previous designs such as Kerberos or X.509.  This 
paper presents a family of light-weight authentication and key distribution protocols 
suitable for use in the low layers of network architectures.  All the protocols are 
built around a common two-way authentication protocol.  The paper argues that key 
distribution may require substantially different approaches in different network 
environments and shows that the proposed family of protocols offers a flexible 
palette of compatible solutions addressing many different networking scenarios.  The 
mechanisms are minimal in cryptographic processing and message size, yet they are 
strong enough to meet the needs of secure key distribution for network entity 
authentication.  The protocols presented have been implemented as part of a 
comprehensive security subsystem prototype called KryptoKnight, whose software and 
implementation aspects are discussed in [16] , and which is the basis for the 
recently announced IBM Network Security Program product.",
}


@ARTICLE{BBF94,
   author="Bianchi, Giuseppe and  Borgonovo, Flaminio and  Fratta, Luigi and  Musumeci, Luigi and  
Zorzi, Michele",
   title={C-PRMA: the centralized packet reservation multiple access for local 
wireless communications},
   journal = "IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1340--1345",
   abstract = "
Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA), an adaptation to the cellular 
environment of the Reservation ALOHA protocol, is limited due to the fact that R-
ALOHA cannot thoroughly exploit the natural advantages implied by the very short 
propagation delay encountered in microcellular systems.  This paper presents the 
Centralized PRMA, a natural enhancement of PRMA that assigns to the base station a 
central role in scheduling the transmissions of terminals.  As a consequence, packet 
retransmissions and the different delay constraints that emerge from the voice and 
data integration, can easily be dealt with.  A different reservation channel that 
avoids the bottleneck effect present in PRMA is also proposed.  Preliminary 
simulation results show a sensible gain, with respect to PRMA, in the maximum number 
of voice channels that can be accomodated and indicate the optimality of the approach.",
}


@ARTICLE{CP94,
   author="Cleary, Allan C. and  Paterakis, Michael",
   title={Investigation of reservation random access algorithms for voice-data 
integration in microcellular wireless environments},
   journal = "IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1333--1339",
   abstract = "
We present the results of a simulation study that explores the 
performance of two promising Reservation Random Access (RRA) protocols for 
transmitting voice packets over a common radio broadcast channel in a microcellular 
radio environment.  The RRA-Two Cell and RRA-Three Cell algorithms provide a 
mechanism that enables all of the terminals within a microcell to differentiate 
between available voice and available data time slots.  By separating the two 
distinct types of transmissions and resolving the contending voice packets first, the 
priority of the voice traffic is enforced; and, each protocol can be combined with 
efficient collision resolution random access protocols for transmitting data packets.  
Such a voice-data integration mechanism eliminates the potential voice degradation 
caused by competition between voice and data terminals for available slots.  Our 
results show that the protocols provide stable and robust performance under adverse 
channel conditions; and that they can be employed to sustain voice-data integration 
under heavy system loading.",
}


@ARTICLE{XL94,
   author="Xu, Guanghan and  Li, San-qi",
   title={Throughput multiplication of wireless LANs for multimedia services: SDMA 
protocol design},
   journal = "IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1326--1332",
   abstract = "
Since the radio-frequency (RF) bandwidth allocated for wireless 
communications is a diminishing resource, wireless access to local area networks 
(LANs) has fundamental limitation on throughout and communication delays.  With 
exponentially growing demand for multimedia services, this limitation becomes a 
bottleneck for expanding the wireless network capabilities.  In this paper, we 
exploit another resource, i.e., space, and design a new Space-Division-Multiple-
Access (SDMA) protocol to achieve throughput multiplication.  The basic idea behind 
the SDMA protocol is that it exploits spatial diversity among different terminals to 
selectively transmit and receive signals in the same time slot and same frequency 
band.  The only new requirements of this new protocol are an array of multiple 
antennas installed at a base station and advanced signal processing software to 
process the received data.  The feasibility of the SDMA protocol is demonstrated by 
preliminary experimental studies.",
}


@ARTICLE{WE95,
   author="Wieselthier, Jeffrey E. and  Ephremides, Anthony",
   title={Fixed- and movable-boundary channel-access schemes for integrated voice/data 
wireless networks},
   journal = "IEEE Transactions on Communications",
   year = 1995,
   month = jan,
   volume = 43,
   number = 1,
   pages = "64--74",
   abstract = "
In this paper we address the major issues associated with channel access 
in integrated wireless networks, and we propose and analyze the 'Wireless Integrated 
Multiple Access' (WIMA) protocol.  This scheme is based on a mixture of boundary 
ideas for integration and of previously introduced protocols for wireless access, and 
is well suited to either satellite or to terrestrial networks.  A two-dimensional 
first-order Markov chain model for this scheme is presented, and techniques that 
exploit the structural properties of this chain to simplify the evaluation of the 
equilibrium state, without sacrificing accuracy, are described.  Analytical models 
for the evaluation of data-packet delay for both fixed- and movable-boundary versions 
of this protocol and for voice-call blocking probability are presented.  Performance 
results illustrate the dependence of performance on system parameters, and 
demonstrate the improved performance that can be achieved through the use of the 
movable-boundary version.",
}


@ARTICLE{HYL94,
   author="Heo, Jeong Seok and  Yang, Seong Ryong and  Lee, Jung Tae",
   title={Performance evaluation of mini slotted spread spectrum ALOHA system for 
wireless data network},
   journal = "National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 1,
   number = 94,
   pages = "519--524",
   abstract = "
We evaluate the performances of spread spectrum ALOHA protocols, denoted 
as S
  CDMA
  ALOHA (slotted CDMA ALOHA) and MS
  CDMA
  ALOHA (mini slotted ALOHA) in this paper, for the wireless Data network.  Analytic 
model is presented to evaluate the performance of MS
  CDMA
  ALOHA system using three dimensional markov chain, simulations are also performed 
with various system parameters.  (Number of PN codes, Number of Receivers) Numerical 
Results show the improved performance can be obtained with MS
  CDMA
  ALOHA protocol, also we present simulation results of throughput and delay taking 
into account receiver complexities.",
}


@ARTICLE{SB94,
   author="Sobrinho, J.L. and  Brazio, J.M.",
   title={Analysis of a multiple access protocol for wireless data networks with bi-
directional traffic},
   journal = "IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory - Proceedings",
   year = 1994,
   pages = "412pp",
   abstract = "
We consider a multiple access situation, typical in wireless LANs, where 
a set of portable stations time-shares a common transmission channel with a central 
station.  The following multiple access protocol is analyzed: Time is divided in 
windows of constant length of Delta seconds.  After all packets (downlink plus 
uplink) that arrived during windows k less than n have been transmitted, the central 
station broadcasts, in FIFO order, the downlink packets that arrive in window n. 
Subsequently, it polls the portable stations for the set of uplink packets generated 
during that window.  The portable stations follow a binary splitting-tree algorithm, 
in steps of a minislot length, to resolve any conflict that may occur.",
}


@ARTICLE{KL94a,
   author="Krishna, Arvind and LaMaire, Richard O.",
   title={Comparison of radio capture models and their effect on wireless LAN 
protocols},
   journal = "Annual International Conference on Universal Personal Communications- 
Record",
   year = 1994,
   pages = "666--672",
   abstract = "
We examine the effect of radio capture on the performance of radio 
frequency wireless Local Area Networks (LANs).  In many wireless LANs, multiple 
remote stations may simultaneously attempt to transmit data packets.  Due to the 
capture effect, differences in received power levels can result in the successful 
reception of a packet in the presence of contending transmissions.  We compare 
several types of radio capture models and investigate their effects on the slotted 
Aloha protocol, which is a component protocol of more complex multiple access 
protocols that are used in wireless LANs.  Specifically, we analyze a vulnerability 
circle capture model as well as a more detailed model that includes the cumulative 
effect of the interference power generated by multiple contending remote stations.  
The effects of Rayleigh fading, shadowing, and different spatial distributions of 
remote stations are also considered.",
}


@ARTICLE{LA94,
   author="Li, Yalun and  Andresen, Steinar",
   title={Multimedia traffic management principles for guaranteed wireless network 
performance},
   journal = "Annual International Conference on Universal Personal Communications- 
Record",
   year = 1994,
   pages = "325--329",
   abstract = "
The third generation of wireless network systems will support numerous 
multimedia services with stringent quality of service.  How to unify the diverse 
technologies required in the wireless systems and effectively control the radio 
resource to offer an uniform broadband services is a great challenge.  A protocol 
reference model for the future global wireless network is proposed in the paper.  The 
detail implementations of different radio access techniques are hidden by the 
wireless adaptation layer.  The proposed model makes it possible for old and new 
systems to coexist, and it will lead to an evolutionary path from the second 
generation wireless network to the future generation systems.  Packet transfer mode 
has been chosen as the target transfer mode.  Principles of multimedia traffic 
control and resource management are suggested to guarantee both Quality-Of-Service 
(QOS) and network performance.",
}


@ARTICLE{RW94,
   author="Raychaudhuri, Dipankar and  Wilson, Newman D.",
   title={ATM-based transport architectures for multiservices wireless personal 
communication networks},
   journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 12,
   number = 8,
   pages = "1401--1414",
   abstract = "
The paper presents an ATM-based transport architecture for multiservices 
wireless personal communication networks (PCN).  An ATM compatible wireless network 
concept capable of supporting a mix of broadband ISDN services including constant bit-
rate (CBR), variable bit-rate (VBR), and packet data transport in explored from an 
architectural viewpoint.  Design issues related to the physical (modulation), media 
access control (MAC), and data-link layers of the ATM-based radio link are discussed, 
and preliminary technical approaches are identified in each case.  An example 
multiservice dynamic reservation (MDR) TDMA media access protocol is then is 
considered in further detail.",
}


@ARTICLE{NED94b,
   author="Nanda, Sanjiv and  Ejzak, Richard and  Doshi, Bharat T.",
   title={Retransmission scheme for circuit-mode data on wireless links},
   journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications",
   year =1994 ,
   volume = 12,
   number = 8,
   pages = "1338--1352",
   abstract = "
The cellular radio link is characterized by deep fades leading to long 
error bursts (lasting hundreds of milliseconds).  Data transmission over such links 
results in large packet error rates (in the range 10** minus **3** to 10** minus **1).  
We have designed a radio link protocol (RLP) to achieve high throughput on such links.  
The RLP is based on frequent, complete or partial feedback of the receiver state.  
Performance results for the U.S. digital cellular TDMA standard show that the scheme 
can provide the equivalent of 9.6 kb/s service per full-rate TDMA channel above a 
carrier to interference ratio of 18 dB.",
}


@ARTICLE{CS94a,
   author="Chuang, Justin C.-I. and  Sollenberger, Nelson R.",
   title={Performance of autonomous dynamic channel assignment and power control for 
TDMA/FDMA wireless access},
   journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 12,
   number = 8,
   pages = "1314--1323",
   abstract = "
We combine autonomous algorithms for dynamic channel assignment (DCA) and 
power control in a TDMA/FDMA wireless system as a medium access control (MAC) 
protocol.  The DCA algorithm determines paired radio channels that experience the 
least interference and are least likely to cause interference.  The power control 
algorithm uses local estimations of signal to interference ratio (SIR) at a receiver 
to iteratively command power adjustment on the desired transmitter.  A common control 
frequency, which is frame-synchronized among base stations, provides all necessary 
information for DCA without blind slots.  Computer simulations are used to evaluate 
system performance.  Results from computer simulations demonstrate good spectrum 
efficiency and robustness.  Although studied under a specific set of parameters, this 
type of MAC protocol can be applied in different wireless communications environments.",
}


@ARTICLE{LKA94,
   author="LaMaire, Richard O. and Krishna, Arvind and Ahmadi, Hamid",
   title={Analysis of a wireless MAC protocol with client-server traffic and capture},
   journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 12,
   number = 8,
   pages = "1299--1313",
   abstract = "
An efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for use in a single 
cell of a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) is analyzed in the paper.  A fixed frame 
structure with two periods is used; one period for making reservations using a 
Slotted Aloha protocol and a second period for data transmission.  Two different 
types of client/server traffic models were considered, an open-loop and a closed-loop 
model.  Derived were exact results for the mean throughput and waiting times as well 
as for the queue length distributions.  An approximate Markov chain to treat a case 
in which a fixed-position capture model is used was derived.  Several types of 
behavior are illustrated through the use of numerical examples.",
}


@ARTICLE{CI94,
   author="C{\'a}ceres, Ram{\'o}n and  Iftode, Liviu",
   title={Effects of mobility on reliable transport protocols},
   journal = "Proceedings - International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems",
   year = 1994,
   pages = "12--20",
   abstract = "
We explore the effects of host motion on the performance of active 
transport-level connections.  Motion causes increased delays and packet losses while 
the network learns how to route data to a host's new location.  Transport protocols 
interpret these delays and losses as signs of network congestion.  They consequently 
throttle their transmissions, further degrading performance.  We quantify this 
degradation through measurements of protocol behavior in a wireless networking 
testbed.  We show how current retransmission policies introduce unacceptably long 
pauses in communication (800 milliseconds and longer), and propose a fast 
retransmissions scheme that can reduce these pauses to levels more suitable for human 
interaction (200 milliseconds).  Our work demonstrates that reliable transport 
protocols must be made aware of mobility, and suggests how to adapt these protocols 
to mobile computing environments.",
}


@ARTICLE{KPP94,
   author="Kroell, Chr. and  Peinl, P. and  Pommnitz, J.",
   title={Extensions of the Internet protocol for wireless communication},
   journal = "IFIP Transactions A: Computer Science and Technology",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 51,
   pages = "95--100",
   abstract = "
This paper describes beside an overview of proposals for mobile 
datacommunication in LANs an approach of how to overcome lacking portability and 
missing application independence by the design and implementation of an open systems 
platform for communications in mobile WANs.  This is achieved by the utilization of 
widely accepted industry and/or international standards, in particular the Internet 
(TCP/IP) suite of protocols.",
}


@ARTICLE{BDT94,
   author="Bolla, R. and  Davoli, F. and  Taffone, M. and  Reichert, F.",
   title={PRMA-ISA protocol for multiple access of mixed voice and data traffic},
   journal = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "1213--1217",
   abstract = "
A combined multiple access protocol is investigated, based on the ISA 
algorithm, which was first introduced for a slotted unframed channel, and later 
modified to fit a cellular wireless network with distributed handoff [13, 14] .  ISA 
manages the access rights at the beginning of each slot in order to maximize the 
success probability (one step throughput), based on an independence assumption on the 
presence of packets at the stations.   We extend this concept in the context of a 
framed channel that has the same basic structure as Packet Reservation Multiple 
Access (PRMA) [1] .  In this case, it is possible to see the frame as a whole bunch 
of 'parallel channels', over which the overall success probability must be maximized 
at the beginning of the frame for all free slots.  The combined PRMA-ISA algorithm 
has been developed and investigated by means of simulations, using models previously 
proposed for data and voice (phone calls) traffic.",
}


@ARTICLE{IP94,
   author="I, Chih-Lin and  Pollini, Gregory P.",
   title={Tree-Search Resource Auction Multiple Access (TRAMA) protocol for wireless 
personal communications},
   journal = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "1170--1174",
   abstract = "
Future high density wireless communication systems will place large 
demands upon the signaling channel between the mobile terminals and the fixed network 
infrastructure.  One such signaling channel protocol is Resource Auction Multiple 
Access (RAMA).  This paper evaluates the performance of a low complexity extension to 
RAMA called Tree-Search RAMA (TRAMA).  TRAMA employs a close variant of a classic 
tree search mechanism to more effectively utilize a given bandwidth.  In this paper 
we derive bounds on the delay-throughput characteristics of TRAMA.  Under heavy 
traffic conditions where RAMA is unusable TRAMA is able to operate with finite 
average delay.  For light to moderate traffic the average delay performance is only 
slightly better for TRAMA.  However TRAMA operates with a lower variance of delay.  
Furthermore, the variance decreases when the average offered traffic increases.  We 
show that this implies that TRAMA is less sensitive to the spatial and temporal 
variability of a mobile wireless environment.",
}


@ARTICLE{CS94b,
   author="Chuang, Justin and  Sollenberger, Nelson R.",
   title={Performance of autonomous dynamic channel assignment and power control for 
TDMA/FDMA wireless access},
   journal = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "794--798",
   abstract = "
We combine autonomous algorithms for dynamic channel assignment (DCA) and 
power control in a TDMA/FDMA wireless system as a medium access control (MAC) 
protocol.  The DCA algorithm determines paired radio channels that experience the 
least interference and are least likely to cause interference.  The power control 
algorithm uses local estimations of signal to interference ratio (SIR) at a receiver 
to iteratively command power adjustment on the desired transmitter.  A common control 
frequency, which is frame-synchronized among base stations, provides all necessary 
information for DCA without blind slots.  Computer simulations are used to evaluate 
system performance.  Results from computer simulations demonstrate good spectrum 
efficiency and robustness.  Although studied under a specific set of parameters, this 
type of MAC protocols can be applied in different wireless communications 
environments.",
}


@ARTICLE{DBM94,
   author="Davies, R.L. and  Barton, M.H. and  Munro, A.",
   title={Performance of a high speed wireless LAN using CSMA},
   journal = "Performance Engineering in Telecommunications Networks IEE Colloquium 
(Digest)",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 078,
   pages = "11B/1--11B/8",
   abstract = "
Mobile broadband communications is currently the toast of project groups 
like ETSI RES 10 and ESPRIT LAURA for research.  Application of this system would 
provide high speed data links for users within a small location area and is capable 
of overcoming the significant problems that a radio channel imposes.  The paper 
investigates the possibility of using a nonpersistent CSMA protocol for the medium 
access and presents the results of simulation work done to demonstrate the 
performance of the protocol under differing network loading in terms of its 
throughput and delay.  The model was constructed to allow parameters like network 
size, user population, average frame length and load to be configurable at the 
simulation level.",
}


@ARTICLE{MST94,
   author="Molva, Refik and  Samfat, Didier and  Tsudik, Gene",
   title={Authentication protocol for mobile users},
   journal = "IEE Colloquium (Digest)",
   year = 1994,
   volume = 141,
   pages = "4/1--4/7",
   abstract = "
Mobile networks need additional security functions in contrast to 
traditional fixed-topology static-user networks.  In fact, a new problem involving 
mobility is that users are able to access the network at multiple points which can be 
separated by significant geographic distances and many different administrative 
boundaries.  As these access points are not necessarily under the control of a single 
administrative authority, a new set of inter-domain mechanisms is needed in order to 
allow users to perform security operations in visited domains, providing they obtain 
an agreement from their home domain.  Even if this requirement is obvious, the 
corresponding solutions should however take into account a somewhat contradictory 
security constraint that calls for strict partitioning of security domains in order 
to avoid sharing domain-specific security information among several domains.  In this 
paper, we suggest a generic solution for the authentication of users in visited 
domains that maintains the domain separation property.  The advantage of the 
protocols described herein is they may be adapted to both wireless networks and 
traditional wireline networks supporting mobility.",
}


@ARTICLE{IMM96,
   author="Iera, A. and  Marano, S. and  Molinaro, A.",
   title={Protocol architecture for wireless ATM networks supporting multimedia 
teleservice},
   journal = "Annual International Conference on Universal Personal Communications- 
Record",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "482--486",
   abstract = "
New conception Wireless-PCS systems aim to satisfy the user expectation 
of high performing services and the need for flexibility in the management of 
disparate categories of multimedia and multi-requirement applications also in a 
mobile environment.  This paper tries to give a contribution to the ongoing research 
work in this scenario by proposing a protocol structure of an ATM-based wireless PCS 
for the effective handling of multimedia teleservices in wired and wireless 
environment.  In the paper the protocol features (with greater attention on the 
highest control layers) are pointed out and the introduced functions are described in 
terms of basic algorithms, exchanged signalling messages, used control channels, and 
involved protocol entities, both on the user and control plane.",
}


@ARTICLE{LH96,
   author="Lin, Hui-Tang and  Hughes, Herman D.",
   title={Handoff scheme for wireless ATM networks},
   journal = "Annual International Conference on Universal Personal Communications- 
Record",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "397--401",
   abstract = "
In this paper, we investigate the issue of extending the ATM protocol to 
support connection handoffs.  A VP-based hierarchical handoff scheme is proposed to 
support ATM protocol over the integration of the wireless and wireline networks.  
This scheme provides a fast and efficient handoff connection processing mechanism.  
To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed protocol, we implement it on our ATM 
network testbed.  The mobility of MHs is investigated by using the Ethernet network 
to simulate the wireless segment between mobile hosts and base stations.",
}


@ARTICLE{KV96a,
   author="Katzela, Irene and  Veeraraghavan, Malathi",
   title={Virtual trees routing protocol for a wireless ATM LAN},
   journal = "Annual International Conference on Universal Personal Communications- 
Record",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "369--374",
   abstract = "
This paper presents a new routing algorithm for a wireless ATM 
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) LAN (Local Area Network).  The LAN combines positive 
aspects of connection-oriented and datagram communications schemes in its usage of 
the ATM VP/VC (Virtual Path/Virtual Channel) concept.  In this scheme, a set of VPI 
(Virtual Path Identifier) trees, rooted at each node in the LAN, are preestablished.  
This has the effect of emulating 'connectionless' networking which simplifies 
handoffs and other mobility management tasks.  Given that the VPI sink trees are 
preestablished, there is a need for a procedure to compute and update the routes of 
these VPI trees with changing conditions in the LAN.  In this paper, we first propose 
an off-line procedure to compute the initial VPI trees.  Since traffic conditions are 
likely to change rapidly in mobile networks, we propose a distributed scheme called 
VTRP (Virtual Trees Routing Protocol) to dynamically update the routes of VPI trees 
in response to repeated congestion and/or topological changes in the network.",
}


@ARTICLE{CP96a,
   author="Callegati, F. and  Pedrelli, M. and  Raffaelli, C.",
   title={Analysis of CSMA/CA protocol for wireless networking of ATM multiservice 
applications},
   journal = "Annual International Conference on Universal Personal Communications- 
Record",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "286--290",
   abstract = "
In this paper the performance of the IEEE 802.11 protocol for Wireless 
Local Area Networks (WLAN), is analysed when applied to the case of a Wideband WLAN 
carrying high bit rate multimedia services (such as voice, video and high speed data) 
that should be interconnected with a wired, ATM based, broadband network.  The aim of 
the paper is to evaluate the protocol in this more advanced environment that is 
supposed to be the trend of local area networking in the medium term future.  As far 
as the interface with ATM is considered, the use of cell clustering in longer radio 
packets is also proposed and discussed, showing that it can significantly improve the 
protocol performance.  Overall the results obtained are very encouraging suggesting 
that the protocol may be considered as a starting point for the development of a 
Wireless Wideband LAN.",
}


@ARTICLE{CSD96,
   author="Chen, Jyh-Cheng and  Sivalingam, Krishna M. and  Dowd, Patrick W.",
   title={Framework for comparative analysis of channel access protocols for wireless 
ATM networks},
   journal = "Annual International Conference on Universal Personal Communications- 
Record",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "281--285",
   abstract = "
Recently, enormous research interest have been expressed in merging ATM 
and wireless networks supporting multimedia applications.  Research prototyping is 
currently underway at many leading research and academic institutions.  Various 
architectures have been proposed depending on the intended application domain.  One 
of the key components is the media access control (MAC) protocol, which has to 
provide support for multimedia traffic and also for Quality-of-Service guarantees, if 
required.  The focus of this paper is to provide a comparison of previously proposed 
protocols, and to identify techniques proposed for supporting multimedia traffic and 
QoS.  A preliminary comparison of the protocols based on simulation data is also 
presented.",
}


@ARTICLE{CMV96,
   author="Chockalingam, A. and  Milstein, Laurence B. and  Venkataram, P.",
   title={Analysis of a media access protocol for wireless messaging systems},
   journal = "Annual International Conference on Universal Personal Communications- 
Record",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "12--16",
   abstract = "
In this paper, we analyze the throughput performance of a wireless media 
access protocol taking into account the effect of capture in the presence of Rayleigh 
fading.  For efficient access on the uplink (mobile-to-base), the protocol makes use 
of the uplink channel status information which is conveyed to the mobile through a 
busy/idle flag on the downlink (base-to-mobile link).  The uplink is slotted such 
that each slot duration is equal to one ATM cell duration.  Each message generated at 
the mobiles is assumed to consist of a multiple number of ATM cells.  Analytical 
estimates of throughput are derived for capture under slow fading and i.i.d. fading 
conditions.  Throughput estimates obtained through simulations at various Doppler 
bandwidths validate the analysis.",
}


@ARTICLE{PM96a,
   author="Post, Guido and  Mauss, Oliver",
   title={Control and data flow aspects in the design of a wireless data radio modem: 
A case study},
   journal = "ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal 
Processing - Proceedings",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 6,
   pages = "3201--3204",
   abstract = "
In this paper we present the design of a Radio Modem for the MOBITEX 
Wireless Data System.  The MOBITEX Interlace Specification defines the protocols that 
are used for communication between the MOBITEX network and mobile terminal devices.  
The specification refers to the ISO/OSI standards and defines link layer and physical 
layer of the air-link radio protocol for mobile terminals, as well as the network 
layer protocol that describes how packets are transmitted between the sender and the 
addressee.  Because the design of a MOBITEX radio modem should serve as an 
application case study for identifying the needs in a joint air-link and network 
protocol design, we use different existing design methods and software tools for the 
specification of the lower three layers.  For analysis and design we use Rumbaugh's 
Object Modeling Technique (OMT).  For implementation and validation we apply the 
standardized specification and description language SDL and data-flow oriented system 
specifications.",
}


@ARTICLE{Bil96,
   author="Bilgic, Murat",
   title={Mobility management application protocol (MMAP) for north American PCS 
network},
   journal = "IEEE Intelligent Network Workshop, IN",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "6pp",
   abstract = "
The task of North American Personal Communication Services (PCS) 
standards has been undertaken by two organizations, i.e.  Committee T1 sponsored by 
the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) and the 
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) Engineering Committee TR45.  
Traditionally; committee T1 has been the major force behind the development of North 
American wireline standards whereas TR45's focus has been the wireless information 
networks and mobility management.  Another TIA Committee TR46 was also involved with 
defining standard interfaces for PCS networks.  Subcommittee T1S1 established the 
Mobility Management Application Protocol (MMAP) subworking group in 1994 to produce a 
stage 3 protocol for supporting the mobility management requirements of the radio 
access systems defined by the Joint Technical Committee (JTC) of T1 and TIA.  T1S1 
MMAP SWG issued the first version of the standard in June 1995 and ballot comments 
were resolved in September 1995.  The standard, T1.651-1996, includes operations 
defined between Service Control Function (SCF) and Radio Access Control Function 
(RACF) as well as the interface between RACFs.  The second phase, which has already 
started, addresses the interface between RACF and Radio Control Function (RCF) as 
well as additional operations for the SCF-RACF and RACF-RACF interfaces.",
}


@ARTICLE{LKB96,
   author="LaMaire, Richard O. and  Krishna, Arvind and  Bhagwat, Pravin and  Panian, James",
   title={Wireless LANs and mobile networking: standards and future directions},
   journal = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
   year = 1996,
   month = aug,
   volume = 34,
   number = 8,
   pages = "86--94",
   abstract = "
The emerging widespread use of wireless LAN systems together with the 
users' desire for such systems to interoperate has created a requirement for 
standards.  Many standards bodies are currently defining standards for wireless 
systems that relate to different layers of the networking protocol stack.  Of these, 
two influential physical and data link layer standards, IEEE 802.11 and the European 
HIPERLAN, are described.  The article then considers the network layer by discussing 
extensions that are being made to the widely used Internet Protocol (IP) to deal with 
mobility (wired or wireless).  The final standards that are discussed relate to 
wireless link management.  The article concludes by speculating on future directions 
for wireless LAN systems.",
}


@ARTICLE{GZ96,
   author="Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J.J. and  Zhang, Yuxia",
   title={Reliable broadcasting in dynamic network},
   journal = "IEEE International Conference on Communications",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1630--1634",
   abstract = "
A protocol for reliable broadcasting in dynamic networks is presented and 
analyzed.  This protocol, which we call Reliable Broadcast Protocol (RBP) 
disseminates the same message at least once to all those network nodes that have a 
path to the source of the message while the message is being distributed.  In 
contrast with previous approaches to reliable broadcasting in dynamic networks, RBP 
requires the source to send a single message to accomplish broadcasting.  Simulation 
results show that RBP is much more efficient and converges much faster than reliable 
broadcasting based on the propagation of information with feedback (PIF) algorithm on 
which several reliable broadcast protocols are based.  In the case of single-channel 
wireless networks in which each node has a single broadcast link to all its 
neighbors, the performance of RBP is shown to approach the optimum.",
}


@ARTICLE{TMM96,
   author="Iera, Antonio and  Marano, Salvatore and  Molinaro, Antonella",
   title={On the evolution of mobile network protocols towards the support of 
multimedia teleservices},
   journal = "IEEE International Conference on Communications",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1241--1246",
   abstract = "
Starting from the idea that 'multimedia' mainly means the integrated 
manipulation of information, and hence the independent handling of each separate 
information is not a sufficient result, an enhanced architecture for UMTS system, 
involving the low levels (Physical, MAC, DDL, and Network) of the protocol stack, is 
here proposed for the transport of wireless multimedia.  To achieve the best 
performance from the designed architecture, a Synchronisation Sub-layer is introduced 
at the Network level with the main aim of assuring over the air interface a 'rough' 
inter-stream synchronisation, used as a first step before a 'fine' end-to-end 
synchronisation being performed by the highest protocol levels.  A detailed 
description of the new functions for each level, their basic algorithms, their 
location in the protocol stack, as well as the signalling exchange among modules 
implementing them and between network and user sides are given.",
}


@ARTICLE{Haa96,
   author="Haas, Zygmunt J.",
   title={Location-independent access in mobile systems},
   journal = "IEEE International Conference on Communications",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "255--259",
   abstract = "
In this paper, we report on the design of a protocol for transparent, 
location-independent access in mobile systems.  The protocol, termed by us Mobile 
Client/Server Protocol (MCSP) is an implementation of a communication layer on a 
mobile host and a stationary machine within the network and provides middleware 
functionality.  The MCSP supports communication services through the client/server 
paradigm to transaction-oriented applications distributed between the mobile and a 
set of service and information brokers.  To support the mobile (and wireless) 
environment, a surrogate process is created within the fixed network that performs 
operations on behalf of the mobile within the fixed network.  The MCSP then loosely 
couples the communicating entities, thus reducing the overhead associated with 
handoffs and disconnects, so characteristic to the mobile environment.  Of particular 
interest is the application of the MCSP to location-based services, for example, the 
Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems ( [1] ).",
}


@ARTICLE{Jia96a,
   author="Jiang, Songchar",
   title={Performance improvement of integrated services on CDMA wireless LANs using a 
novel protocol},
   journal = "IEEE International Conference on Communications",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "250--254",
   abstract = "
This paper proposes an integrated voice and data services (Handshake-
ALOHA) for CDMA wireless LANs.  This protocol is designed to accommodate integrated 
services on CDMA LANs with quality of service(QoS).  It uses a handshake procedure 
for voice calls first, followed by a reserved period for pure voice transmission.  
Then the remaining time of the frame is allocated to the data users for transmissions 
based on ALOHA protocol in nature.   The length of data transmission period can be 
varied according to the number of voice calls initiated, voice packet length and the 
system threshold.  Numerical results in voice call blocking probability, packet loss 
rate, and network throughput are presented, including comparison with the pure ALOHA 
protocol.",
}


@ARTICLE{KW96,
   author="Kim, Jeong Geun and  Widjaja, Indra",
   title={PRMA/DA: a new media access control protocol for wireless ATM},
   journal = "IEEE International Conference on Communications",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "240--244",
   abstract = "
In this paper, we propose a media access control (MAC) protocol for 
wireless local area networks (LANs) that is capable of supporting various types of 
traffic demands, such as constant bitrate (CBR) voice, variable bit-rate (VBR) video, 
and packet data.  In addition, the proposed protocol provides a seamless connectivity 
to a broadband ATM backbone network.  Our protocol, having an air interface 
comparable to ATM, adopts a dynamic channel allocation scheme which enables 
expeditious network access and utilizes bandwidth resource efficiently.  The 
simulation results presented in this paper shows the improvements of dynamic channel 
allocation over the static channel allocation scheme in terms of key performance 
metrics such as: throughput, call blocking probability, network access delay, and 
cell transmission delay.",
}


@ARTICLE{KEP96,
   author="Kutlu, A. and  Ekiz, H. and  Powner, E.T.",
   title={Performance analysis of MAC protocols for wireless control area network},
   journal = "Proceedings of the International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, 
Algorithms and Networks, I-SPAN",
   year = 1996,
   pages = "494--499",
   abstract = "
This paper presents the performance analysis of the Wireless Medium 
Access Control (WMAC) protocol and the Remote Frame Medium Access Control (RFMAC) 
protocol for a Wireless Control Area Network (WCAN).  These two MAC protocols are 
suggested for distributed and centralized wireless communications respectively, as 
part of the complete WCAN project.  The performances of the protocols are evaluated 
by simulating the models of the protocols using set of signals called the  SAE 
Benchmark'.  The Benchmark table provides an example to illustrate the application of 
Control Area Network (CAN) system.  This paper discusses the applicability of the 
wireless MAC protocols and validates its usefulness for real-time communications 
based on the parameters in the Benchmark table.",
}


@ARTICLE{KL96,
   author="Koh, Liang-Seng and  Liu, Ming T.",
   title={Wireless multiple access control protocol for voice-data integration},
   journal = "Proceedings of the Internatoinal Conference on Parallel and Distributed 
Systems - ICPADS",
   year = 1996,
   pages = "206--213",
   abstract = "
In this paper, a new wireless medium access control protocol, called Mini-
Packets Reservation Multiple Access (MPRMA), is proposed for the microcellular 
wireless environments to support voice and data traffic.  Instead of using 
information packets to contend for reservation, the protocol uses smaller reservation 
packets of contention.  Thus, regular slots can be further divided into smaller slots 
for sending reservation packets.  Furthermore, in order to facilitate subsequent 
packet transmission, a continuation flag is used in each information packet for 
requesting further reservation.  Comparing to the Packet Reservation Multiple Access 
(PRMA), it is shown by simulation that MPRMA can support more voice and data users, 
respectively, in a single traffic type environment.  And more importantly, MPRMA is 
also a better alternative to PRMA for supporting voice-data integration.  In order to 
counter adverse channel conditions, a strategy is also proposed.  In addition, MPRMA 
requires no deadline scheduling at the base stations and minimizes overhead bandwidth 
on the downlink for sending acknowledgment message.",
}


@ARTICLE{STC96,
   author="Smolinske, Jeffrey C. and  Tran, Phieu M. and  Clanton, Christopher L. and  Scheibel, 
Robert C. Jr.",
   title={512 KBPS high capacity packet mode data protocol for the broadband PCS 
spectrum},
   journal = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "536--540",
   abstract = "
The PACS Packet Channel (PPC) is the wireless packet data service option 
of the 1900 MHz broadband PCS PACS standard being standardized by T1P1.3.  An 
overview of the protocol definition and some basic simulation performance results are 
presented.",
}


@ARTICLE{LC96a,
   author="Lee, Jeong G. and  Corson, M. Scott",
   title={Reservation limited sensing protocol in wireless networks},
   journal = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "531--535",
   abstract = "
Random access algorithms are suitable for large numbers of users 
generating light, bursty, single packet traffic.  However, when users generate packet 
'sequences' with high probability, reservation mechanisms may be employed to increase 
channel throughput.  Hybrid access schemes containing both contention and reservation 
components have been previously introduced and analyzed.  In this paper, we introduce 
hybrid schemes based on a limited-sensing random access algorithm and investigate 
their throughput under the heavy traffic assumption.  Two protocols are implemented, 
differing by whether or not the number of packets per message is fixed or variable.  
Their performance is examined in a multicell setting, in the presence of feedback 
errors which arise from intercell interference when the cells' coverage areas 
partially overlap.",
}


@ARTICLE{HHR96,
   author="Humblet, Pierre A. and  Hethuin, Serge and  Ramel, Louis",
   title={Multiaccess protocol for high-speed WLAN},
   journal = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "257--261",
   abstract = "
There is growing interest in very high speed local area networks capable 
of transporting ATM and Multimedia traffic, and very wide bands (100s MHz) are 
becoming available to that effect.  This paper introduces and analyzes some 
characteristics of a protocol to access and utilize all the available bandwidth 
without putting undue strain on the capabilities of individual transceivers.",
}


@ARTICLE{CS96,
   author="Chen, Kwang-Cheng and  Sun, Ya-Ku",
   title={General multi-layer collision resolution multiple access protocol for 
wireless networks},
   journal = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "116--120",
   abstract = "
In this paper we propose a general concept of multi-layer collision 
resolution applied in multiple access for wireless networks.  We first concentrate on 
the capability of the proposed scheme to resolve or avoid collisions which implies 
the stability and capacity of the system.  We further illustrate the general property 
of the proposed scheme.  Finally we show that ETSI HIPERLAN channel access protocol 
can be considered as an example of this general multi-layer collision resolution 
protocol.",
}


@ARTICLE{Toh96a,
   author="Toh, Chai-Keong",
   title={Novel distributed routing protocol to support ad-hoc mobile computing},
   journal = "Conference Proceedings - International Phoenix Conference on Computers and 
Communications",
   year = 1996,
   pages = "480--486",
   abstract = "
This paper presents a new, simple and bandwidth-efficient distributed 
routing protocol for ad-hoc mobile networks.  Unlike the conventional distributed 
routing algorithms, our protocol does not attempt to consistently maintain routing 
information in every nodes.  In an ad-hoc mobile network where mobile hosts are 
acting as routers and where routes are made inconsistent by mobile hosts movement, we 
employ a new associativity-based routing scheme where a route is selected based on 
nodes having associativity states that imply periods of stability.  In this manner, 
the routes selected are likely to be long-lived and hence there is no need to restart 
frequently, resulting in higher attainable throughput.  The association property also 
allows the integration of ad-hoc routing into a BS-oriented Wireless LAN environment, 
providing the fault tolerance in times of base stations (BSs) failures.  The protocol 
is free from loops, deadlock and packet duplicates and has scalable memory 
requirements.  Simulation results obtained reveal that shorter and better routes can 
be discovered during route re-constructions.",
}


@ARTICLE{CR96,
   author="Chlamtac, I. and  Ruszczyk, C.A.",
   title={Integrated protocol stack for efficient resources management in wireless 
networks},
   journal = "Journal of Network and Systems Management",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 4,
   number = 2,
   pages = "221--239",
   abstract = "
The area of ATM multihop radio networks has recently become an issue of 
interest especially with the growing interest in portable multimedia units.  
Multimedia communication requires a deterministic delivery of isochronous traffic 
with predefined QoS requirements.  In this paper we propose an integrated protocol 
stack which provides deterministic delivery bounds and efficiently utilizes channel 
backwidth.  By integrating the access, routing and congestion control protocols, a 
solution is provided which improves bandwidth utilization, maintains shortest route 
packet delivery and leads to congestion avoidance.  A tractable approximate 
analytical model is developed and verified for networks with finite storage capacity.  
For large multihop networks the analytical solution is complemented by simulation.  
Evaluation shows that the proposed protocol integration yields a significant 
reduction in end-to-end delay, which together with bounded access time at the channel 
access level, provide two essential features for the support of isochronous traffic 
in multihop wireless environments.",
}


@ARTICLE{Ano95b,
   author="Anon (Ed.)",
   title={Proceedings of the 1995 1st Annual International Conference on Mobile 
Computing and Networking},
   journal = "Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and 
Networking, MOBICOM",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "225pp",
   abstract = "
The proceedings contains 20 papers.  Topics discussed include wireless 
networks, algorithms for dynamic speed setting, untraceability in mobile networks, 
software for wireless signal processing, hybrid handover protocol, adaptive network 
for multimedia, channel access protocol for LANs, packet radio networks, data 
management, asynchronous transfer modes, location management in mobile environment.",
}


@ARTICLE{MG96,
   author="Murthy, Shree and  Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J.J.",
   title={Routing protocol for packet radio networks},
   journal = "Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and 
Networking, MOBICOM",
   year = 1996,
   pages = "86--95",
   abstract = "
We present a new distance-vector routing protocol for a packet radio 
network.  The new distributed routing protocol, WRP, works on the notion of second-to-
last hop node to a destination.  WRP reduces the number of cases in which a temporary 
routing loop can occur and also provides a mechanism for the reliable transmission of 
update messages.  The performance of WRP has been compared quantitatively by 
simulations with that of distributed Bellman-Ford (DBF), DUAL (a loop-free distance-
vector algorithm) and an ideal link-state algorithm (ILS) which represents the state 
of the art of Internet routing, in a highly dynamic environment.  The simulation 
results indicate that WRP is the most efficient of the algorithms simulated in a 
wireless environment.",
}


@ARTICLE{FG95,
   author="Fullmer, Chane L. and  Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J.J.",
   title={FAMA-PJ: a channel access protocol for wireless LANs},
   journal = "Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and 
Networking, MOBICOM",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "76--85",
   abstract = "
We specify and analyze a new channel access protocol for wireless local 
area networks.  The new protocol, FAMA-PJ, consists of both carrier sensing and a 
collision detection mechanism based on control packets and jamming that prevent 
collision of data packets with control or data packets from other stations.  Control 
of the channel (which we call the floor) is assigned to at most one station in the 
network at a time, and this station is guaranteed to be able to transmit one or more 
data packets to different destinations with no collision with transmissions from 
other stations.  The minimum control packet size required to enforce correct floor 
control is specified as a function of the channel propagation delay and transmit to 
receive turn around time.  The throughput and delay of FAMA-PJ are analyzed and 
compared with the throughput and delay of non-persistent CSMA.  This analysis shows 
that FAMA-PJ can provide similar or better throughput than non-persistent CSMA in a 
high-speed wireless local area network, and that is more stable and has better delay 
characteristics than non-persistent CSMA.",
}


@ARTICLE{Toh95,
   author="Toh, Chai-Keong",
   title={Design \& implementation of a hybrid handover protocol for multi-media 
wireless LANs},
   journal = "Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and 
Networking, MOBICOM",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "49--61",
   abstract = "
Handovers for multi-media Wireless LANs (WLANs) have special 
requirements, unlike those in the public wireless networks.  In this paper, the 
problems and challenges faced in a multi-media WLAN environment are presented and a 
multi-tier wireless cell clustering architecture is introduced.  New design issues 
for multi-media handovers are specified and a fast, continuous and efficient hybrid 
handover protocol is proposed.  A prototype of the proposed handover protocol is 
implemented into a Cambridge Fairisle ATM switch and the results are evaluated.  We 
found that implementing transport mobility for a Wireless ATM environment is not 
practical as the cell re-routing function is not scalable to increasing cell rate and 
to the number of mobile connections.  It also changes the characteristics of the 
traffic.  Instead, the data link layer mobility implementation is found to work well.  
The protocol provides symmetric data disruption to traffic flows in both directions 
and up to seventy five intra-cluster handovers can be supported in a second.  
Throughout the experiment, cells arrive in sequence with no cell loss observed during 
the handover, up to the capacity limit of the ATM switch.",
}


@ARTICLE{BSA95,
   author="Balakrishnan, Hari and  Seshan, Srinivasan and  Amir, Elan and  Katz, Randy H.",
   title={Improving TCP/IP performance over wireless networks},
   journal = "Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and 
Networking, MOBICOM",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "2--11",
   abstract = "
TCP is a reliable transport protocol tuned to perform well in traditional 
networks made up of links with low bit-error rates.  Networks with higher bit-error 
rates, such as those with wireless links and mobile hosts, violate many of the 
assumptions made by TCP, causing degraded end-to-end performance.  In this paper, we 
describe the design and implementation of a simple protocol, called the snoop 
protocol, that improves TCP performance in wireless networks.  The protocol modifies 
network-layer software mainly at a base station and preserves end-to-end TCP 
semantics.  The main idea of the protocol is to cache packets at the base station and 
perform local retransmissions across the wireless link.  We have implemented the 
snoop protocol on a wireless testbed consisting of IBM ThinkPad laptops and i486 base 
stations communicating over an AT\&T Wavelan.  Our experiments show that it is 
significantly more robust at dealing with unreliable wireless links as compared to 
normal TCP; we have achieved throughput speedups of up to 20 times over regular TCP 
in our experiments with the protocol.",
}


@ARTICLE{WWW96,
   author="Weinmiller, Jost and  Woesner, Hagen and  Wolisz, Adam",
   title={Analyzing and improving the IEEE 802.11-MAC protocol for wireless LANs},
   journal = "IEEE International Workshop on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of 
Computer and Telecommunication Systems - Proceedings",
   year = 1996,
   pages = "200--206",
   abstract = "
The MAC-part of the upcoming IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless LANs-named 
DFWMAC is based on a CSMA/CA-type access protocol with a rotating backoff window and 
an optional RTS/CTS message exchange.  In this paper, following a short presentation 
of DFWMAC we will present the results of our simulative analysis of DFWMAC focussing 
on analysis and improvements of the basic key mechanisms the RTS/CTS message exchange 
and the backoff algorithm.",
}


@ARTICLE{KV96b,
   author="Kumar, Sharad and  Vaman, R.",
   title={Access protocol for supporting multiple classes of service in a local 
wireless environment},
   journal = "IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology",
   year = 1996,
   month = may,
   volume = 45,
   number = 2,
   pages = "288--302",
   abstract = "
This paper presents a time split token-based contention resolution (TS-
TBCR) protocol for providing multiple classes of traffic access to a shared wireless 
media.  Since the protocol requires immediate response from the base station, it is 
best suited for short-range wireless applications.  The key feature of the protocol 
is that it allows multiplexing of various services with high throughput even under 
heavy traffic loads.  The protocol provides near perfect scheduling of information 
transfer by reserving a small part of the bandwidth for contention resolution.  This 
resolves contention in an a priori manner, thus preventing collisions and leading to 
high channel bandwidth utilization.  This protocol allows the system to support a 
high load while keeping packet loss probability within acceptable limits.  Using a 
token-based mechanism, the protocol implements an access scheme, as well as a service 
(scheduling) discipline.  The protocol is analytically modeled and extensive 
simulations performed to evaluate its performance.  Results indicate that for 
multimedia traffic transport, the protocol can dynamically, and without any 
centralized control, realize any service discipline from first-in first-out (FIFO: 
complete fairness) to head-of-line (HOL: complete biasing), merely based on the 
relative service requirements of the traffic classes.  This brings in fairness since 
no service class is excessively penalized.",
}


@ARTICLE{Fan96,
   author="Fantacci, Romano",
   title={Queuing analysis of the selective repeat automatic repeat request protocol 
wireless packet networks},
   journal = "IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology",
   year = 1996,
   month = may,
   volume = 45,
   number = 2,
   pages = "258--264",
   abstract = "
This paper presents an analytical approach for analyzing the mean packet 
delay and mean queue length at the transmitting terminal in wireless packet networks 
using the selective repeat (SR) automatic repeat request (ARQ) scheme to control the 
errors introduced by the nonstationary transmission channel.  Each transmitting 
terminal is modeled as a discrete time queue with an infinite buffer.  The 
nonstationary transmission channel is modeled as a two-state Markov chain.  
Comparisons of numerical predictions and simulation results are presented to 
highlight the accuracy of the proposed analytical approach.",
}


@ARTICLE{NCL96,
   author="Noerpel, Anthony R. and  Chang, Li Fung and  Lin, Yi-Bing",
   title={Polling deregistration for unlicensed PCS},
   journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 14,
   number = 4,
   pages = "728--734",
   abstract = "
This paper describes a polling deregistration protocol for a wireless 
access communications network which would support interoperability between licensed 
personal communications services (PCS) and unlicensed-PCS (UPCS).  We show how the 
protocol can be efficiently implemented in the personal access communications system 
(PACS) for licensed PCS and in the PACS - Unlicensed Version B (PACS-UB).  An 
analytical model is proposed to analyze the performance of the polling protocol.  A 
cost function is derived, which can be used to estimate the optimal polling frequency.",
}


@ARTICLE{Tra96,
   author="Travis, Bill",
   title={IrDA-protocol IR links make 35-fold leap in data-transfer speed},
   journal = "EDN",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 41,
   number = 8,
   pages = "7pp",
   abstract = "
Last year, the maximum Infrared Data Association (IrDA)-sanctioned 
transfer for wireless-IR devices was 115.2 kbps.  IBM offered 1.152-Mbps devices that 
complied with an industry-proposed spec, and IrDA was considering a 4-Mbps protocol.  
The 4-Mbps speed is now reality.  This 35-fold leap in speed promises to be a 
significant factor in system designer's decision to incorporate wireless-IR utilities 
into equipment.  Transferring large files at 115.2 kbps can consume a great deal of 
time.  At this rate, transferring a 10-Mbyte files 1000 sec almost 17 min.  At 4 
Mbps, the transfer takes 30 sec.  Before the advent of the 4-Mbps extension, wireless-
IR data transfer was mainly a matter of convenience.  Now, the higher rate makes IR 
transfer one of the fastest way to move data.",
}


@ARTICLE{Ano96,
   author="Anon (Ed.)",
   title={Proceedings of the 1996 15th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer 
and Communications Societies, INFOCOM'96},
   journal = "Proceedings - IEEE INFOCOM",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "938--1483",
   abstract = "
The proceedings contains 64 papers.  Topics discussed include wavelength 
division multiplexing channel access, asynchronous transfer mode system modeling, 
routing, video protocols, scheduling and performance in wireless networks, protocol 
design and testing, rate based flow control systems, optical communications, 
connectionless service, network routing and management, queueing analysis of 
networks, mobile computing, reliable transport, self similar telecommunication 
traffic.",
}


@ARTICLE{AC96,
   author="Akyol, Bora A. and  Cox, Donald C.",
   title={Handling mobility in a wireless ATM network},
   journal = "Proceedings - IEEE INFOCOM",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1405--1413",
   abstract = "
The world of wireless telecommunications is rapidly changing.  The 
capabilities of wireless networks are improving at a steady pace.  This paper 
presents a protocol implementation for implementing mobility in an Asynchronous 
Transfer Mode (ATM) network.  The vision of the authors is of one 'ATM-based 
wireless telecommunications network' that is capable of supporting a variety of 
today's applications with room to grow for advanced applications of the future.",
}


@ARTICLE{Toh96b,
   author="Toh, Chai-Keong",
   title={Performance evaluation of crossover switch discovery algorithms for 
wireless ATM LANs},
   journal = "Proceedings - IEEE INFOCOM",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1380--1387",
   abstract = "
In a connection-oriented Wireless LAN, the mobility of mobile hosts 
results in the establishment and disconnection of new and old virtual circuits.  The 
resulting increase in signalling traffic along with the need to support multi-media 
stream handovers demand a fast, continuous and bandwidth-efficient handover protocol.  
In this paper, we adopt a handover scheme based on partial re-establishments, where a 
new partial path converges to an existing path.  Connection re-routing (CR) 
operations are then performed at the convergence/crossover switch (CX).  To achieve 
localised handovers, a wireless cell clustering scheme is proposed.   The clustering 
of base stations to cluster switches (CLSs) provides fast intra-cluster handovers 
since the CR operations are performed at the CLS.  To support fast inter-cluster 
handovers, four CX discovery schemes (Loose Select, Prior Path, Distributed Hunt and 
Backward Tracking) are introduced.  Simulation results obtained from a trace-driven 
mobile network simulator on four different network topologies (Random, Star, Tree and 
Hierarchical Redundancy) reveal that both Prior Path and Distributed Hunt discoveries 
outperform the others by providing the fastest convergence with shorter resulting 
paths and higher circuit reuse efficiency.",
}


@ARTICLE{LKE96,
   author="Liu, Zhao and  Karol, Mark J. and  El Zarki, Magda and  Eng, Kai Y.",
   title={Demand-assignment access control for multi-code DS-CDMA wireless packet 
(ATM) networks},
   journal = "Proceedings - IEEE INFOCOM",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "713--721",
   abstract = "
In a wireless packet (e.g., ATM) network that supports an integrated mix 
of multimedia traffic, a large variety of mobiles with different service rates will 
need to be accommodated efficiently in a bandwidth-on-demand fair-sharing manner.  In 
this paper, we propose and study Multi-Code CDMA (MC-CDMA) with Distributed-Queueing 
Request Update Multiple Access (DQRUMA) for multi-rate wireless packet networks.  The 
network incorporates MC-CDMA (a flexible multiplexing scheme for providing multi-rate 
packet transmissions) and DQRUMA (an efficient demand-assignment multiple access 
protocol for wireless access and scheduling) to form a unified bandwidth-on-demand 
fair-sharing platform for multi-rate wireless services.  A slot-by-slot packet 
transmit scheduling policy provides the possibility of slot-by-slot allocation of 
Pseudo-Noise (PN) codes (primary codes) and optimal power levels to the mobiles 
involved in packet transmissions.  Also, a Maximum Capacity Power Allocation (MCPA) 
criterion is derived to exploit the subcode concatenation property of the MC-CDMA 
transmission.  Simulation results show that the system provides close to ideal-access 
performance for multi-rate mobiles, both with homogeneous traffic characteristics and 
with a mix of heterogeneous traffic characteristics.",
}


@ARTICLE{CT96,
   author="Chen, Kwang-Cheng and  Twu, Dsun-Chie",
   title={Theory of wireless networks with interference},
   journal = "Journal of the Chinese Institute of Electrical Engineering, Transactions of 
the Chinese Institute of Engineers, Series E/Chung KuoTien Chi Kung Chieng Hsueh K'an",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 2,
   number = 4,
   pages = "329--338",
   abstract = "
Wireless networks with multicell structure for personal communications 
are known as a kind of interference-limited communications.  In the infrastructured 
mobile wireless networks, the uplink (from the mobiles to network) traffic requires a 
multiple access protocol to coordinate transmission and the down-link (from the 
network to the mobiles) must rely on broadcasting.  From the multiuser information 
theory, we consider interference into both multiple access and broadcast channels.  
We further demonstrate that the 5-segment handshaking procedure is the approach to 
generally design a reliable multiple access protocol for interference-limited mobile 
wireless networks.",
}


@ARTICLE{WZ95,
   author="Weerackody, Vijitha and  Zeng, William",
   title={ARQ schemes with switched antenna diversity and their applications in JPEG 
image transmission},
   journal = "Conference Record / IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1915--1919",
   abstract = "
Automatic repeat request (ARQ) schemes provide means of transmitting data 
very reliably.  ARQ protocols employ an error detection code and a feedback channel 
so that the receiver can request retransmission of the erroneous packets, or it can 
use the feedback channel to acknowledge the correctly received packets.  Applications 
such as image and video usually require very low transmission bit error rates ( less 
than 10** minus **7) and achieving these low bit error rates in wireless channels is 
very challenging.  In this paper we present an ARQ scheme with switched transmitter 
antenna diversity.  In very slow fading channels, this scheme improves the throughput 
efficiency of the ARQ protocol significantly.  The diversity benefit obtained from 
this scheme reduces the delay in transmitting the data packets and this is attractive 
in applications such as audio, image and realtime video.   We will also use this 
scheme to transmit JPEG coded images.",
}


@ARTICLE{LC96b,
   author="Lee, Sung Won and  Cho, Dong Ho",
   title={Distributed reservation CDMA for wireless LAN},
   journal = "Conference Record / IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "360--364",
   abstract = "
Recent technology innovations have increased the interest of end-user on 
wireless LAN.  However, conventional access protocol have some problems.  Hence, new 
multiple access schemes, 'Distributed Reservation CDMA with Priority (DR
  CDMA
  P)' and 'Distributed Reservation CDMA without Priority (DR-CDMA-NP)' are proposed.  
Both can solve the problems in distributed CDMA wireless LAN environment.  Simulation 
results show reliable performance improvement by new proposed protocols in wireless 
LAN environment that has large bandwidth and many nodes.  Furthermore, DR
  CDMA
  P transmits data effectively when offered load increases over 1 due to the 
effective control mechanism, although reservation TDMA and DR
  CDMA
  NP cannot transmit data due to an extreme delay in the heavy load condition.",
}


@ARTICLE{SB96,
   author="Scott, Keith and  Bambos, Nicholas",
   title={Self-organizing wireless network (SWAN) protocol for communication among 
mobile users},
   journal = "Conference Record / IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "355--359",
   abstract = "
We present the Self-Organizing Wireless Adaptive Network (SWAN) 
protocol, a distributed networking protocol capable of managing a stationless, 
wireless network of mobile users without recourse to any pre-existing infrastructure.  
This approach differs from previous work in that: the network employs dynamic 
topology management with power control, allowing it to deform gradually instead of 
being periodically broken down and rebuilt; control information is distributed 
instead of being concentrated in a 'control phase'; and transmissions are dynamically 
scheduled in response to user demands instead of a priori.",
}


@ARTICLE{CHO96,
   author="Chen, X.H. and  Lim, N.C. and  Oksman, J.",
   title={Novel group based common-receiver (GBCR) code protocol for CDMA wireless 
networks with improved throughput-delay performance},
   journal = "Conference Record / IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "350--354",
   abstract = "
A spreading code protocol (GBCR protocol) suitable for CDMA wireless data 
networks is proposed.  The network is coordinated by a central station which 
maintains a database tracking each user's status.  Users are divided into groups, 
each of which is assigned a 'group-based common' code used by a source terminal to 
consult the central station for a destination status.  Analytical results show that 
the proposed protocol can effectively improve network stability and throughput/delay 
performance.",
}


@ARTICLE{CYD96,
   author="Chuah, Mooi Choo and  Yue, On-Ching and  DeSimone, Antonio",
   title={Performance of two TCP implementations in mobile computing environments},
   journal = "Conference Record / IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "339--344",
   abstract = "
The error recovery algorithm in TCP has been designed for congestion 
control in wired networks.  However, the packet losses in wireless networks are 
mostly caused by outages due to connection interruptions such as fading, channel 
preemptions, and handoffs.  In this paper, we investigate the performance of two TCP 
implementations in mobile computing environments.  We consider simplified versions of 
two TCP implementations (refer to as Protocol I \& II).  Protocol I is a variation of 
the TCP Tahoe which uses a fine-grained timer.  Protocol II is a simplified version 
of the TCP Vegas.  We first describe an interesting observed phenomena with these two 
timer-based protocols when the wireless channel is periodically taken away from the 
end/end connections.  Next, we show the robustness of Protocol II and quantify its 
improvement over Protocol I in terms of achievable goodputs.  We also discuss better 
goodputs can be achieved by setting the RTO differently to account for a higher 
variability in delays caused by the wireless channel.  Finally, we describe how a 
bigger TCP segment size helps to improve goodputs when these TCP segments are 
transported over the wireless channel.",
}


@ARTICLE{MSH95,
   author="Movahhedinia, N. and  Stamatelos, G. and  Hafez, H.M.",
   title={Slot assignment protocol for indoor wireless ATM networks using the channel 
characteristics and the traffic parameters},
   journal = "Conference Record / IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "327--331",
   abstract = "
The rapid development of wireless in-building communication systems, has 
widened the scope of supported applications.  Remote terminals may be capable of 
producing broadband real-time traffic such as variable bit-rate (VBR) video or highly 
bursty instantaneous file transfers.  So one of the important issues in indoor 
broadband wireless networks (IBWN) is employment of an efficient bandwidth management 
protocol.  In such a protocol, both the effects of radio channel behavior and the 
traffic heterogeneity have to be considered.  In this paper we present a bandwidth 
allocation scheme based on the interplay of the radio channel characteristics and the 
traffic statistical parameters and requirements.  In this scheme the base station 
visits the terminals in a non-uniform cyclic fashion.  The inter-visit interval and 
the amount of service which is provided to a user during each visit, is determined 
based on the channel and traffic parameters.  This system is evaluated by simulations 
and is found to provide improved performance in handling the requirements of 
multimedia services in IBWN.",
}


@ARTICLE{CC95,
   author="Chou, Hsiu-Fen and  Chen, Kwang-Cheng",
   title={Performance of group randomly addressed polling with reservation in 
wireless integrated service networks},
   journal = "Conference Record / IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "1497--1501",
   abstract = "
The performance of group randomly addressed polling (GRAP) protocol for 
wireless data networks has been demonstrated efficient and reliable.  To conform with 
the significant demand on time-bounded service, reservation technique has been 
proposed associated with GRAP as reservation-group randomly addressed polling (R-
GRAP) protocol.  We analytically evaluate its performance in this paper to confirm 
the robust and efficient simulation results.",
}


@ARTICLE{CO96,
   author="Chen, X.H. and  Oksman, J.",
   title={Destructive collision-free protocol for distributed DS/CDMA wireless 
networks using code-sensing and chip-rate-division techniques},
   journal = "IEE Proceedings: Communications",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 143,
   number = 1,
   pages = "47--55",
   abstract = "
In the paper a spreading code protocol (the code-sensing R**3 code 
protocol) designed for wireless local networks is proposed and its performance is 
analysed.  In a network adopting the protocol, destructive collisions among terminals 
are minimised by utilising the busy code-sensing and dual chip-rate techniques in 
transmissions of the REQ and ACK/data packets.  A two-dimensional continuous-time 
Markov model is applied to study the behaviour of the protocol.  The results show 
that a respectable improvement in throughput-delay performance can be achieved by the 
proposed protocol when compared to those previously reported in the literature.",
}


@ARTICLE{SFH96,
   author="Spaniol, O. and  Fasbender, A. and  Hoff, S. and  Kaltwasser, J. and  Kassubek, J.",
   title={Challenges for wireless networks and OSI},
   journal = "Applied Microwave and Wireless",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 8,
   number = 1,
   pages = "13pp",
   abstract = "
The integration of mobile data and multimedia services poses the need for 
a suitable protocol architecture.  This paper describes the differences between 
existing networks and the special problems to be solved for Open Systems 
Interconnection (OSI).",
}


@ARTICLE{XNY96,
   author="Xie, H. and  Narasimhan, P. and  Yuan, R. and  Raychaudhuri, D.",
   title={Data link control protocols for wireless ATM access channels},
   journal = "Annual International Conference on Universal Personal Communications- 
Record",
   year = 1996,
   pages = "753--757",
   abstract = "
This paper describes data link control procedures for wireless ATM access 
channels based on a dynamic TDMA/TDD framework.  The system under consideration 
provides integrated ATM services including available bit-rate (ABR) data and constant 
/ variable bit-rate (CBR/VBR) voice or video through the addition of wireless-
specific medium access control (MAC) and data link control (DLC) protocol layers 
between the physical and ATM network layers.  The purpose of the DLC protocol layer 
is to insulate the ATM network layer from wireless channel impairments by selective 
retransmission of erroneous or lost cells before they are released to the ATM layer.  
The DLC methods described here exploit the on-demand ABR burst transmission 
capability of the dynamic TDMA channel to retransmit unacknowledged cells in 
available slots not allocated to service data.  Specific error recovery procedures 
are outlined for both (asynchronous) ABR and (isochronous) CBR services.  For ABR, 
the DLC operation follows a group ACK/NACK based selective reject (SREJ) procedure on 
a burst-by-burst basis, without time limits for completion.  For CBR, the 
retransmission procedure is constrained to complete within a specified time interval 
(specified by the application at call set-up time), so that isochronous delivery of 
cells to the ATM layer can be maintained.  The proposed protocols have been validated 
using a software emulator which incorporates a choice of radio channel models, 
dynamatic TDMA/TDD MAC, and ABR or CBR DLC.  Numerical results show that the data 
link control protocols under consideration can significantly improve wireless ATM 
service quality over impaired radio channels for both packet data ABR and stream type 
CBR virtual circuits.",
}


@ARTICLE{HP96,
   author="Harmsze, Francoise and  Prasad, Ramjee",
   title={Hybrid ISMA/CDMA and CDMA/ISMA protocols for IWCC},
   journal = "Annual International Conference on Universal Personal Communications- 
Record",
   year = 1996,
   pages = "733--737",
   abstract = "
This paper presents a novel multiple access scheme, which is a 
combination of Inhibit Sense Multiple Access (ISMA) and Code Division Multiple Access 
(CDMA), for the Indoor Wireless Computer Communications (IWCC).  This new multiple 
access scheme is called Hybrid ISMA/CDMA protocol.  The performance of hybrid 
ISMA/CDMA protocol is evaluated in terms of throughput and the probability of packet 
errors.  A similar protocol has been proposed earlier which is known as hybrid 
CDMA/ISMA protocol.  A comparison between the two protocols is discussed and 
conclusions are drawn based on the computed results.",
}


@ARTICLE{WMT95,
   author="Wu, Gang and  Mizuno, Mitsuhiko and  Taira, Kazumasa and  Mukumoto, Kaiji and  Fukuda, 
Akira",
   title={Mixed channel access and hybrid ARQ method for wireless communication 
networks},
   journal = "Annual International Conference on Universal Personal Communications- 
Record",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "707--712",
   abstract = "
Many MAC (Medium Access Control) protocols have been proposed for 
wireless communication networks thus far.  However, most of them are based on the 
assumption of error-free channel(s) while others assume error channels but do not 
take into account the error control method.  On the other hand, discussions on ARQ 
(Auto Repeat reQuest) schemes are usually limited on the level of point-to-point 
communications.  In this paper, we apply a hybrid ARQ (HARQ) scheme, which is a 
combination of the idea of type-II HARQ and the interleaving technique, to R-ISMA 
(Reserved Idle Signal Multiple Access) protocol.  Since R-ISMA is flexible in polling 
terminals and the HARQ scheme is designed for anti burst errors, the mixed method is 
an expectable one in fading channels.  The dynamic system performance is evaluated by 
using TFA (Transient Fluid Approximation) analysis based on the Fritchman's simple 
partitioned Markov chain model, which is used to describe the burst error channel.",
}


@ARTICLE{WW95a,
   author="Wen, Jyh-Horng and  Wang, Jee-Wey",
   title={Non-collision PRMA protocol for integrated voice and standard wireless 
networks},
   journal = "Annual International Conference on Universal Personal Communications- 
Record",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "462--466",
   abstract = "
A key to integrate voice and data traffic onto a common radio channel is 
the silence gaps detection technique.  By restraining the voice terminals while 
silence from occupying the slots, the system capacity can be significantly improved.  
This paper considers the integrated voice/data services using NC-PRMA protocol in 
which the silence gaps detection technique is provided.  Also, two additional 
strategies are applied to this protocol for the purpose of improving system 
performance: (1) to limit the number of slots shared by the voice terminals as less 
as possible subject to the packet dropping rate no more than 0.01; (2) to dynamically 
control the data terminals to share all of the unused time slots in a ?round robin' 
manner.  Based on these strategies, the performance of movable boundary and no 
boundary slot assignment schemes are analyzed.  The performance is measured in terms 
of the blocking probabilities of voice and data terminals and the mean transmission 
time of data terminals.  The results show that, on the basis of voice and data 
traffic are the same, the no boundary scheme performs better than the movable scheme 
does.",
}


@ARTICLE{BGK95,
   author="Bagrodia, R. and  Gerla, M. and  Kleinrock, L. and  Short, J. and  Tsai, T.-C.",
   title={Hierarchical simulation environment for mobile wireless networks},
   journal = "Winter Simulation Conference Proceedings",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "563--570",
   abstract = "
A hierarchical simulator has been designed for multimedia communication 
protocols in a wireless mobile environment.  The hierarchical approach integrates 
performance evaluation of protocols with their implementation.  The approach supports 
scalability studies of the protocols in an efficient manner using coarse grain models 
that abstract implementation details of the protocol and its execution environment by 
a few key parameters.  Fine grain, low-level models that capture implementation 
details are used for detailed evaluation of small networks and for automatic 
implementation on radio platforms.  The design, evaluation, and implementation cycle 
is closed by feeding the measurements from the implementation back into the model to 
improve its accuracy.  The paper describes the use of the environment in the 
evaluation and implementation of a cluster-based multihop protocol for multimedia 
traffic.",
}


@ARTICLE{Jia96b,
   author="Jiang, S.",
   title={Improvement of integrated services on CDMA wireless LANs using the handshake-
Aloha protocol},
   journal = "Electronics Letters",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 32,
   number = 1,
   pages = "12--14",
   abstract = "
The author proposes a frame-based, Handshake-Aloha protocol suitable for 
CDMA wireless LANs.  Performance evaluation using a continuous-time Markov chain and 
Poisson error models shows that both the data and voice throughput are significantly 
improved, compared to the pure Aloha protocol.",
}


@ARTICLE{JM96,
   author="Johnson, David B. and  Maltz, David A.",
   title={Protocols for adaptive wireless and mobile networking},
   journal = "IEEE Personal Communications",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 3,
   number = 1,
   pages = "34--42",
   abstract = "
The Mobile Networking Architecture (Monarch) Project at Carnegie Mellon 
University is developing networking protocols and protocol interfaces to allow truly 
seamless wireless and mobile host networking.  The scope of these efforts includes 
protocol design, implementation, performance evaluation, and usage-based validation, 
spanning areas ranging roughly from portions of the International Standards 
Organization data link layer through the presentation layer.  This paper presents a 
status report of this work in the context of broader efforts by the Internet mobile 
networking community.",
}


@ARTICLE{VNH96,
   author="Varma, Vijay K. and  Noerpel, Anthony R. and  Harasty, Daniel J.",
   title={Integrated alerting and system broadcast channel for a wireless access 
system},
   journal = "IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology",
   year = 1996,
   month = feb,
   volume = 45,
   number = 1,
   pages = "157--163",
   abstract = "
A protocol is described which allows a wireless access system to 
dynamically multiplex the alerting, system information, and priority access request 
subchannels on its system-wide broadcast channel.  These subchannels each have 
different requirements with respect to the message length and position within the 
framing structure; the described protocol meets each of their requirements.   The 
protocol efficiently accommodates a wide range of alerting traffic levels and 
provides for efficient downloading of system information to subscriber units by using 
excess capacity when alerting traffic is low.  It provides error detection 
capabilities above that provided by the radio channel alone and is easily extendible 
to accommodate other services such as paging and low bandwidth broadcast messaging.  
The flexibility provided by this protocol could permit a broad range of network 
architectures for wireless access.",
}


@ARTICLE{MH95,
   author="Mandayam, Narayan B. and  Holtzman, Jack M.",
   title={Analysis of a simple protocol for short message data service in an 
integrated voice/data CDMA system},
   journal = "Proceedings - IEEE Military Communications Conference MILCOM",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1160--1164",
   abstract = "
This paper analyzes a simple protocol for transmission of short data 
messages in an integrated voice/data wireless DS-CDMA network.  Voice calls are given 
preemptive priority over data calls and the protocol for data calls is controlled by 
the QoS (Quality of Service) requirement for the voice calls.  Imperfections in power 
control for such CDMA systems are included while studying the effect of the protocol 
on average performance measures like throughput, blocking probability and delay for 
the short message data service.",
}


@ARTICLE{CT95,
   author="Chen, Kwang-Cheng and  Twu, Dsun-Chie",
   title={On the multiuser information theory for wireless networks with interference},
   journal = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio 
Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1313--1317",
   abstract = "
Wireless networks with multicell structure for personal communications 
are known as a kind of interference-limited communications.  From the multiuser 
information theory, we consider interference into both multiple access and broadcast 
channels.  We further demonstrate that the 5-segment handshaking procedure is the 
approach to generally design a reliable multiple access protocol for interference-
limited wireless mobile networks.",
}


@ARTICLE{DGP95,
   author="Daigle, John N. and  Giacomazzi, P. and  Petorovic, R.",
   title={Contention protocol performance in wireless personal communication systems},
   journal = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio 
Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1112--1117",
   abstract = "
We examine the throughput, delay, and stability of a resource reservation 
system for a wireless personal communication network.  The system we consider has a 
network of base transmitters, which simulcast information to a collection of mobile 
users, and a network of base receivers tuned to the same channel.  The mobile users 
request bandwidth by contending during specified time slots.  We present models that 
consider the combined effects of noise, co-channel interference, and other channel 
characteristics in computing the probability of successful packet transmission.  We 
obtain numerical results via simulation that can help to understand issues involved 
in engineering a system.",
}


@ARTICLE{Zhu95,
   author="Zhuang, Weihua",
   title={Medium access control protocol for multimedia wireless networks},
   journal = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio 
Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "1094--1098",
   abstract = "
This paper proposes a medium access control (MAC) protocol for the 
reverse link transmission of a multimedia indoor packet wireless network.  The 
proposed TDMA-based protocol takes into account of harsh indoor radio propagation 
environments and requirements for quality of service.  It combines an extended packet 
reservation multiple access (E-PRMA) protocol with reservation ALOHA (R-ALOHA) in 
order to meet transmission performance requirements for delay sensitive and error 
sensitive services respectively.  The system throughput and packet dropping 
probability using the E-PRMA protocol are analyzed for low-rate and high-rate mobile 
terminals.",
}


@ARTICLE{NIS95,
   author="Nor, Sulaiman Mohd and  Ismail, Ishak and  Semarak, Jalan",
   title={Performance of CSMA-CA MAC protocol for distributed radio local area 
networks},
   journal = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio 
Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "912--914",
   abstract = "
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with ColIision Avoidance (CSMA-CA) will be 
used as the basic medium access control (MAC) protocol for Wireless LANs.  Wireless 
LAN will be supporting two types of services, time bounded and asynchronous data 
transmission.  In this paper we present simulation results for throughput and delays 
for a distributed Radio LAN for different values of inter frame spacing periods, 
transmission speeds and number of nodes.  Depending on the application, the results 
obtained suggest that proper inter frame space values have to be chosen for optimal 
network performance.",
}


@ARTICLE{BH95b,
   author="Barton, Melbourne and  Hsing, T. Russell",
   title={Architecture for wireless ATM networks},
   journal = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio 
Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "778--782",
   abstract = "
This paper presents design considerations for future-generation personal 
communication networks (PCN) that integrate wireless access with the broadband 
wireline asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network.  Apart from the wireless ATM 
network architecture, some of the other issues that we report on include design of 
the wireless-to-wireline network interfaces, and the specification of a wireless 
protocol reference model.  Two examples are given of ways to accomplish diversity and 
related handoffs in the wireless ATM network.",
}


@ARTICLE{ATE95,
   author="Apostolas, C. and  Tafazolli, R. and  Evans, B.G.",
   title={Wireless ATM LAN},
   journal = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio 
Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "773--777",
   abstract = "
In the following paper, a TDMA-based multiplexing protocol is introduced 
as a candidate multiple access scheme, for an indoor radio LAN which is based on the 
ATM concept.  This protocol attempts to provide high bandwidth utilization and 
satisfy the delay requirements of different types of services.  The signaling for the 
radio link access is in accordance with that used at the User-to-Network Interface 
(UNI) of the public B-ISDN.  The proposed solution deals with the problem of 
synchronizing various connections which belong to a multiconnection call and takes 
advantage of the discontinuous data generation which characterizes voice and file 
transfers.",
}


@ARTICLE{WW95b,
   author="Wen, Jyh-Horng and  Wang, Jee-Wey",
   title={New protocol for wireless voice communications - non-collision Packet 
Reservation Multiple Access},
   journal = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio 
Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "638--642",
   abstract = "
The Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA) protocol has been proposed 
for wireless voice communications in several literature.  The study results show that 
the PRMA system has an unstable problem in heavy load condition.  This problem is 
very similar to that the ALOHA system faces.  Hence, the PRMA system requires a 
congestion control mechanism to overcome the unstable problem.  Focusing on this 
problem, a modified version, which is referred to as Non-Collision PRMA, is proposed.  
By assigning a pair of dedicated control minislots in the call set-up phase for each 
terminal, the contention mechanism required for reservation in PRMA protocol is 
replaced by individual reservation procedure.  As expected, the packet collision does 
never occur.  Also, the study results show that the overall performance of NC-PRMA 
system is superior to that of PRMA system.",
}


@ARTICLE{CLC95,
   author="Chou, Hsiu-Fen and  Lee, Cheng-Hua and  Chen, Kwang-Cheng",
   title={Group randomly addressed polling with reservation for wireless integrated 
service networks},
   journal = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio 
Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "618--622",
   abstract = "
Group randomly addressed polling (GRAP) protocol has been demonstrated as 
an efficient and reliable multiple access protocol for wireless data networks.  To 
serve time-bounded or integrated service traffic, reservation technique is proposed 
to modify GRAP as reservation-group randomly addressed polling (R-GRAP) protocol in 
this paper.  We first evaluate its performance for voice wireless networks to 
highlight the adequacy of adopting R-GRAP for future personal communications.  Based 
on our evaluations to adopt R-GRAP to serve integrated voice and data traffic, we 
demonstrate the superiority of R-GRAP for wireless integrated service networks.",
}


@ARTICLE{CG95,
   author="Chhaya, Harshal S. and  Gupta, Sanjay",
   title={Throughput and fairness properties of asynchronous data transfer methods in 
the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol},
   journal = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio 
Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "613--617",
   abstract = "
To satisfy the needs of wireless data networking, study group 802.11 was 
formed under IEEE project 802 to recommend an international standard for Wireless 
Local Area Networks (WLANs).  A key part of standard are the Medium Access Control 
(MAC) protocols needed to support asynchronous and time bounded delivery of data 
frames.  We conduct performance evaluation of the asynchronous data transfer 
protocols that are a part of the proposed IEEE 802.11 standard taking into account 
the decentralized nature of communication between stations, the possibility of 
?capture', and presence of ?hidden stations'.  We compute system throughput and 
evaluate fairness properties of the proposed MAC protocols and evaluate the impact of 
spatial characteristics on the performance of the system.  Further, extensive 
numerical results are presented.",
}


@ARTICLE{VL95,
   author="van den Broek, Casper and  Linnartz, Jean-Paul M.G.",
   title={Simulation study of space and time reservation multiple access},
   journal = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio 
Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "527--531",
   abstract = "
The paper introduces a new protocol for wireless cellular networks by 
combining a time reservation scheme with a dynamic space reservation scheme.  The 
proposed new protocol, known as the Space and Time Reservation Multiple Access 
(STRMA) protocol, does not use a fixed reuse pattern but allows a dynamic reservation 
of bandwidth in both time and space.  The performance of this protocol found by 
simulation is compared with the performance of a cellular network that uses PRMA with 
a fixed frequency reuse pattern.  It is found that for homogenous traffic STRMA 
offers improved performance over a wide range of traffic loads.  For inhomogenous 
traffic the improvement is even more pronounced.",
}


@ARTICLE{KJ95,
   author="Kim, Hwa-Jong and  Jeong, Won-Young",
   title={Communication protocol for virtual cellular network (VCN)},
   journal = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio 
Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "343--347",
   abstract = "
Recently a new wireless communication architecture, the 'Virtual Cellular 
Network (VCN)' was proposed in order to improve the performance of conventional 
cellular networks.  Advantage of the VCN includes increased throughput, easy placing 
of ports, no handover and simple wireless communications.  In this paper, a random 
access uplink (mobile-to-station) protocol, the Multi Packet Encoding (MPE) is 
proposed for the VCN in order to provide almost fair throughput independently of the 
position of mobiles.  Moreover, the MPE reduces backoff delay by using error 
correction code, and increases downlink channel efficiency due to the minimized 
feedback (Ack's).  A Minimum Group (MG) protocol is proposed for downlink.  The MG 
protocol supports multicast (several ports send same downstream packets) as well as 
unicast (only one port sends the packet to mobile).",
}


@ARTICLE{PW95,
   author="Pichna, Roman and  Wang, Qiang",
   title={MAC protocol for the integrated wireless access network},
   journal = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio 
Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 1,
   pages = "248--252",
   abstract = "
A synchronous cellular packet Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 
protocol for Integrated Wireless Access Network (IWAN) is investigated.  A traffic 
equilibrium analysis for the reverse link is presented.  Results are shown for a 
mixture of two traffic types: high-rate and low-rate.  Throughput, delay, and 
expected queue length distribution for both traffic types are presented.",
}


@ARTICLE{JCJ95,
   author="Jeong, Dong Geun and  Choi, Chong-Ho and  Jeon, Wha Sook",
   title={Design and performance evaluation of a new medium access control protocol 
for local wireless data communications},
   journal = "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
   year = 1995,
   month = dec,
   volume = 3,
   number = 6,
   pages = "742--752",
   abstract = "
This paper proposes a new medium access control protocol for wireless 
data communications in local area, called the reservation-based multiple access with 
variable frame length (RMAV).  We design RMAV under the consideration that the 
population of wireless terminals and the system load frequently change and are almost 
unpredictable in wireless data communications.  RMAV is based on the slot reservation 
scheme and adopts a frame structure with variable length.  The frame length increases 
as the number of active terminals and/or the system load increases.  We evaluate the 
performance of RMAV by analysis and computer simulation.  Due to its adaptability to 
traffic patterns, RMAV offers short delay in light load conditions and high 
throughput in heavy load conditions.",
}


@ARTICLE{Man95,
   author="Mangione-Smith, Bill",
   title={Low power communications protocols: paging and beyond},
   journal = "IEEE Symposium on Low Power Electronics",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "8--11",
   abstract = "
Paging subscriber devices leverage multiple technologies to achieve low 
power and long battery life: semiconductors, circuits, systems architecture and 
network protocol.  While many types of electronic devices have capitalized on low-
power features for several of these technologies, few other than personal paging 
services have taken advantage of opportunities presented by well designed protocols 
with explicit power-reduction features.  This paper will review the state-of-practice 
in existing paging services, and discuss the relevance of such techniques to other 
wireless communication systems.",
}


@ARTICLE{LVN95,
   author="Le, Huy Linh Anh and  van Roosmalen, Huub and  Nijhof, Jos and  Prasad, Ramjee",
   title={Unslotted hybrid CDMA/ISMA protocol for indoor wireless computer 
communications},
   journal = "Proc 1995 IEEE 3 Symp Commun Vehic Technol Benelux",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "68--75",
   abstract = "
A hybrid Code Division Multiple Access / Inhibit Sense Multiple Access 
(CDMA/ISMA) protocol has been proposed as an effective multiple access scheme for 
Indoor Wireless Computer Communications.  This new protocol combines the advantages 
of both CDMA and ISMA into one protocol.  On the one hand the ISMA protocol 
introduces a limitation to the number of simultaneous accesses to the transmission 
channel.  On the other hand the CDMA protocol introduces an improvement to the packet 
survival chance.  Slotted hybrid CDMA/ISMA protocol has been reported in [1] .  It is 
shown that the performance of the hybrid protocol is indeed better than CDMA only.  
In addition, code sharing can be applied to reduce hardware cost.  This paper 
presents the performance analysis of the unslotted CDMA/ISMA protocol in order to 
take more advantage of the strength of the hybrid protocol.  The performance 
comparison between the slotted and unslotted hybrid CDMA/ISMA protocol is evaluated 
in terms of throughput and delay using computer simulation and mathematical analysis.",
}


@ARTICLE{LHM95,
   author="Linnenbank, George R.J. and  Havinga, Paul J.M. and  Mullender, Sape J. and  Smit, 
Gerard J.M.",
   title={Request-TDMA: a multiple-access protocol for wireless multimedia networks},
   journal = "Proc 1995 IEEE 3 Symp Commun Vehic Technol Benelux",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "20--27",
   abstract = "
In this paper we propose a multiple-access protocol that is well suited 
for a limited-bandwidth (1-10 Mbps) single-cell wireless network for indoor 
multimedia communication.  We do not consider interference between cells.  The 
proposed protocol exploits the available bandwidth fully and supports real-time and 
non-real-time communication.  The throughput per mobile station is higher compared to 
other multiple access protocols, it offers low latency for both real-time and non-
real-time communication and the reserved but unused bandwidth is reused for non-real-
time communication.  Furthermore, the throughput and latency remain stable under high 
loads.",
}


@ARTICLE{Ano95c,
   author="Anon (Ed.)",
   title={Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference on Network Protocols},
   journal = "International Conference on Network Protocols",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "374",
   abstract = "
The proceedings contains 42 papers.  Topics discussed include protocols 
in wireless networks, asynchronous transfer mode bandwidth assignments, protocol 
synthesis, asynchronous switch design, traffic control in computer networks, 
transport protocols, wireless communications, information networks, multimedia 
synchronization, internetworking, and large area networks.",
}


@ARTICLE{GP95,
   author="Gouda, M.G. and  Paul, Sanjoy",
   title={Wireless link protocol: design by refinement},
   journal = "International Conference on Network Protocols",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "192--200",
   abstract = "
In this paper, we develop an asymmetric protocol for wireless 
communication in a step-by-step manner.  We start with a very simple protocol and 
prove its correctness.  Then we relax the assumptions of the simple protocol one by 
one, verifying the correctness of the protocol at each step as we relax the 
assumptions.  This process is continued in a systematic manner until no assumptions 
are left.  The novelty of the paper lies in the way the assumptions are relaxed 
without violating the correctness properties of the protocol while at the same time 
making the protocol efficient.  The final result is a provably correct protocol which 
is also efficient for wireless channels.",
}


@ARTICLE{Bis95,
   author="Bisdikian, Chatschik C.",
   title={Throughput behavior of the n-ary stack algorithm in mobile networks with 
capture},
   journal = "Conference on Local Computer Networks",
   year = 1995,
   pages = "453--458",
   abstract = "
The emergence of wireless and personal communication networks has brought 
random access protocols for packet radio networks back to the research forefronts.  
Most such protocols are based on the ever popular ALOHA protocol.  Unfortunately, 
this protocol is inherently unstable and requires sophisticated schemes to stabilize 
it.  Another class of random access schemes, called limited sensing or stack 
algorithms, has been proposed that is stable and allows for the dynamic incorporation 
of new stations into the network.  In this paper, we will review the simple to 
implement n-ary Stack Algorithm, and we will demonstrate its performance in the 
presence of capture under various system parameters.  As a by-product of this work, 
we will show that random access schemes have throughput conditions that are sensitive 
to the traffic generation process.",
}


@ARTICLE{LC95,
   author="Li, Meng-Che and  Chen, Kwang-Cheng",
   title={GRAPO - optimized group randomly addressed polling for wireless data network},
   journal = "International Journal of Wireless Information Networks",
   year = 1995,
   volume = 2,
   number = 4,
   pages = "247--254",
   abstract = "
This paper presents a MAC (medium access control) layer protocol GRAPO 
(optimized group randomly addressed polling) for wireless (local area) data network.  
GRAPO statistically optimizes the original version of GRAP proposed earlier [6, 7, 9] 
to deliver smooth converging and better throughput/delay performance.  It is a good 
candidate of MAC protocol for wireless LANs and other wireless network applications 
to serve time bounded services.",
}
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Mobile Networks and Applications 3 (1998) 4


@ARTICLE{Per98,
   author = "Charles E. Perkins",
   title = {Mobile Networking in the Internet},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 3,
   number = 4,   
   pages = "319--334",
   abstract = "
Computers capable of attaching to the Internet from many places are
likely to grow in popularity until they dominate the population of the
Internet. Consequently, protocol research has shifted into high gear
to develop appropriate network protocols for supporting mobility. This
introductory article attempts to outline some of the many promising
and interesting research directions. The papers in this special issue
indicate the diversity of viewpoints within the research community,
and it is part of the purpose of this introduction to frame their place
within the overall research area.
"
}


@ARTICLE{SK98,
   author = "Mark Stemm and Randy H. Katz",
   title = {Vertical handoffs in wireless overlay networks},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 3,
   number = 4,   
   pages = "335--350",
   abstract = "
No single wireless network technology simultaneously provides a low latency,
high bandwidth, wide area data service to a large number of mobile users.
Wireless Overlay Networks -- a hierarchical structure of room-size,
building-size, and wide area data networks -- solve the problem of providing
network connectivity to a large number of mobile users in an efficient and
scalable way. The specific topology of cells and the wide variety of network
technologies that comprise wireless overlay networks present new problems that
have not been encountered in previous cellular handoff systems. We have
implemented a vertical handoff system that allows users to roam between cells
in wireless overlay networks. Our goal is to provide a user with the best possible
connectivity for as long as possible with a minimum of disruption during
handoff. Results of our initial implementation show that the handoff latency is
bounded by the discovery time, the amount of time before the mobile host
discovers that it has moved into or out of a new wireless overlay. This discovery
time is measured in seconds: large enough to disrupt reliable transport protocols
such as TCP and introduce significant disruptions in continuous multimedia
transmission. To efficiently support applications that cannot tolerate these
disruptions, we present enhancements to the basic scheme that significantly
reduce the discovery time without assuming any knowledge about specific
channel characteristics. For handoffs between room-size and building-size
overlays, these enhancements lead to a best-case handoff latency of
approximately 170~ms with a 1.5\% overhead in terms of network resources. For
handoffs between building-size and wide-area data networks, the best-case
handoff latency is approximately 800~ms with a similarly low overhead.
"
}


@ARTICLE{CP98,
   author = "Ram{\'o}n C{\'a}ceres and Venkata N. Padmanabhan",
   title = {Fast and scalable wireless handoffs in support of mobile Internet audio},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 3,
   number = 4,   
   pages = "351--363",
   abstract = "
Future internetworks will include large numbers of portable devices moving
among small wireless cells. We propose a hierarchical mobility management
scheme for such networks. Our scheme exploits locality in user mobility to
restrict handoff processing to the vicinity of a mobile node. It thus reduces
handoff latency and the load on the internetwork. Our design is based on the
Internet Protocol (IP) and is compatible with the Mobile IP standard. We also
present experimental results for the lowest level of the hierarchy. We
implemented our local handoff mechanism on Unix-based portable computers
and base stations, and evaluated its performance on a WaveLAN network. These
experiments show that our handoffs are fast enough to avoid noticeable
disruptions in interactive audio traffic. For example, our handoff protocol
completes less than 10 milliseconds after a mobile node initiates it. Our
mechanism also recovers from packet losses suffered during the transition from
one cell to another. This work helps extend Internet telephony and
teleconferencing to mobile devices that communicate over wireless networks.
"
}


@ARTICLE{CWBM98,
   author = "Vineet Chikarmane and Carey L. Williamson and Richard B. Bunt and Wayne L. Mackrell",
   title = {Multicast support for mobile hosts using Mobile IP: Design issues and proposed architecture},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 3,
   number = 4,
   pages = "365--379",
   abstract = "
In this paper, we consider the problem of providing multicast to mobile hosts
using Mobile IP for network routing support. Providing multicast in an
internetwork with mobile hosts is made difficult because many multicast
protocols are inefficient when faced with frequent membership or location
changes. This basic difficulty can be handled in a number of ways, but three
main problems emerge with most solutions. The tunnel convergence problem,
the duplication problem, and the scoping problem are identified in this paper and
a set of solutions are proposed. The paper describes an architecture to support IP
multicast for mobile hosts using Mobile IP. The basic unicast routing capability
of Mobile IP is used to serve as the foundation for the design of a multicast
service facility for mobile hosts. We believe that our scheme is transparent to
higher layers, simple, flexible, robust, scalable, and, to the extent possible,
independent of the underlying multicast routing facility. For example, our
scheme could interoperate with DVMRP, MOSPF, CBT, or PIM in the current
Internet. Where differences exist between the current version of IP (IPv4) and
the next generation protocol (IPv6), these differences and any further
optimizations are discussed.
"
}


@ARTICLE{GM98,
   author = "Vipul Gupta and Gabriel Montenegro",
   title = {Secure and mobile networking},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 3,
   number = 4,
   pages = "381--390",
   abstract = "
The IETF Mobile IP protocol is a significant step towards enabling nomadic
Internet users. It allows a mobile node to maintain and use the same IP address
even as it changes its point of attachment to the Internet. Mobility implies higher
security risks than static operation. Portable devices may be stolen or their traffic
may, at times, pass through links with questionable security characteristics. Most
commercial organizations use some combination of source-filtering routers,
sophisticated firewalls, and private address spaces to protect their network from
unauthorized users. The basic Mobile IP protocol fails in the presence of these
mechanisms even for authorized users. This paper describes enhancements that
enable Mobile IP operation in such environments, i.e., they allow a mobile user,
out on a public portion of the Internet, to maintain a secure virtual presence
within his firewall-protected office network. This constitutes what we call a
Mobile Virtual Private Network (MVPN).
"
}


@ARTICLE{RH98,
   author = "Sudhir Ramakrishna and Jack M. Holtzman",
   title = {Interaction of TCP and data access control in an integrated voice/data CDMA system},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 3,
   number = 4,
   pages = "409--417",
   abstract = "
This paper considers the interaction between a proposed data access control
scheme and the standardized error recovery schemes on the radio link of a
voice/data CDMA system. A data access control scheme for combined
voice-data CDMA systems has been proposed and studied in previous literature.
The scheme aims to maintain a certain target voice signal to interference ratio
(SIR); this is achieved by controlling the data load according to the measured
voice SIR. The data users are allowed to transmit in a radio-link time slot with
a certain permission probability, which is determined by the base station based
on the measured voice SIR in the previous slot. As per the IS-99 standards,
however, data transmission operates under the framework of TCP, which is a
higher level end-to-end protocol. The TCP data unit, called a segment, is
typically equivalent to several tens of physical layer frames; hence, a segment
transmission takes up several tens of slots. Due to changes in the number of
voice users in talkspurt (which occur on a time scale shorter than a segment
transmission time), the slot level data access control scheme can introduce
significant variability in the segment transmission time. The effect of such
variability on the TCP timers, which operate at the segment level, is of interest.
In this paper, an approximate upper bound on the data throughput, taking the
presence of TCP into account, is computed. The results provide one with an
insight into the interaction of the access control scheme with TCP; they also
give practical pointers as to choosing suitable parameters and operating points
for the scheme.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Mobile Networks and Applications 3 (1998) 3


@ARTICLE{PGG98,
   author = "Se Hyun Park and Aura Ganz and Zvi Ganz",
   title = {Security protocol for IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 3,
   number = 3,
   pages = "237--246",
   abstract = "
As Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) are rapidly deployed to expand the
field of wireless products, the provision of authentication and privacy of the
information transfer will be mandatory. These functions need to take into
account the inherent limitations of the WLAN medium such as limited
bandwidth, noisy wireless channel and limited computational power. Moreover,
some of the IEEE 802.11 WLAN characteristics such as the use of a point
coordinator and the polling based Point Coordination Function (PCF) have also
to be considered in this design. In this paper, we introduce a security protocol for
the IEEE 802.11 PCF that provides privacy and authentication, and is designed
to reduce security overheads while taking into account the WLAN
characteristics. We prove this protocol using the original and modified BAN
logic.
"
}


@ARTICLE{MN98,
   author = "Jouni Mikkonen and Liina Nenonen",
   title = {Wireless ATM MAC performance evaluation, a case study: HIPERLAN type 1 vs. modified MDR},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 3,
   number = 3,
   pages = "247--259",
   abstract = "
This paper deals with wireless ATM and in particular with MAC (Medium
Access Control) mechanisms. The requirements for wireless ATM MAC are
discussed, and contention-based and TDMA/reservation based MAC protocols
are compared. The objective is to find out the suitability of current wireless
MAC schemes for ATM interworking, in comparison to new wireless ATM
MAC proposals. Two candidate mechanisms, EY-NPMA used in HIPERLAN
type 1, and a modified MDR protocol, are discussed in more detail and their
performance in different traffic scenarios is evaluated through simulations.
"
}


@ARTICLE{PMSBMD98,
   author = "Nikos Passas and Lazaros Merakos and Dimitris Skyrianoglou and Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric Bauchot and G{\'e}rard Marmig{\`e}re and St{\'e}phane Decrauzat",
   title = {MAC protocol and traffic scheduling for wireless ATM networks},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 3,
   number = 3,
   pages = "275--292",
   abstract = "
The Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol defined in the Wireless ATM
Network Demonstrator (WAND) system being developed within the project
Magic WAND is presented. Magic WAND is investigating extensions of ATM
technology to cover wireless customer premises networks, in the framework of
the Advanced Communications Technologies and Services (ACTS) programme,
funded by the European Union. The MAC protocol, known as MASCARA, uses
a dynamic TDMA scheme, which combines reservation- and contention-based
access methods to provide multiple access efficiency and quality of service
guarantees to wireless ATM terminal connections sharing a common radio
channel. The paper focuses on the description of PRADOS, a delay-oriented
traffic scheduling algorithm, which aims at satisfying the requirements of the
various traffic classes defined by the ATM architecture. Simulation results are
presented to assess the performance of the proposed algorithm in scheduling
transmission of variable bit rate connections.
"
}


@ARTICLE{BSP98,
   author = "Anthony Burrell and Harold P. Stern and P. Papantoni-Kazakos",
   title = {Dynamic capacity allocation and hybrid multiplexing techniques for ATM wireless LANs},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 3,
   number = 3,
   pages = "307--316",
   abstract = "
We consider digital wireless multimedia LANs and time-varying traffic rates.
To deal effectively with the dynamics of the time-varying traffic rates, a Traffic
Monitoring Algorithm (TMA) is deployed to dynamically allocate channel
capacities to the heterogeneous traffics. The TMA is implemented as a higher
level protocol that dictates the capacity boundaries within two distinct framed
transmission techniques: a Framed Time Domain-Based (FTDB) technique and
a Framed CDMA (FCDMA) technique. The performance of the TMA in the
presence of the FTDB technique is compared to its performance in the presence
of the FCDMA technique for some traffic scenarios. The performance metrics
used for the TMA-FTDB and TMA-FCDMA combinations are channel
capacity utilization factors, traffic rejection rates, and traffic delays. It is found
that the TMA-FTDB is superior to the TMA-FCDMA when the speed of the
transmission links is relatively low and the lengths of the transmitted messages
are relatively short. As the speed of the transmission links and the length of the
transmitted messages increase, the TMA-FCDMA eventually outperforms the
TMA-FTDB.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Mobile Networks and Applications 3 (1998) 2


@ARTICLE{Bar98,
   author = "Alberto Bartoli",
   title = {Group-based multicast and dynamic membership in wireless networks with incomplete spatial coverage},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 3,
   number = 2,
   pages = "175--188",
   abstract = "
In this paper we examine the problem of group-based multicast communication
in the context of mobile computing with wireless communication technology.
We propose a protocol in which group members may be mobile computers and
such that the group membership may change dynamically. Multicasts are
delivered in the same order at all group members (totally-ordered multicast).
Mobile computers are resource-poor devices that communicate with a wired
network through a number of spatially limited cells defining wireless links. The
spatial coverage provided by wireless links may be either complete or incomplete,
which makes the overall system model both general and realistic. The proposed
protocol is simple and does not require any hand-off in the wired network upon
movements of group members. Moreover, there is no part of the protocol
requiring that group members do not move during its execution. This feature
leads to mobility assumptions that are practical because they involve only the
global movement of group members, e.g., assumptions of the form ``a group
member does not move very fast all the time''.
"
}


@ARTICLE{WHMB98,
   author = "Carey L. Williamson and Tim G. Harrison and Wayne L. Mackrell and Richard B. Bunt",
   title = {Performance evaluation of the MoM mobile multicast protocol},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 3,
   number = 2,
   pages = "189--201",
   abstract = "
This paper presents a performance study of a mobile multicast protocol called
MoM, which is designed to support IP multicast for mobile hosts in an IP
internetwork. The protocol uses the basic unicast routing capability of IETF
Mobile IP, and leverages existing IP multicast to provide multicast services for
mobile hosts as well. A key feature of the MoM protocol is the use of designated
multicast service providers (DMSPs) to improve the scalability of mobile
multicast. Discrete-event simulation is used in the performance evaluation of
the protocol. The performance study focuses on the scalability, routing efficiency,
fairness, and overhead of the MoM protocol, as well as on DMSP selection
policies and the deliverability of multicast messages. The simulation results
suggest distinct performance advantages for the MoM protocol over other
approaches for mobile multicast, such as bi-directional tunnelling, particularly
as the number of mobile group members increases. Furthermore, even simple
policies for choosing a DMSP from possible candidates provide reasonable
tradeoffs between handoff rates, routing efficiency, deliverability of messages,
and protocol overhead.
"
}


@ARTICLE{MG98,
   author = "Andrew Muir and J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves",
   title = {An efficient packet sensing MAC protocol for wireless networks},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 3,
   number = 2,
   pages = "221--234",
   abstract = "
The Group Allocation Multiple Access with Packet-Sensing (GAMA-PS)
protocol for scheduling real-time and datagram traffic in a wireless LAN
is specified and analyzed. By maintaining a dynamically-sized cycle that
changes in length depending on the amount of network traffic, GAMA-PS is
able to efficiently control channel access while ensuring that there are
no collisions of data packets. Each cycle contains a contention period
and a group-transmission period; a station with data to send competes
for membership in the ``transmission group'' by using packet sensing to
successfully complete an RTS/CTS message exchange during the contention
period. Once a station is a member of the transmission group, it is able
to transmit a collision-free data packet during each cycle; as long as
a station has data to send, it maintains its position in the group.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Mobile Networks and Applications 3 (1998) 1


@ARTICLE{IMM98,
   author = "Antonio Iera and Salvatore Marano and Antonella Molinaro",
   title = {A layered protocol architecture for multimedia wireless-PCS networks},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 3,
   number = 1,
   pages = "73--87",
   abstract = "
Coupled with the growing interest in the Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System (UMTS) as a standard for future mobile communications, the need for a
set of functions to effectively support multimedia teleservices in such an
environment is also increasing. Starting from the idea that multimedia means
the integrated manipulation of different information and hence the independent
handling of separate information is not satisfactory, an enhanced protocol
architecture for the support of multimedia teleservices in Wireless Personal
Communication Systems based on UMTS is proposed. It involves Physical,
MAC, Data Link, and Network layers. A Synchronisation Sub-Layer is
introduced on the MAC level with the main aim of assuring a rough multimedia
inter-stream synchronisation over the air interface, which is a first step prior to
a fine end-to-end synchronisation performed by higher layers. Proposed
functions, their basic algorithms, their location in the protocol stack, as well as
the signalling exchange among modules implementing them, on network and
user sides, are described in detail in the paper. The resulting architecture well fits
the demanding nature of multimedia services and can be easily interfaced with
the wired backbone of the system.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Mobile Networks and Applications 2 (1997) 4


@ARTICLE{MMOP97,
   author = "Dimitrios Makrakis and Ranjeet S. Mander and Luis Orozco-Barbosa and P. Papantoni-Kazakos",
   title = {A spread-slotted random-access protocol with multi-priority for personal and mobile communication networks carrying integrated traffic},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 2,
   number = 4,
   pages = "325--331",
   abstract = "
This paper describes and analyzes a medium access protocol for
wireless personal communication networks serving integrated traffic. A
multi-priority mechanism, which is implemented and controlled explicitly
by the users and without any involvement from the network is incorporated
into the protocol. We examine the proposed protocol under reservation
and non-reservation policies and evaluate its performance when handling
integrated voice and data traffic.  The proposed protocol is suitable to
be used in Personal Communication Systems aiming to provide integrated
(voice/data) services.
"
}


@ARTICLE{ARR97,
   author = "Vanitha Aravamudhan and Karunaharan Ratnam and Sampath Rangarajan",
   title = {An efficient multicast protocol for PCS networks},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 2,
   number = 4,
   pages = "333--344",
   abstract = "
In a Personal Communication Services (PCS) network, mobile hosts
communicate with other mobile hosts through base stations on a wired (static)
network. The mobile hosts connect to different base stations through wireless
links and the base stations to which mobile hosts are connected change
depending on the current location of the mobile hosts. In this environment, the
problem of efficiently delivering a multicast message from one mobile host to a
group of other mobile hosts becomes challenging. In this paper, we present a
multicast protocol that delivers multicast messages from a mobile host to a
group of other mobile hosts without flooding the wired network. The multicast
protocol is built on top of a user location strategy that should follow one of the
three models of user location described in the paper. The basic multicast protocol
proposed guarantees exactly-once message delivery to all mobile hosts in the
multicast group and also ensures that multicast messages are delivered in FIFO
order from the point of view of the base station that originates the multicast
message (referred to as BS-FIFO). More importantly, an extension of the basic
protocol is provided that, unlike earlier work, delivers multicast messages in
FIFO order from the point of view of the mobile host that initiates the multicast
message (referred to as MH-FIFO). The modifications to be made to the
multicast protocol to accommodate each of the three models of user location is
also described.
"
}


@ARTICLE{YHH97,
   author = "Li-Hsing Yen and Ting-Lu Huang and Shu-Yuen Hwang",
   title = {A protocol for causally ordered message delivery in mobile computing systems},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 2,
   number = 4,
   pages = "365--372",
   abstract = "
There is a growing trend in developing applications for mobile computing
systems in which mobile host computers retain their network connections while
in transit. This paper proposes an algorithm that enforces a useful property,
namely, causal ordering, that delivers messages among mobile hosts. This
property ensures that causally related messages directed to the same destination
will be delivered in an order consistent with their causality, which is important
in applications that involve human interaction such as mobile e-mail and mobile
teleconferencing. Such applications are envisioned by the proponents of Personal
Communications Services (PCS). Without this property, users may receive and
read original messages and the corresponding replies out of order. Our algorithm,
when compared with previous proposals, provides an alternative with a low
handoff cost, medium message overhead, and low probability of unnecessary
inhibition in delivering messages.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Mobile Networks and Applications 2 (1997) 3


@ARTICLE{Rub97,
   author = "Aviel D. Rubin",
   title = {Extending NCP for protocols using public keys},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 2,
   number = 3,
   pages = "227--241",
   abstract = "
One of the greatest obstacles to wide-spread deployment of wireless mobile
systems is security. Cryptographically strong protocols and algorithms are
required to enable secure communication over links that are easy to
monitor and control by an attacker. While good cryptographic algorithms
exist, it is difficult to design protocols that are immune to malicious attack.
Good analysis techniques are lacking. This paper presents extensions to a
technique for specifying and analyzing nonmonotonic cryptographic
protocols that use asymmetric keys. We introduce new actions and
inference rules, as well as slight modifications to the Update function. An
important observation is that reasoning about the origin of messages is
quite different when dealing with asymmetric key protocols. We also
introduce the notion that keys in certificates should be bound to the
principals receiving them. We extend the technique to meet the binding
requirements and show how the flaw in the Denning and Sacco public key
protocol, which was discovered by Abadi and Needham, is revealed. We
demonstrate the extended technique using one protocol of our own and the
Needham and Schroeder public key protocol. We also introduce and analyze
a fix to a known weakness in Needham and Schroeder's protocol using our
extended technique. Finally, we present several applications of these
techniques to protocols for mobile computing over wireless networks.
"
}


@ARTICLE{SB97,
   author = "W. Storz and G. Beling",
   title = {Transmitting time-critical data over heterogeneous subnetworks using standardized protocols},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 2,
   number = 3,
   pages = "243--249",
   abstract = "
Current communication networks consist of subnetworks of different types.
Therefore a common network protocol has to be used for the transmission of
data in such a heterogeneous network. Since some time the requirement of
mobility in communication networks is showing up. For that reason wireless
networks are playing an increasing role as subnetworks. On the other hand there
is the need for multiplexed transmission of time-critical and non time-critical
(normal) data within a heterogeneous network. In this paper we discuss the
problem of multiplexed transmission of time-critical and of non time-critical
data over a wireless type subnetwork using a common standardized network
protocol. Many of the available wireless subnetworks are of low or medium
transmission speed and guarantee a fixed transmission bandwidth at the access
point. We describe a mechanism to transmit time-critical data in such a type of
subnetwork using a connectionless transport and a connectionless network
protocol. The concurrent transmission of non time-critical data using a
connection oriented transport and the same connectionless network protocol is
assumed to be of lower priority; it is scheduled in a way to fill the remaining
capacity, which has not been reserved for the transmission of time-critical data.
In our discussion we concentrate on the standardized ISO/OSI protocools CLNP
as connectionless network protocol, CLTP as connectionless transport protocol
and TP4 as connection oriented transport protocol. We propose a header
compression protocol and a fragmentation protocol for use on low bandwidth
subnetworks.
"
}


@ARTICLE{TBD97,
   author = "Zhongping Tao and Gregor v. Bochmann and Rachida Dssouli",
   title = {A formal method for synthesizing optimized protocol converters and its application to mobile data networks},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 2,
   number = 3,
   pages = "259--269",
   abstract = "
As mobile information networks are expanding rapidly, we expect to integrate
voice, paging, electronic mail and other wireless information services.
Interworking units that perform protocol conversion at the boundaries of
different networks will play an important role. In this paper, we propose an
efficient algorithm for constructing optimized protocol converters to achieve
interoperability between heterogeneous data networks. This algorithm first
derives constraints from two given protocols, and apply the constraints to
channel specifications, thus removing message sequences that do not contribute
to system progress. Then, an optimized converter is generated from a given
service specification, the two protocol specifications and the modified channel
specifications. A reduction relation is used to compare the service specification
and the constructed internetworking system in order to deal with the problem of
nondeterministic services. Compared with related works, our method has two
advantages: (1) it generates an optimized converter; (2) it can be applied to the
case that the service specification is nondeterministic. The application of the
method to mobile networks is given by an example.
"
}


@ARTICLE{CAC97,
   author = "Russell J. Clark and Mostafa H. Ammar and Kenneth L. Calvert",
   title = {Protocol discovery in multiprotocol networks},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 2,
   number = 3,
   pages = "271--284",
   abstract = "
Interoperability requires that communicating systems support compatible
protocols. Maintaining compatible protocols is problematic in heterogeneous
networks, especially in a wireless infrastructure where hosts can move from one
protocol environment to another. It is possible to improve the flexibility of a
communication network's operation by deploying systems that support multiple
protocols. These multiprotocol systems require support mechanisms that enable
users to effectively access the different protocols. Of particular importance is the
need to determine which of several protocols to use for a given communication
task. In this work, we propose architectures for a protocol discovery system that
uses directory services and protocol feedback mechanisms to determine which
protocols are supported. We describe the issues related to protocol discovery and
present protocol features necessary to support multiprotocol systems.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Mobile Networks and Applications 2 (1997) 2


@ARTICLE{ZR97,
   author = "Michele Zorzi and Ramesh R. Rao",
   title = {Performance of ARQ Go-Back-N protocol in Markov channels with unreliable feedback},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 2,
   number = 2,
   pages = "183--193",
   abstract = "
In this paper, an ARQ Go-Back-N protocol with time-out mechanism is
studied. Transmissions on both the forward and the reverse channels are
assumed to be subject to Markovian errors. A recently developed approach, based
on renewal theory, is further extended and the steady state average number of
packets in the ARQ system is evaluated. This allows us to determine analytically
both throughput and transmission delay of the system. Simulation results, that
confirm the analysis, are also presented. Based on the analysis, the trade-off
involved in the choice of the time-out parameter is identified and discussed.
"
}


@ARTICLE{CDD97b,
   author = "Mooi Choo Chuah and Bharat Doshi and Subra Dravida and Richard Ejzak and Sanjiv Nanda",
   title = {Link layer retransmission schemes for circuit-mode data over the CDMA physical channel},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 2,
   number = 2,
   pages = "195--211",
   abstract = "
In the last few years, wide-area data services over North American digital
(TDMA and CDMA) cellular networks have been standardized. The standards
were developed under three primary constraints: (i) compatibility with existing
land-line standards and systems, (ii) compatibility with existing cellular physical
layer standards that are optimized for voice, and (iii) market demands for quick
solutions. In particular, the IS-95 CDMA air interface standard permits
multiplexing of primary traffic (e.g., voice or circuit data) and secondary traffic
(e.g., packet data) or in-band signaling within the same physical layer burst. In
this paper, we describe two radio link protocols for circuit-mode data over
IS-95. The first protocol, Protocol S, relies on a single level of recovery and uses
a flexible segmentation and recovery (FSAR) sublayer to efficiently pack data
frames into multiplexed physical layer bursts. We next describe Protocol T, that
consists of two levels of recovery. Protocol T has been standardized for CDMA
circuit-mode data as IS-99 (Telecommunications Industry Association, 1994).
We provide performance comparisons of the two protocols in terms of
throughput, delay and recovery from fades. We find that the complexity of the
two level recovery mechanism can buy higher throughput through the reduced
retransmission data unit size. However, the choice of TCP (and its associated
congestion control mechanism) as the upper layer of recovery on the link layer,
leads to long fade recovery times for Protocol T. The two approaches also have
significant differences with respect to procedures and performance at handoff
and connection establishment.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Mobile Networks and Applications 2 (1997) 1


@ARTICLE{AGLM97,
   author = "Giuseppe Anastasi and Davide Grillo and Luciano Lenzini and Enzo Mingozzi",
   title = {A contention/reservation access protocol for speech and data integration in TDMA-based advanced mobile systems},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 2,
   number = 1,
   pages = "3--18",
   abstract = "
The performance of third generation mobile systems is greatly influenced by the
multiple access protocols used in the radio access system. The paper introduces a
multiple access protocol, SIR (Service Integration for Radio access), which has
the potential for accommodating the requirements of speech and bursty data
traffic in an efficient way. SIR is evolved from an access protocol (PRMA++)
studied within the framework of the TDMA-based version of the European
evolving standard for third generation mobile systems. In particular, SIR uses
the same frame structure and in-band signalling but introduces a
contention-free handling of data bandwidth requests while meeting speech
service requirements via basic PRMA++ mechanisms.
"
}


@ARTICLE{BDN97,
   author = "Raffaele Bolla and Franco Davoli and Carlo Nobile",
   title = {The RRA-ISA multiple access protocol with and without simple priority schemes for real-time and data traffic in wireless cellular systems},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 2,
   number = 1,
   pages = "45--53",
   abstract = "
A multiple access protocol, based on a Reservation Random Access (RRA)
scheme, is derived for a wireless cellular network carrying real-time and data
traffic. Given a TDMA framed channel and a cellular structure, the aim of the
protocol is that of maximizing the one-step throughput over an entire frame.
This is achieved by deciding on the access rights at the cell base station, which
then broadcasts this information at the beginning of the frame. The decision is
made on the basis of binary channel feedback information (collision/no collision)
over the previous frames, as well as of long term averages of packet generation
rates at the mobile stations, assuming independence in the presence of packets at
the latter. The resulting protocol has therefore been termed Independent Stations
Algorithm (ISA), and the overall scheme RRA-ISA. As in other RRA protocols,
time constrained (e.g., voice) traffic operates in a dynamic reservation mode, by
contending for a slot in the frame with the first packet of a burst, and then
keeping the eventually accessed slot for the duration of the burst; packets of the
time constrained traffic unable to access a slot within a maximum delay are
dropped from the input buffer. No such constraint is imposed on data traffic.
Together with the ``basic'' version of the access algorithm, three other variants
are presented, which exploit three simple different priority schemes in the
RRA-ISA ``basic'' structure, in order to give a prominence to the voice service.
The aim of these variants is to improve the performance in terms of the
maximum number of stations acceptable in the system, by slightly increasing the
data packets delay. All the proposed schemes are analyzed by simulation in the
presence of voice and data traffic. Several comparisons show a relevant
performance improvement (in terms of data delay and maximum number of
voice stations acceptable within a cell) over other protocols that use ALOHA as
a reservation mechanism (RRA-ALOHA or PRMA schemes).
"
}


@ARTICLE{WSFW97,
   author = "Jost Weinmiller and Morten Schl{\"a}ger and Andreas Festag and Adam Wolisz",
   title = {Performance study of access control in wireless LANs -- IEEE 802.11 DFWMAC and ETSI RES 10 Hiperlan},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 2,
   number = 1,
   pages = "69--87",
   abstract = "
Currently two projects are on their way to standardize physical layer
and medium access control for wireless LANs -- IEEE 802.11 and ETSI
RES 10 Hiperlan. This paper presents an introduction to both projects
focussing on the applied access schemes. Further we will present our
simulation results, analyzing the performance of both access protocols
depending on the number of stations and on the packet size, evaluating
them regarding their capability to support QoS parameters, regarding
the impact of hidden terminals and their range extension strategy.
"
}


@ARTICLE{CDD97,
   author = "Marco Conti and Claudio Demaria and Lorenzo Donatiello",
   title = {Design and performance evaluation of a MAC protocol for wireless local area networks},
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 2,
   number = 1,
   pages = "69--87",
   abstract = "
We propose and analyze, from a performance viewpoint, a Medium Access
Control (MAC) protocol for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). The
protocol, named Prioritized-Access with Centralized-Control (PACC), supports
integrated traffics by guaranteeing an almost complete utilization of network
resources. The proposed protocol combines random access for signalling, with
collision-free access to the transmission channel. The transmission channel is
assumed to be slotted, with slots grouped into frames. Access to transmission
slots is controlled by a centralized scheduler which manages a multiclass queue
containing the users' requests to access the transmission channel. Three classes
of users are assumed: voice traffic (voice), data traffic with real-time constraints
(high-priority data), and classical data traffic (low-priority data). A priority
mechanism ensures that speech users have the highest priority in accessing the
idle slots, since speech packets have a more demanding delay constraint. The
remaining channel bandwidth is shared fairly among the high-priority data
terminals. The low-priority data terminals use the slots left empty by the other
classes. Specifically, access to transmission slots is controlled by the centralized
scheduler by managing a transmission cycle for each class of terminals. The
voice-terminals cycle has a constant length equal to one frame, while the
lengths of the data-terminals cycles are random variables which depend on the
number of active voice and data terminals. In this paper we show that the
proposed scheme can support the same maximum number of voice terminals as
an ideal scheduler, while guaranteeing an almost complete utilization of network
capacity. In addition, via a performance analysis, we verify that by limiting the
number of real-time data terminals in the network this class of traffic can be
statistically guaranteed access delays in the order of 200--300~msec. Hence, the
QoS the network gives to the real-time data terminals makes this service
suitable for real-time applications such as alarms or low bit rate video.

"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Wireless Networks 5 (1999) 2


@ARTICLE{GG99,
   author = "Rodrigo Garc{\'e}s and J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves",
   title = {Collision avoidance and resolution multiple access with transmission queues},
   journal = "Wireless Networks",
   year = 1999,
   volume = 5,
   number = 2,
   pages = "95--109",
   abstract = "
We introduce a stable multiple access protocol for broadcast channels shared by
bursty stations, which we call CARMA-NTQ (for collision avoidance and
resolution multiple access with non-persistence and transmission queues). Like
previous efficient MAC protocols based on tree-splitting algorithms (e.g.,
DQRAP), CARMA-NTQ maintains a distributed queue for the transmission of
data packets and a stack for the transmission of control packets used in collision
resolution. However, CARMA-NTQ does not require the mini-slots commonly
used in protocols based on collision resolution. CARMA-NTQ dynamically
divides the channel into cycles of variable length; each cycle consists of a
contention period and a queue-transmission period. The queue-transmission
period is a variable-length train of packets, which are transmitted by stations
that have been added to the distributed transmission queue by successfully
completing a collision-resolution round in a previous contention period. During
the contention period, stations with packets to send compete for the right to be
added to the data-transmission queue using a deterministic first-success
tree-splitting algorithm, so that a new station is added to the transmission
queue. A lower bound is derived for the average throughput achieved with
CARMA-NTQ as a function of the size of the transmission queue and the
number of queue-addition requests that need to be resolved. This bound is based
on the upper bound on the average number of collision resolution steps needed to
resolve a given number of queue-add requests.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Wireless Networks 5 (1999) 1


@ARTICLE{WTH99,
   author = "Tsan-Pin Wang and Chien-Chao Tseng and Shu-Yuen Hwang",
   title = {A fair protocol for fast resource assignment in wireless PCS networks},
   journal = "Wireless Networks",
   year = 1999,
   volume = 5,
   number = 1,
   pages = "33--40",
   abstract = "
Efficient sharing of communication resources is essential to PCS networks
since the wireless bandwidth is limited. The Resource Auction Multiple
Access (RAMA) protocol was recently proposed for fast resource assignment
and handover in wireless PCS networks. The RAMA protocol assigns available
communication resources (e.g., TDMA time slots or frequency channels)
to subscribers one at a time using a collision resolution protocol based
on subscriber ID's. However, the RAMA protocol encounters an unfairness
problem; furthermore, performance results also indicate that it is
inefficient at transmitting fixed-length subscriber ID's. Moreover,
the emerging services such as teleconferencing have been presenting new
challenges to dynamic-priority resource assignment. In this paper, we
propose a modification to the RAMA protocol to improve its performance
and resolve the unfairness problem. The proposed protocol also adopts
dynamic priority assignment to improve the QOS for subscribers in
overload environments.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Wireless Networks 4 (1998) 5


@ARTICLE{SC98,
   author = "Ya-Ku Sun and Kwang-Cheng Chen",
   title = {A multi-layer collision resolution multiple access protocol for wireless networks},
   journal = "Wireless Networks",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 4,
   number = 5,
   pages = "353--364",
   abstract = "
In mobile communication networks operating in unreliable physical
transmission, random access protocol with the collision resolution (CR) scheme
is more attractive than the ALOHA family including carrier sense multiple
access (CSMA) [IEEE Networks (September 1994) 50--64], due to likely
failure on the channel sensing. Being a member of CR family schemes, a
protocol known as non-preemptive priority multiple access (NPMA) is utilized
in a new high-speed wireless local area network, HIPERLAN, standardized by
European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI). A conceptually
three-layer CR multiple access protocol generalized from NPMA, supporting
single type of traffic, is thus presented and analyzed in this paper. The CR
capability of such a protocol (and hence NPMA) is proved to be significant by
numerical substantiation that additional collision detection schemes are
dispensable; also its throughput/delay performance is excellent when the
proportion of the transmission phase to a channel access cycle is large enough
(i.e., the winner of contention should transmit all of its packets successively). On
the other hand, the simulated performance of NPMA serving integrated traffic is
not fully satisfactory, primarily due to its distributed control mode and
distinguishing traffic types only by the prioritization process.
"
}


@ARTICLE{GV98,
   author = "L{\'a}szl{\'o} Gy{\"o}rfi and Istv{\'a}n Vajda",
   title = {Analysis of protocol sequences for slow frequency hopping},
   journal = "Wireless Networks",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 4,
   number = 5,
   pages = "411--418",
   abstract = "
An error probability bound for protocol sequences is derived for frame
asynchronous access on a slow frequency hopping channel. This bound depends
on the maximum and average cyclic Hamming correlation properties of the
protocol sequences used. Constructions of protocol sequences with good cyclic
correlation properties are given.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Wireless Networks 4 (1998) 4


@ARTICLE{GP98,
   author = "Vincenzo Grassi and Francesco Lo Presti",
   title = {Markov analysis of the PRMA protocol for local wireless networks},
   journal = "Wireless Networks",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 4,
   number = 4,
   pages = "297--306",
   abstract = "
PRMA (packet reservation multiple access) is a reservation-ALOHA access
protocol specifically designed for wireless microcellular networks that handle
both real-time and non-real-time traffic. We present a thorough analysis of
this protocol, considering real-time traffic only, based on a suitable Markov
model. The size of the model is such that it can be directly used for an exact
quantitative analysis of the system. In particular, we are able to analyze the
packet dropping process, by evaluating both average and distribution measures.
The latter are particularly useful to characterize the degradation caused to
real-time traffic (e.g., voice) by the loss of consecutive packets. Besides, we also
derive from the Markov model a qualitative analysis of the system stability,
based on the equilibrium point analysis (EPA) technique. By this technique, we
characterize the system stability and analyze the effect on it of several system
parameters (e.g., load, permission probability).
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Wireless Networks 4 (1998) 1


@ARTICLE{HCD98,
   author = "George Hadjiyiannis and Anantha Chandrakasan and Srinivas Devadas",
   title = {A low power, low bandwidth protocol for remote wireless terminals},
   journal = "Wireless Networks",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 4,
   number = 1,
   pages = "3--15",
   abstract = "
We present a low bandwidth protocol for wireless multi-media terminals
targeted towards low power consumption on the terminal side. With the
widespread use of portable computing devices, low power has become a major
design criterion. One way of minimizing power consumption is to perform all
tasks, other than managing hardware for the display and input, on a stationary
workstation and exchange information between that workstation and the
portable terminal via a wireless link. A protocol for such a system that
emphasizes low bandwidth and low power requirements is presented herein.
Such a protocol should address the issue of noisy wireless channels. We describe
error correction and retransmission methods capable of dealing with burst error
noise up to BERs of $10^-3$. The final average bandwidth required is 140~Kbits/sec
for 8-bit color applications.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Wireless Networks 3 (1997) 5


@ARTICLE{DENP97,
   author = "Mikael Degermark and Mathias Engan and Bj{\"o}rn Nordgren and Stephen Pink",
   title = {Low-loss TCP/IP header compression for wireless networks},
   journal = "Wireless Networks",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 3,
   number = 5,
   pages = "375--387",
   abstract = "
Wireless is becoming a popular way to connect mobile computers to the Internet
and other networks. The bandwidth of wireless links will probably always be
limited due to properties of the physical medium and regulatory limits on the use
of frequencies for radio communication. Therefore, it is necessary for network
protocols to utilize the available bandwidth efficiently. Headers of IP packets are
growing and the bandwidth required for transmitting headers is increasing. With
the coming of IPv6 the address size increases from 4 to 16 bytes and the basic IP
header increases from 20 to 40 bytes. Moreover, most mobility schemes tunnel
packets addressed to mobile hosts by adding an extra IP header or extra routing
information, typically increasing the size of TCP/IPv4 headers to 60 bytes and
TCP/IPv6 headers to 100 bytes. In this paper, we provide new header
compression schemes for UDP/IP and TCP/IP protocols. We show how to reduce
the size of UDP/IP headers by an order of magnitude, down to four to five bytes.
Our method works over simplex links, lossy links, multi-access links, and
supports multicast communication. We also show how to generalize the most
commonly used method for header compression for TCP/IPv4, developed by
Jacobson, to IPv6 and multiple IP headers. The resulting scheme unfortunately
reduces TCP throughput over lossy links due to unfavorable interaction with
TCP's congestion control mechanisms. However, by adding two simple
mechanisms the potential gain from header compression can be realized over
lossy wireless networks as well as point-to-point modem links.
"
}


@ARTICLE{DMT97,
   author = "Robert C. Durst and Gregory J. Miller and Eric J. Travis",
   title = {TCP extensions for space communications},
   journal = "Wireless Networks",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 3,
   number = 5,
   pages = "389--403",
   abstract = "
The space communication environment and mobile and wireless communication
environments show many similarities when observed from the perspective of a
transport protocol. Both types of environments exhibit loss caused by data
corruption and link outage, in addition to congestion-related loss. The
constraints imposed by the two environments are also similar -- power, weight,
and physical volume of equipment are scarce resources. Finally, it is not
uncommon for communication channel data rates to be severely limited and
highly asymmetric. We are working on solutions to these types of problems for
space communication environments, and we believe that these solutions may be
applicable to the mobile and wireless community. As part of our work, we have
defined and implemented the Space Communications Protocol
Standards-Transport Protocol (SCPS-TP), a set of extensions to TCP that
address the problems that we have identified. The results of our performance
tests, both in the laboratory and on actual satellites, indicate that the SCPS-TP
extensions yield significant improvements in throughput over unmodified TCP
on error-prone links. Additionally, the SCPS modifications significantly improve
performance over links with highly asymmetric data rates.

"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Wireless Networks 3 (1997) 3


@ARTICLE{CG97,
   author = "Harshal S. Chhaya and Sanjay Gupta",
   title = {Performance modeling of asynchronous data transfer methods of IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol},
   journal = "Wireless Networks",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 3,
   number = 3,
   pages = "217--234",
   abstract = "
To satisfy the needs of wireless data networking, study group 802.11 was formed
under IEEE project 802 to recommend an international standard for Wireless
Local Area Networks (WLANs). A key part of standard are the Medium Access
Control (MAC) protocol needed to support asynchronous and time bounded
delivery of data frames. It has been proposed that unslotted Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) be the basis for the
IEEE 802.11 WLAN MAC protocols. We conduct performance evaluation of the
asynchronous data transfer protocols that are a part of the proposed IEEE 802.11
standard taking into account the decentralized nature of communication
between stations, the possibility of ``capture'', and presence of ``hidden'' stations.
We compute system throughput and evaluate fairness properties of the proposed
MAC protocols. Further, the impact of spatial characteristics on the
performance of the system and that observed by individual stations is
determined. A comprehensive comparison of the access methods provided by the
802.11 MAC protocol is done and observations are made as to when each should
be employed. Extensive numerical and simulation results are presented to help
understand the issues involved.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Wireless Networks 3 (1997) 1


@ARTICLE{BZ97,
   author = "Flaminio Borgonovo and Michele Zorzi",
   title = {Slotted ALOHA and CDPA: A comparison of channel access performance in cellular systems},
   journal = "Wireless Networks",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 3,
   number = 1,
   pages = "43--51",
   abstract = "
The paper compares the performance of two channel-access schemes suitable
for the cellular environment, which, in particular, allow the packet capture and
can deal with inter-cell interference. The first scheme is the well known
S-ALOHA while the second one is the Capture Division Packet Access, recently
proposed. The comparison is analytically performed over a common system with
a common analytical model. Despite the many analyses appeared on S-ALOHA,
the one we develop is new because a throughput density uniformly distributed on
the plane is considered in a multiple cell environment. The analysis clearly
shows the effect of intra-cell and inter-cell interference on the ALOHA system
and quantifies the throughput gain achieved by CDPA, which completely avoids
intra-cell interference. Our analysis also provides insight about the effectiveness
of power control on both systems. 
"
}


@ARTICLE{BBK97,
   author = "Pravin Bhagwat and Partha Bhattacharya and Arvind Krishna",
   title = {Using channel state dependent packet scheduling to improve TCP throughput over wireless LANs},
   journal = "Wireless Networks",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 3,
   number = 1,
   pages = "91--102",
   abstract = "
In recent years, a variety of mobile computers equipped with wireless
communication devices have become popular. These computers use applications
and protocols, originally developed for wired desktop hosts, to communicate over
wireless channels. Unlike wired networks, packets transmitted on wireless
channels are often subject to burst errors which cause back to back packet losses.
In this paper we study the effect of burst packet errors and error recovery
mechanisms employed in wireless MAC protocols on the performance of
transport protocols such as TCP. Most wireless LAN link layer protocols recover
from packet losses by retransmitting lost segments. When the wireless channel is
in a burst error state, most retransmission attempts fail, thereby causing poor
utilization of the wireless channel. Furthermore, in the event of multiple sessions
sharing a wireless link, FIFO packet scheduling can cause the HOL blocking
effect, resulting in unfair sharing of the bandwidth. This observation leads to a
new class of packet dispatching methods which explicitly take wireless channel
characteristics into consideration in making packet dispatching decisions. We
compare a variety of channel state dependent packet (CSDP) scheduling
methods with a view towards enhancing the performance of transport layer
sessions. Our results indicate that by employing a CSDP scheduler at the
wireless LAN device driver level, significant improvement in channel utilization
can be achieved in typical wireless LAN configurations.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Telecommunication Systems 10 (1998) 3,4


@ARTICLE{ITH98,
   author = "Masahiro Ishigaki and Yutaka Takahashi and Toshiharu Hasegawa",
   title = {Performance analysis of CSMA/CD-PS systems},
   journal = "Telecommunication Systems",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 10,
   number = {3,4},
   pages = "291--320",
   abstract = "
Recently, the interest in wireless LANs has been increasing. For wireless LANs,
light and simple terminals are desirable, and random access protocols such as
CSMA and CDMA are preferable. In order to improve the performance of these
protocols, some variations have been proposed. Among them is the
CSMA/CD-PS (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection and
Packet Segmentation) protocol, in which a message to be transmitted is divided
into several packet segments separated by short intervals to enable sensing the
channel state. In this paper we analyze the performance of CSMA/CD-PS
systems and derive the Laplace--Stieltjes transform (LST) of the probability
distribution function (PDF) of the message interdeparture time and that of the
PDF of the message response time. We note that the analysis of the LSTs of the
PDFs of performance measures is important, because in communication systems,
the output process of each sub-system may form the input process to another
one and that in order to evaluate the performance of communication systems
more accurately, we need the stochastic characteristics of relevant output
processes. Through LSTs, we can calculate not only averages but also higher
moments of performance measures such as coefficients of variation. As for the
analysis, we first define the state of the system and observe it at those epochs
just after the end of successful/unsuccessful message transmissions. Then we
derive the state transition probability matrix and obtain the state probability
distribution. Secondly we analyze the interdeparture time and response time
distribution of the system to obtain their LSTs. We also present some numerical
results for the channel utilization, the average and the coefficient of variation of
the interdeparture time, and the average and the coefficient of variation of the
message response time.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Telecommunication Systems 9 (1998) 3,4


@ARTICLE{SM98,
   author = "Kotikalapudi Sriram and Peter D. Magill",
   title = {Enhanced throughput efficiency by use of dynamically variable request minislots in MAC protocols for HFC and wireless access networks},
   journal = "Telecommunication Systems",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 9,
   number = {3,4},
   pages = "315--333",
   abstract = "
We consider Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols in which minislots are
used to request permission to transmit packets of information (voice, data, video,
or multi-media) in the upstream channels, and the information is subsequently
transmitted in packet time-slots allocated by a central controller. Such MAC
protocols are currently being considered for Hybrid Fiber-Coax (HFC) as well
as wireless access networks. In this paper, we compare MAC protocols for three
cases with regard to request minislots: (1) with no minislots (in this case, the
first of a batch of information packets from a station is transmitted in contention
mode and also carries with it a reservation request for the remainder of packets
in that batch), (2) with fixed number of minislots per frame, and (3) with
dynamically variable number of minislots per frame. There is transmission
overhead associated with minislots, but there are potential throughput efficiency
benefits under a range of traffic mix scenarios. This paper also proposes an
algorithm for dynamically varying the number of minislots as a function of the
traffic mix. Results based on analytical performance models are presented to
compare throughput efficiencies for the three cases stated above. The results
show that a MAC protocol with dynamically variable minislots has the highest
throughput efficiency amongst the different alternatives mentioned above.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Telecommunication Systems 8 (1997) 2-4


@ARTICLE{KP97b,
   author = "Anurag Kumar and Deepak Patil",
   title = {Stability and throughput analysis of unslotted CDMA-ALOHA with finite number of users and code sharing},
   journal = "Telecommunication Systems",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 8,
   number = {2-4},
   pages = "257--275",
   abstract = "
We consider a system comprising a finite number of nodes, with infinite packet
buffers, that use unslotted ALOHA with Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA) to share a channel for transmitting packetised data. We propose a
simple model for packet transmission and retransmission at each node, and show
that saturation throughput in this model yields a sufficient condition for the
stability of the packet buffers; we interpret this as the capacity of the access
method. We calculate and compare the capacities of CDMA-ALOHA (with and
without code sharing) and TDMA-ALOHA; we also consider carrier sensing
and collision detection versions of these protocols. In each case, saturation
throughput can be obtained via analysis of a continuous time Markov chain. Our
results show how saturation throughput degrades with code-sharing. Finally, we
also present some simulation results for mean packet delay. Our work is
motivated by optical CDMA in which ``chips'' can be optically generated, and
hence the achievable chip rate can exceed the achievable TDMA bit rate which
is limited by electronics. Code sharing may be useful in the optical CDMA
context as it reduces the number of optical correlators at the receivers. Our
throughput results help to quantify by how much the CDMA chip rate should
exceed the TDMA bit rate so that CDMA-ALOHA yields better capacity than
TDMA-ALOHA.
"
}


@ARTICLE{WY97,
   author = "Eric W.M. Wong and Tak-Shing Peter Yum",
   title = {Delay bounds for packet satellite protocols},
   journal = "Telecommunication Systems",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 8,
   number = {2-4},
   pages = "277--291",
   abstract = "
Two simple and tight delay lower bounds are derived for packet satellite
protocols with memoryless packet arrival process and single copy transmission.
One bound is for protocols with contention-free reservation and the other is for
protocols with contention-based reservation. The derivation indicates that for
minimum delay, a protocol should strive to maintain a balance between
transmitting packets immediately and making reservations before transmissions.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Telecommunication Systems 7 (1997) 4


@ARTICLE{RFM97,
   author = "Enrico {Del Re} and Romano Fantacci and Carlo Manfucci",
   title = {A preemptive polling protocol for applications in wireless LANs},
   journal = "Telecommunication Systems",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 7,
   number = 4,
   pages = "339--353",
   abstract = "
This paper deals with a radio-based communication network with a single radio
channel shared by several data terminals for transmissions to a single hub
station. In particular, the communication system considered is a potential
provider of wireless LAN-like services. The focus is on the capacity of
combining a preemptive polling-based multiple access scheme with a Selective
Repeat ARQ technique to counteract the effect of the nonstationary
transmission channel. The nonstationary transmission channel has been modeled
as a two-state Markov chain with parameters related to actual propagation
conditions. Typical outdoor/indoor environments have been considered. The
main idea is that of making the service interruption of the preemptive polling
scheme dependent on the propagation conditions of the transmission channel by
monitoring the outcome of the data packet transmission attempts. A
performance comparison clearly reveals the superiority of this preemptive polling
scheme with respect to the classical cyclic polling scheme.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% other


@ARTICLE{BPSK97,
   author = "Hari Balakrishnan and Venkata N. Padmanabhan and Srinivasan Seshan and Randy H. Katz",
   title = {A comparison of mechanisms for improving TCP performance over wireless links},
   journal = "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 5,
   number = 6,
   pages = "756--769",
   abstract = "
Reliable transport protocols such as TCP are tuned to perform well in
traditional networks where packet losses occur mostly because of congestion.
However, networks with wireless and other lossy links also suffer from
significant losses due to bit errors and handoffs. TCP responds to all losses
by invoking congestion control and avoidance algorithms, resulting in
degraded end-to-end performance in wireless and lossy systems. In this
paper, we compare several schemes designed to improve the performance of
TCP in such networks. We classify these schemes into three broad
categories: end-to-end protocols, where loss recovery is performed by the
sender; link-layer protocols, that provide local reliability; and
split-connection protocols, that break the end-to-end connection into two
parts at the base station. We present the results of several experiments
performed in both LAN and WAN environments, using throughput and
goodput as the metrics for comparison. Our results show that a reliable
link-layer protocol that is TCP-aware provides very good performance.
Furthermore, it is possible to achieve good performance without splitting the
end-to-end connection at the base station. We also demonstrate that
selective acknowledgments and explicit loss notifications result in significant
performance improvements.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Proceedings


@INPROCEEDINGS{KS98,
   author = "Udo R. Krieger and Michael Savori{\'a}",
   title = {Performance evaluation of ABR flow-control protocols in a wireless ATM network},
   booktitle = "WOWMOM '98. Proceedings of first ACM international workshop on Wireless mobile multimedia",
   organization = "ACM",
   year = 1998,
   pages = "73--82",
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Dar98,
   author = "Abdel-Ghani A. Daraiseh",
   title = {Protocol enhancements in wireless multimedia and multiple-access networks},
   booktitle = "WOWMOM '98. Proceedings of first ACM international workshop on Wireless mobile multimedia",
   organization = "ACM",
   year = 1998,
   pages = "68--72",
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{BMJHJ98,
   author = "Josh Broch and David A. Maltz and David B. Johnson and Yih-Chun Hu and Jorjeta Jetcheva",
   title = {A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols},
   booktitle = "The fourth annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking",
   organization = "ACM/IEEE",
   year = 1998,
   pages = "85--97",
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{JBKD98,
   author = "Sanjoy Sen. {Jastinder Jawanda} and Kalyan Basu and Naveen K. Kakani and Sajal K. Das",
   title = {TCP source activity and its impact on call admission control in CDMA voice/data network},
   booktitle = "MOBICOM '98. The fourth annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking",
   organization = "ACM/IEEE",
   year = 1998,
   pages = "276--283",
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{FZ97,
   author = "Andreas Fieger and Martina Zitterbart",
   title = {Transport Protocols over Wireless Links},
   booktitle = "2nd IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC '97) July 1-3, 1997",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
Future networking environments are expected to be hybrid, i.e.,
consisting of both wireless and fixed subnetworks. Due to the presence
of the wireless link, the performance of end-to-end protocols (e.g.,
TCP) suffers degradation. One approach to overcome this
performance penalty is to subdivide the end-to-end transport layer
connection into two separate ones. This approach leads to
performance improvements without loss of interoperability with
existing networking structures. The focus of this paper is on error
recovery mechanisms suitable for the transport protocol operating
over the wireless subpath. These mechanisms have to address the
increased bit error probability and temporary disruptions of wireless
links. The efficiency of different error correction mechanisms within
wireless scenarios is investigated and possible modifications that lead
to higher performance are pointed out.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{KTC97,
   author = "Heba Koraitim and Samir Tohme and Hasan Cakil",
   title = {MB-ICBT Protocol Performance in Star-Configured VSAT Satellite Networks},
   booktitle = "2nd IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC '97) July 1-3, 1997",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
The Movable-Boundary Integrated CBR/Bursty-data Traffic
protocol MB-ICBT is a new version of hybrid protocols supporting
both, circuit- and packet-switching techniques in VSAT network
environments. Circuit-switching is applied to CBR traffic
connections, which are admitted in the system by a conventional
DAMA technique. Bursty-data traffic, on the other hand is allowed
to contend in a more complex version of slotted Aloha with
anticipated reservation. A movable boundary policy is applied between
the two traffic compartments to adapt to network loading conditions.
The introduction of the anticipated reservation access for bursty-data,
together with the movable-boundary policy, serve to minimize the
collision resolution delay, largely significant in VSAT networks, and
increase throughput for the bursty-data traffic. The MB-ICBT
protocol is analysed and tested for different bursty-data traffic models
and a telephone CBR service. Simulation results are shown to indicate
the enhanced performance in terms of access delay for bursty data
traffic, together with an improved overall channel throughput. 
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Tra97,
   author = "Chokri Trabelsi",
   title = {Access Protocol for Broadband Multimedia Centralized Wireless Local Area Networks},
   booktitle = "2nd IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC '97) July 1-3, 1997",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
The development of wireless local area networks (WLANs) has
become a major goal in the field of computer and wireless
communications. The Network Technologies Research group at the
Communications Research Center in Canada has been working in a
project to develop a high speed multimedia outdoor WLAN. In
contrast to many existing WLANs, the new WLAN supports
multimedia traffic and is intended to be mainly used in an outdoor
environment with a coverage range of 20 to 30 km. One of the
challenges of this project is the development of a medium access
control (MAC) protocol that will enable the voice, video and data
terminals to efficiently share the wireless channel. In this paper the
MAC protocol adopted for this WLAN with a speed of 10 to 20 Mbps
is presented. 
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{HLYM97,
   author = "Junfeng He and Ming T. Liu and Yibin Yang and Mervin E. Muller",
   title = {A Medium Access Control Protocol for Multimedia Multi-Code CDMA Personal Communication Networks},
   booktitle = "IEEE Conference on Protocols for Multimedia Systems - Multimedia Networking (PROMSMmNet'97) November 24-26, 1997",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) has become an attractive
technique for medium access control in multimedia Personal
Communication Networks (PCN). In this paper, a multi-priority
medium access protocol for multimedia PCNs is proposed and studied.
The multimedia PCN uses H.263 implementation to transmit video
data. We exploit the features of Multi-code CDMA to maximize 

the utilization of the system capacity. A hybrid medium access control
scheme is studied to include both reservation-based access and
random-based access. Both Forward Error Correction (FEC) and
Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) schemes are used to handle video
transmission error. Simulation results have been presented to show
how several system parameters can be tuned to achieve system
performance improvement. 

Keywords: Personal Communication Network (PCN), multimedia
Personal Communication Network, CDMA, multi-code CDMA,
medium access control, H.263 
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{FBZ97,
   author = "Andreas Fieger and Axel Boeger and Martina Zitterbart",
   title = {Migrating State Information in Mobile Environments},
   booktitle = "6th IEEE Workshop on Future Trends of Distributed Computing Systems (FTDCS '97) October 29-31, 1997",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
Several studies point out the deficiencies of the transport protocol
TCP in wireless scenarios. Falsely, TCP's congestion avoidance
mechanisms are triggered by packets that are destroyed due to the
high bit error probability of wireless channels or loss due to
disruptions caused by handoffs. This can be avoided, if the indirect
transport protocol model approach is applied. It subdivides the
end-to-end transport connection into two connections, one operating
over the wired subpath, the other over the wireless subpath. A so
called transport gateway is used to interconnect both transport
connections. If the geographical distance between the transport
gateway and the mobile station increases, the active transport layer
entities should be migrated to another transport gateway closer to the
mobile host. Depending on the amount of transferred state
information the approach presented interrupts transport layer
communication up to 1.4 seconds. Our approach cuts down
interruption time to a constant amount of time. Special requirements
on a mobility supporting network layer, e.g. Mobile IP, are needed.
Within this paper we focus on the migration of buffer contents to the
new transport gateway. Strategies to minimize the communication
overhead and migration time are discussed in detail. 
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{CW97,
   author = "D. Cypher and S. Wakid",
   title = {Nomadic Computing and CDMA},
   booktitle = "6th IEEE Workshop on Future Trends of Distributed Computing Systems (FTDCS
 '97) October 29-31, 1997",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
This paper shows how reliable data services can be provided in an
error prone wireless environment using CDMA and a link layer
retransmission protocol. A CDMA encoder using Walsh codes for 1.85
to 1.99 GHz PCS applications is simulated under various error
conditions with varying packet size to determine minimum acceptable
QOS relative to error templates. The error templates and data rates of
16, 32, and 64 kb/s for mobile terminal units are then used with a link
layer retransmission protocol to examine the overhead and the
practical feasibility of this protocol suite. Small packet sizes of about
50 to 100 bytes appear to provide promise for commercial
implementations. Such implementations are also shown to be able to
support upper layer TCP/IP services when TCP timers are disabled. 
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{CG97a,
   author = "M. Cermele and V. Grassi",
   title = {Performance Analysis of a Dynamic Control Policy for PRMA Protocols},
   booktitle = "6th IEEE Workshop on Future Trends of Distributed Computing Systems (FTDCS
 '97) October 29-31, 1997",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
PRMA (Packet Reservation Multiple Access) represents a class of
packet-contention access protocols for wireless microcellular
networks that handles both voice and data traffic. We consider a
dynamic control procedure for the operation of PRMA systems and
analyze it by means of a Markov model of the PRMA systems. The
model gives indications of some margins for performance
improvement under the hypothesis that the number of contending
terminals in the system is exactly known. Since this last value is not
available in general, we propose an estimator of its value and simulate
the dynamic control based on such estimation. The results show that
the estimation error can cause the degradation of performance, this
effect is particularly evident in the case of PRMA++ protocol. 

Keywords: PRMA, packet switching, wireless network, dynamic
control, analytical and simulation model.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{CG98,
   author = "Ching-Chuan Chiang and Mario Gerla",
   title = {On-Demand Multicast in Mobile Wireless Networks},
   booktitle = "Sixth International Conference on Network Protocols",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1998,
   abstract = "
In this paper we propose an ``on demand'' multicast routing protocol for a
wireless, mobile, multihop network. The proposed scheme has two key features:
(a) it is based on the forwarding group concept (i.e., a subset of nodes is in charge
of forwarding the multicast packets via scoped flooding) rather than on the
conventional multicast tree scheme; (b) it dynamically refreshes the forward
group members using a procedure akin to on demand routing (hence the name).
``On Demand'' multicast is well suited to operate in an On Demand routing
environment where routes are selectively computed as needed between
communicating node pairs instead of being maintained and updated globally by a
routing ``infrastructure'' (like in Distance Vector or Link State, for example). On
Demand Multicast is particularly attractive in mobile, rapidly changing
networks, where the traffic overhead caused by routing updates and tree
reconfigurations may become prohibitive beyond a critical speed; and, in large
networks with sparse traffic requirements, where the traffic, processing and
storage overhead of the routing infrastructure solution compromises scalability.
Via simulation, we compare On Demand multicast with a traditional tree
multicast scheme, DVMRP, and with a version of forwarding group multicast
which uses conventional distance vector routing instead On Demand routing.
This allows us to assess the penalty of the tree and of the global routing
infrastructure as a function of mobility and sparseness.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Max98,
   author = "N. F. Maxemchuk",
   title = {Applying MSTDM to Packet Voice and Data in Cellular Radio Systems},
   booktitle = "Sixth International Conference on Network Protocols",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1998,
   abstract = "
MSTDM is a variant of the Ethernet protocol that provides quality of service
guarantees for voice. This protocol has been applied to LAN's and CATV
networks. Cellular networks are different:

1) Each cell has a base station: When mobile units communicate through the
base station, frequency reuse increases and collisions are detected. 

2) The objective is to connect mobile units to the communication infrastructure:
Communications between units is only used to share the channel. 

3) The base station broadcasts packets from the communications infrastructure
to the mobile units: This channel can also provide timing and control. 

Rapid contention resolution techniques make it unnecessary to transmit voice
during silent intervals. Taking advantage of the cellular characteristics and TASI
increases the number of voice connections by a factor of 8.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{HLM98,
   author = "J. He and M. Liu and M. Muller",
   title = {Performance of Voice/Data Integration for Two MAC Protocols in DS-CDMA Wireless Networks},
   booktitle = "Sixth International Conference on Network Protocols",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1998,
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{ES98,
   author = "David A. Eckhardt and Peter Steenkiste",
   title = {Improving Wireless LAN Performance via Adaptive Local Error Control},
   booktitle = "Sixth International Conference on Network Protocols",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1998,
   abstract = "
Wireless links can exhibit high error rates due to attenuation, fading, or
interfering active radiation sources. To make matters worse, error rates can be
highly variable due to changes in the wireless environment. Researchers and
developers have explored a wide range of solutions to optimize communication in
this difficult error environment, including traditional end-to-end solutions,
link-layer solutions, and solutions involving layer four processing inside the
network. A significant challenge is ensuring that systems with multiple layers of
error control avoid compromising performance by duplication of effort.

We argue and demonstrate that protocol-independent link-level local error
control can achieve high communication efficiency even in a highly variable
error environment, that adaptation is important to achieve this efficiency, and
that inter-layer coexistence is achievable.

The Logical Link Control layer of our WaveLAN-based experimental LAN
includes three error control mechanisms: local retransmission, adaptive packet
shrinking, and adaptive error coding. Measurements generated on a variety of
network topologies and trace-based error environments demonstrate excellent
TCP performance improvements and good coexistence with TCP's end-to-end
retransmission strategy.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{YHH98,
   author = "Yi Ye and Chao-Ju Hou and Ching-Chih Han",
   title = {QGMA: A New MAC Protocol for Supporting QoS in Wireless Local Area Networks},
   booktitle = "Sixth International Conference on Network Protocols",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1998,
   abstract = "
In this paper, we propose a novel MAC protocol, called Quality-of-service
Guarantee Multiple Access (QGMA), in wireless local area networks to support
the quality of service required by embedded and multimedia-integrated real-time
applications. As compared to other existing MAC protocols, QGMA achieves
high system utilization, and provides a deterministic bound on the connection
establishment delay and temporal QoS for real-time applications. In particular,
by having the base station handle resource arbitration and schedule and utilize
different scheduling algorithms to arbitrate access to data slots on a wireless
channel, mobile hosts are relieved from the burden of coordinating all the
ongoing activities, and moreover, different levels of temporal QoS can be easily
achieved.

To describe the key features of QGMA, we first present the base protocol, and
then extend it to address several realistic issues, i.e., support for timely
establishment of message streams, in-band signaling approaches for supporting
multiple classes of service, support for mobile hosts with multiple message
streams, and support for two-way traffic. We also give an example of how to
integrate the distance constrained task scheduling algorithm [5,6] into QGMA to
support timely transmission of a set of real-time message streams characterized
by the (C,D)-smooth message model. Finally, we validate the effectiveness of
QGMA via event-driven simulation.
"
}


@PROCEEDINGS{ISCC98,
   title = {3rd IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC '98)},
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1998,
   abstract = "
Contents: Traffic Management in ATM Networks *
     Communications Theory * Routing * Wireless Networks * Resource
     Management in ATM Networks * Network Management *
     Multicasting * ATM Network Monitoring and Performance Testing *
     Algorithms for Network Design * Distributed and Parallel Processing
     * Wireless DECT Networks * Congestion Control in ATM Networks
     * Software Techniques * Multimedia Applications * Network
     Mobility * ATM Interworking * Integrated Switch Architectures *
     Electronic Commerce * Wireless CDMA Networks * Optical
     Networks * Wireless ATM Networks * Content, Networks and
     Agents for Humans * Scheduling and Flow Control in ATM
     Networks * Methods and Tools for Networks * Internet Networking *
     Broadband Transport Systems * Buffer Management in ATM
     Networks * Digital Signal Processing * Wireless Routing * Fault
     Tolerance and Network Reliability * Cellular Wireless Networks
\\
ISBN 0-8186-8538-7 
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{PC97,
   author = "Vincent D. Park and M. Scott Corson",
   title = {A Highly Adaptive Distributed Routing Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Networks},
   booktitle = "IEEE Infocom '97 - 16th Conference on Computer Communications",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
We present a new distributed routing protocol for mobile, multihop,
wireless networks. The protocol is one of a family of protocols which we
term ``link reversal'' algorithms. The protocol's reaction is structured as
a temporally-ordered sequence of diffusing computations; each
computation consisting of a sequence of directed link reversals. The
protocol is highly adaptive, efficient and scalable; being best-suited for
use in large, dense, mobile networks. In these networks, the protocol's
reaction to link failures typically involves only a localized ``single pass''
of the distributed algorithm. This capability is unique among protocols
which are stable in the face of network partitions, and results in the
protocol's high degree of adaptivity . This desirable behavior is achieved
through the novel use of a ``physical or logical clock'' to establish the
``temporal order'' of topological change events which is used to structure
(or order) the algorithm's reaction to topological changes. We refer to
the protocol as the Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA). 
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{GG97,
   author = "Rodrigo Garces and J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves",
   title = {Collision Avoidance and Resolution Multiple Access with Transmission Groups},
   booktitle = "IEEE Infocom '97 - 16th Conference on Computer Communications",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
The CARMA-NTG protocol is presented and analyzed. CARMA-NTG
dynamically divides the channel into cycles of variable length; each
cycle consists of a contention period and a group-transmission period.
During the contention period, a station with one or more packets to send
competes for the right to be added to the group of stations allowed to
transmit data without collisions; this is done using a collision resolution
splitting algorithm based on a request-to-send/clear-to-send
(RTS/CTS) message exchange with non-persistent carrier sensing.
CARMA-NTG ensures that one station is added to the group
transmission period if one or more stations send requests to be added in
the previous contention period. The group-transmission period is a
variable-length train of packets, which are transmitted by stations that
have been added to the group by successfully completing an RTS/CTS
message exchange in previous contention periods. As long as a station
maintains its position in the group, it is able to transmit data packets
without collision. An upper bound is derived for the average costs of
obtaining the first success in the splitting algorithm. This bound is then
applied to the computation of the average channel utilization in a fully
connected network with a large number of stations. These results
indicate that collision resolution is a powerful mechanism in
combination with floor acquisition and group allocation multiple access.

Keywords: wireless; multiple access; collision resolution; packet radio 
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{CWKS97b,
   author = "Brian Crow and Indra Widjaja and {Jeong Geun} Kim and Prescott Sakai",
   title = {Investigation of the IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) Sublayer Functions},
   booktitle = "IEEE Infocom '97 - 16th Conference on Computer Communications",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
Analysis of the draft IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN)
standard is needed to characterize the expected performance of the
standard's ad hoc and infrastructure networks. The performance of the
medium access control (MAC) sublayer, which consists of Distributed
Coordination Function (DCF) and Point Coordination Function (PCF),
is determined by simulating asynchronous data traffic in a 1
megabit-per-second (Mbps) ad hoc network, and asynchronous data
and packetized voice traffic in a 1 Mbps infrastructure network. The
simulation models incorporate the effect of burst errors, offered load,
packet size, RTS threshold and fragmentation threshold on network
throughput and delay. The results show that the IEEE 802.11 WLAN
can achieve a reasonably high efficiency when the medium is almost
error-free, but may degrade appreciably under harsh fading. The results
also show that time-sensitive traffic such as packet voice can be
supported together with other intensive traffic such as packet data.
However, an echo canceler is required for packet voice systems. 

KEYWORDS: ad hoc network; DCF (Distributed Coordination
Function); IEEE 802.11; infrastructure network; network simulation;
PCF (Point Coordination Function); WLAN (wireless local area
network)
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{XP97,
   author = "George Xylomenos and George Polyzos",
   title = {IP Multicasting for Point-to-Point Local Distribution},
   booktitle = "IEEE Infocom '97 - 16th Conference on Computer Communications",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
While support for IP multicasting continues to spread enabling new
applications, an increasing number of hosts connects to the worldwide
Internet via low bandwidth Point-to-Point links, such as wireline or
wireless telephone lines. In this paper we discuss existing proposals for
local and wide area IP multicasting and their implications for
Point-to-Point links, identify problems with their integration in this
environment, and propose alternative special purpose mechanisms to
solve these problems. The main problems are overhead due to IGMP
leave latency and unnecessary continuous probing of potentially power
constrained hosts. Our solution is an alternative to IGMP mechanisms
based on join/leave messages for tracking group membership over PtP
networks. After presenting the implementation requirements of our
proposed and the existing mechanisms, we compare them with respect
to performance, interoperability, robustness and implementation
complexity, demonstrating that our join/leave protocol is uniformly
superior. 

Keywords: Multicast, Wireless, IGMP, Group Management 
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{AY97,
   author = "Ian F. Akyildiz and Wei Yen",
   title = {A New Hierarchical Routing Protocol for Dynamic Multihop Wireless Networks},
   booktitle = "IEEE Infocom '97 - 16th Conference on Computer Communications",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
The routing techniques used in conventional packet radio networks are
not suitable for dynamic multihop wireless networks because of their
unique architecture. In this paper, a new hierarchical multihop routing
algorithm is introduced which balances the cost of location-update and
path-finding operations by partitioning the terminals and mobile base
stations to produce a virtual topology. Based on the virtual topology,
each network entity stores a fraction of the network topology
information and maintains the routing efficiency. Finally, the
performance of the hierarchical multihop routing algorithm is
investigated through simulations. 

Key Words: Dynamic Wireless Networks, Location Update Operation,
Mobile Base Stations, Multihop Routing Algorithm, Path Finding
Operation, Virtual Location Area, Virtual Cell, Virtual Topology 
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{CS97,
   author = "Sunghyun Choi and Kang G. Shin",
   title = {A Cellular Wireless Local Area Network with QoS Guarantees for Heterogeneous Traffic},
   booktitle = "IEEE Infocom '97 - 16th Conference on Computer Communications",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
A wireless local area network (WLAN) or a cell with
quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees for various types of traffic is
considered. A centralized (i.e., star) network topology is adopted as the
topology of a cell which consists of a base station and a number of
mobile clients. Dynamic Time Division Duplexed (TDD) transmission is
used, and hence, the same frequency channel is time-shared for
downlink and uplink transmissions under the dynamic control of the
base station. We divide traffic into two classes: class I (real-time) and II
(non-real-time). Whenever there is no eligible class-I traffic, class-II
traffic is transmitted, while uplink transmissions are controlled with a
reservation scheme. Class-I traffic is handled with the framing strategy
combined with the admission test for adding new class-I connections.
Finally, we present the performance (average delay and throughput)
evaluation of the reservation scheme for class-II traffic using both
analytical calculations and simulations. 

Keywords: Wireless LANs and MAC protocol, QoS guarantees, star
topology, dynamic Time Division Duplexing (TDD), stop-and-go
queueing, framing strategy, admission tests, reservation schemes.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{TB97,
   author = "{Anup Kumar} Talukdar and B. R. Badrinath",
   title = {On Accommodating Mobile Hosts in an Integrated Services Packet Network},
   booktitle = "IEEE Infocom '97 - 16th Conference on Computer Communications",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
This paper considers the support of real-time applications to mobile
hosts in an Integrated Services Packet Network. We have proposed a
service model for mobile hosts that can support adaptive applications
which can withstand wide range of available bandwidth, as well as
applications which require mobility independent service guarantees. We
describe an admission control scheme and a reservation protocol for
implementing this service model. Our admission control scheme
achieves high utilization of network resources. 

KEYWORDS : Integrated Services Packet Network, mobile
multimedia, Quality of Service, admission control, reservation protocol
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{CGZ97,
   author = "Ching-Chuan Chiang and Mario Gerla and Lixia Zhang",
   title = {Shared Tree Wireless Network Multicast},
   booktitle = "6th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN '97)",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
In this paper, we propose a multicast protocol for a multihop, mobile
wireless network with cluster based routing and token access protocol
within each cluster. The multicast protocol uses a shared tree which is
dynamically updated to adjust to changes in topology and membership (i.e.
dynamic joins and quits). Two options for tree maintenance have been
simulated and evaluated: ``hard state'' (i.e. each connection must be
explicitly cleared) and ``soft state'' (each connection is automatically timed
out and must be refreshed). For the soft state policy, the performance of
different choices of timeout and refresh timers is first analyzed for a range
of node mobility values. Next, soft state and hard state policies are
compared based on throughput, join delay, and control overhead criteria. 

Keywords: Routing, Multicast, Clustering, Multihop Wireless Networks,
Hard state, Soft Stat 
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{AA97,
   author = "Daniel O. Awduche and Emmanuel Agu",
   title = {Mobile Extensions to RSVP},
   booktitle = "6th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN '97)",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
RSVP is a receiver oriented resource reservation setup protocol targeted
for Integrated Services Packet Networks (ISPNs). RSVP has a number of
desireable attributes which make it a leading candidate for Internet
standardization. These attributes include flexibility, robustness, and
scalability. However, RSVP does not adequately address the issue of
resource reservation for mobile hosts. This paper highlights the limitations
of RSVP in mobile environments and proposes extensions to obviate these
deficiencies. The basic characteristics of the proposed augmentations
include: (1) quiescent resource reservations, (2) virtual receivers, (3)
intelligent pre-allocation of resources based on analysis of user mobility
patterns, and (4) predictive lookahead dynamic dormant multicast trees. 

KEYWORDS: RSVP, Mobile Networks, Internet Mobility, Resource
Reservation, QoS, Mobile Extensions 
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Elsevier: Computer Networks (and ISDN Systems); Computer Communications


@ARTICLE{Aya99,
   author = "Ender Ayanoglu",
   title = {Wireless broadband and ATM systems},
   journal = "Computer Networks And ISDN Systems",
   year = 1999,
   volume = 31,
   number = 4,
   pages = "395--409",
   abstract = "
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is a fixed-size packet switching
technology, tailored to the integration of data, voice, and video
communications. In this paper, we provide an update on the technical
issues involved in implementing broadband wireless systems. This update
covers the most recent developments on the subject. We briefly review
physical, data link, and multiaccess layer issues; discuss networking
and pertinent issues related to the networking protocol in terms of
broadband wireless systems; summarize most recent prototyping efforts in
the literature, and describe where the standardization efforts stand. We
conclude with a summary on the state of broadband wireless networking.

Keyword(s): Broadband; Internet access; MAC protocols; Wireless ATM;
IP over ATM; TDMA; CDMA; OFDM; Network layer switching
"
}


@ARTICLE{VB98,
   author = "V{\'e}ronique V{\`eque} and Jalel Ben-Othman",
   title = {MRAP: A multiservices resource allocation policy for wireless ATM network},
   journal = "Computer Networks And ISDN Systems",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 29,
   number = {17-18},
   pages = "2187--2200",
   abstract = "
In this paper we investigate the integration of both CBR (constant bit
rate) and ABR (available bit rate) services in a wireless personal
communication network. MRAP is a proposed multiservices resource
allocation policy which intends to share efficiently slot times of the
TDMA frame between two classes of traffic while satisfying the quality
of service requirements of both. By means of performance modeling, and
especially the stochastic automata networks model, we demonstrate that
ABR traffic is transparent to CBR traffic while loss rate is kept under
reasonable values. By computing both blocking and dropping handover
probabilities, we show also that offered QoS to CBR service is also
satisfactory.

Keyword(s): Wireless ATM networks; Services integration; Resource
allocation; Performance evaluation; Stochastic automata networks
"
}


@ARTICLE{RV99,
   author = "Anirban Roy and Pallapa Venkataram",
   title = {A multiple access scheme for VBR traffic in broadband wireless local communication},
   journal = "Computer Communications",
   year = 1999,
   volume = 22,
   number = 4,
   pages = "353--360",
   abstract = "
The convergence of wireless systems with broadband services is the challenge
of future generations' wireless networks. In recent years, several designs for
enhancement of second-generation media access control (MAC) protocols
have been proposed. They mainly focus, however, on digital voice/data scenario
and are partially interested in the problem of transporting other real-time
broadband traffics at the radio interface. In this work, we introduce an
enhanced centrally controlled access technique for real-time broadband
sources to enable full integration of wireless terminals into fixed broadband
wire-line networks by realizing the statistical multiplexing of sources, keeping
in mind their individual quality-of-service requirements. The technique
combines random access with polling by dynamically selecting the access
method with highest throughput for transmission of capacity requests to the
packet scheduler running at the base station. The performance bounds of the
above approach have been calculated. 

Keyword(s): Multiple access protocols; VBR; Wireless local communication;
Cellular communication
"
}


@ARTICLE{XP98,
   author = "George Xylomenos and G. C. Polyzos",
   title = {IP multicast group management for point-to-point local distribution},
   journal = "Computer Communications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 21,
   number = 18,
   pages = "1645--1654",
   abstract = "
We examine the applicability of existing IP multicast mechanisms for
point-to-point links such as wired and wireless telephone lines. We identify
problems such as overhead due to IGMP leave latency and unnecessary probing
of hosts, both important issues for power constrained mobile hosts and low
bandwidth wireless links. We propose alternative mechanisms that preserve the
IP multicasting model, but employ join--leave messages to track group
membership. We describe the implementation requirements of our mechanisms
and compare them to existing ones with respect to performance, mobile power
efficiency, interoperability, robustness and implementation complexity,
demonstrating that the join--leave approach is uniformly superior for this
environment. 

Keyword(s): Internet protocols; Multicast algorithms; IGMP; Wireless and
mobile network protocols
"
}


@ARTICLE{BS98b,
   author = "Kevin Brown and Suresh Singh",
   title = {RelM: reliable multicast for mobile networks},
   journal = "Computer Communications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 21,
   number = 16,
   pages = "1379--1400",
   abstract = "
In this paper we present a protocol for providing reliable multicast message
delivery in mobile networks. Our protocol efficiently tracks message delivery
and allows for reliable message delivery in an environment where the mobile
multicast group experiences frequent adds and drops. Furthermore, our
protocol allows group changes and message tracking to be handled locally,
which translates to shorter breaks in service as mobile users move from cell to
cell. RelM is implemented on top of reliable multicast IP protocols developed
for high-speed networks and thus allows multicast groups to contain both
fixed and mobile users. 

Keyword(s): Mobile; Multicast; Wireless; Reliable; Protocol
"
}


@ARTICLE{BS98,
   author = "Benny Bing and Regu Subramanian",
   title = {A novel technique for quantitative performance evaluation of wireless LANs},
   journal = "Computer Communications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 21,
   number = 9,
   pages = "833--838",
   abstract = "
The network performances of two commercial wireless local area networks
(WLANs) are measured using a novel technique. Current methods of
evaluating the performance of WLANs are largely based on file transfer
operations using benchmark tests such as Novell's PERFORM3, AT{\&}T's
Read/Write, PC Magazine's Lab Series, Smart LAN Performance Test and
others. Measurements obtained from these tests must specify the processor
type, processor speed and network operating system in order that meaningful
comparisons can be made. A simple technique introduced in this paper provides
quantitative results in terms of throughput and response time measured at the
medium access control sublayer. The method will be useful for evaluating the
performance of current and future WLAN systems. 

Keyword(s): Altair Plus II; Performance measurement; Protocol analyzers;
WavePOINT; Wireless LANs
"
}


@ARTICLE{KB98,
   author = "Youngsup Kim and Saewoong Bahk",
   title = {Sub-block retransmission ARQ schemes},
   journal = "Computer Communications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 21,
   number = 6,
   pages = "579--583",
   abstract = "
In this paper we propose a sub-block retransmission scheme for ARQ and
hybrid ARQ. When the channel is quiet the sub-block retransmission scheme
behaves like a conventional ARQ or hybrid ARQ scheme. As the channel
becomes increasingly noisy, the data block is divided into smaller sub-blocks
for transmission. Each sub-block is encoded for error control by an appropriate
shortened code of which the code length is adapted to the corresponding
channel BER. The received block is checked for errors sub-block by sub-block.
The proposed sub-block retransmission scheme provides improved throughput
over conventional ARQ schemes by retransmitting only the naked sub-blocks
in the occurrence of errors. An example of transferring ATM cells is considered
for simulation study.

Keyword(s): Retransmission protocol; Hybrid ARQ; ARQ; Shortened code;
Wireless ATM
"
}


@ARTICLE{AAA98,
   author = "Liping An and Nirwan Ansari and Ambalavanar Arulambalam",
   title = {TCP/IP traffic over ATM networks with FMMRA ABR flow and congestion control},
   journal = "Computer Networks And ISDN Systems",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 29,
   number = {17-18},
   pages = "2091--2102",
   abstract = "
In this paper, we study and compare the performance of TCP/IP traffic running
on different rate based ABR flow control algorithms such as EFCI, ERICA
and FMMRA by extensive simulations. The FMMRA algorithm is shown to
exhibit the favorable features of least buffer requirement, fair bandwidth
allocation to TCP connections, fast and accurate ACR rate adjustment
according to the changes of network traffic, and the highest effective TCP
throughput.

Keyword(s): TCP/IP; Congestion control; ABR; EFCI; ERICA; FMMRA 
"
}


@ARTICLE{HLYM98,
   author = "Junfeng He and Ming T. Liu and Yibin Yang and Mervin E. Muller",
   title = {A MAC protocol supporting wireless video transmission over multi-code CDMA personal communication networks},
   journal = "Computer Communications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 21,
   number = 14,
   pages = "1256--1268",
   abstract = "
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) has become an attractive technique for
medium access control in multimedia Personal Communication Networks (PCN). In
this paper, a multi-priority medium access protocol for multimedia PCN is proposed
and studied. The multimedia PCN uses H.263 implementation to transmit video data.
We exploit the features of CDMA to maximize the utilisation of the system capacity.
A random access control scheme is proposed for the mobile hosts to contend for
spectrum resource. Both Forward Error Correction (FEC) and Automatic Repeat
Request (ARQ) schemes are used to handle video transmission error. Simulation
results have been presented to show how several system parameters can be tuned to
improve the system performance.

Keyword(s): Personal Communication Network (PCN); Multimedia Personal
Communication Network; CDMA; Multi-code CDMA; Medium access control; H.263
"
}


@ARTICLE{Sar99,
   author = "Hikmet Sari",
   title = {Broadband radio access to homes and businesses: MMDS and LMDS},
   journal = "Computer Networks",
   year = 1999,
   volume = 31,
   number = 4,
   pages = "379--393",
   abstract = "
This paper gives an overview of digital microwave multipoint distribution systems
(MMDS) and local multipoint distribution systems (LMDS) originally developed for
digital TV broadcasting and later extended to offer interactive services for homes and
businesses. We first describe the specification work carried out by the Digital Video
Broadcasting (DVB) project and the Digital Audio Visual Council (DAVIC) which
forms the technical basis of these systems. Next, after presenting initial frequency
allocations particularly in Europe and North America, we discuss the potential of
MMDS and LMDS to offer broadband services to homes as well as to small- and
medium-size businesses. We also discuss the major technical issues related to the
design of these systems, frequency planning and reuse patterns, as well as future
technical evolutions to make them more efficient in terms of performance, capacity,
and the service offered. This discussion includes the use of higher-level modulations,
multiple access techniques such as code-division multiple access (CDMA) and
orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA), and of adaptive arrays for
electronic beamforming. 

Keyword(s): Broadband; Internet access; DAVIC; DVB; MAC protocol; Local access
network; Frequency planning; DAVIC; CDMA; OFDMA
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Kluver: Books


@BOOK{LV98,
   author = "Kin Leung and Branimir Vojcic",
   title = "Multiaccess, Mobility and Teletraffic for Wireless Communications",
   publisher = "Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston",
   volume = 3,
   year = "1998",
   isbn = "ISBN 0-7923-8353-2",
   abstract = "
Contents and Contributors \\
Preface. Elements of an End-to-End QoS Architecture in
Wireless/Mobile Networks; M. Naghshineh. Design and
Performance of Underlay-Overlay Cellular Networks; K.
Kumaran, P. Whiting I I. An Efficiency Limit of Cellular
Mobile Systems; A. Volkó, A. Campbell. A High-Capacity
Cellular System by Improved Sectorization and Interleaved
Channel Assignment; Li-Chun Wang, Kin K. Leung.
Performance Analysis of Session Oriented Data
Communications for Mobile Computing in Cellular
Systems; Yunsang Park, S. Rappaport. Teletraffic Analysis
of Reversible Hierarchical Cellular Networks; X. Lagrange.
Multi-User Paging Policies in Cellular Wireless Networks;
Y. Michalas, L. Tassiulas. A Practical Approach for
Location Area Planning in a Personal Communication
Services Network; P. Bhattacharjee, et al. An Adaptive LP
Mobility System for Enhanced Performance; H. Omar, et
al. Distributed Registration Extension to Mobile-IP; M.C.
Chuah, Y. Li. Wireless ATM - Broadband Mobile Radio
Systems; T. Benkner. On Modeling and Analysis of Cell
Selection in Wireless Cellular Networks; A. Leu, B. Jabbari.
Sensitivity Analysis of Conditional Co-Channel
Interference in Cellular FDMA/TDMA Systems; P.
Pirinen. Performance of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN
Medium Access Control Protocol Under Error and
Error-Free Conditions; F. Moslehi, S. Midkiff. On the
Maximum Throughput of Wireless Circuit-Switched
Networks Under QoS Constraints; J. Wieselthier, et al.
Analysis of GSM HSCSD Service with Channel
Allocation Constraints; D. Calin, D. Zeghlache. Mobility
Modeling in Cellular Radio Networks, Product Form
Solutions and Blocking; R. Mathar, M. Hellebrandt.
Adaptive Resource Allocation and Rate Control for
Heterogeneous Traffic on DBS Links; F. Alagöz, et al. A
Distributed and Adaptive Hybrid Channel Allocation
Strategy for PCS Networks; Manhoi Choy, et al. Wireless
Link Dimensioning and Transmission Parameters
Optimization; F. Cameron, et al. Performance of Dual
Mode Packet Access in DS-CDMA Systems; F. Khan.
Author Index.
"
}


@BOOK{HZ98,
   author = "Jack M. Holtzman and Michele Zorzi",
   title = "Advances in Wireless Communications",
   publisher = "Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston",
   year = "1998",
   isbn = "ISBN 0-7923-8126-2",
   abstract = "
Contents and Contributors \\
Preface. Characterizing and Serving Mobile Users. 1.
Mobile Communications: Theories, Data, and Potential
Impacts; A Longitudinal Analysis of U.S. National
Surveys; J.E. Katz, P. Aspden. 2. The On the Move Project:
Description of Mobile Middleware and Experimental
Results; T. Wierlemann, et al. 3. Information-Providing
Mechanism Combining Broadcast and On-Demand Modes
in Mobile Computing Environments; M. Tanabe, et al.
ATM and Broadband. 4. Wireless ATM - Multimedia
Service Platform; T. Leskinen, M. Niemi. 5. Design and
Performance of Radio Access Protocols in WATMnet, a
Prototype Wireless ATM Network; P. Narasimhan, et al. 6.
A Distributed Media Access Control for Wireless ATM
Environments; J.-P. Ebert, et al. 7. On Demand
Assignment with Centralized Scheduling: A Novel MAC
Protocol for Wireless ATM Access Networks; M. Artale, R.
Winkler. 8. Location Management in Wireless ATM
Networks; G. Dommety, M. Veeraraghavan. 9. Phone
Number Translation Delay in PCS Systems with ATM
Backbones; R. Jain. 10. Supporting QOS Controlled
Handoff in Mobiware; A.T. Campbell, et al. 11. Bandwidth
Allocation in Fixed Broadband Wireless Networks; T.K.
Fong, et al. Power and Energy Management. 12. A Novel
Distributed Power Control Algorithm for Classes of
Service in Cellular CDMA Networks; D. Mitra, J.A.
Morrison. 13. Fast Power Control in Cellular Networks
Based on Short-Term Correlation of Rayleigh Fading; Z.
Rosberg. 14. A Short Look on Power Saving Mechanisms
in the Wireless LAN Standard IEEE 802.11; C. Röhl, et al.
15. Energy Management in Wireless Communications; M.
Zorzi, R.R. Rao. Capacity and Performance. 16. An Access
Scheme for High Speed Packet Data Service on IS-95
Based CDMA; S. Kumar, S. Nanda. 17. Capacity When
Using Diversity at Transmit and Receive Sites and the
Rayleigh-Faded Matrix Channel is Unknown at the
Transmitter; G.J. Foschini, M.J. Gans. 18. On the
Performance of a Medium Access Control Scheme for the
Reconfigurable Wireless Networks; Z.J. Haas. 19. Coding
and Networking Techniques for Radio Networks; F.
Babich, F. Vatta. 20. Multilevel Channel Assignment
(MCA): A Performance Analysis; F. Khan, D. Zeghlache.
Propagation and Traffic Modeling. 21. Estimating the
Cell Radius from Signal Strength Measurements; P.
Bernardin, et al. 22. Statistical Model of Spatially
Correlated Shadow-Fading Patterns in Wireless Systems;
K. Kumaran, S. Borst. 23. A Model for WWW and RPC
Traffic in a Wireless Access Network; E. Anderlind, J.
Zander. Locating Mobile Users. 24. Optimal Paging over
Imperfect Wireless Links; M. Verkama. 25. Locating
Mobile Stations with Non-Line-of-Sight Measurements;
M. Wylie-Green, J.M. Holtzman. Index.
"
}


@BOOK{RWRT97,
   editor = "Theodore S. Rappaport and Brian D. Woerner and Jeffrey H. Reed and William H. Tranter",
   title = "Wireless Personal Communications -- Improving Capacity, Services, and Reliability",
   publisher = "Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston",
   year = "1997",
   number = "ISBN 0-7923-8017-7",
   series = "The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science Volume 424",
   abstract = "
Contents and Contributors \\
Preface. I: Propagation and Smart Antennas:
Measurements, Modeling and Simulation. 1. Realization
of a Multipath Radio Channel Simulator for Wideband
Wireless Radio Systems; T. Jamsa, et al. 2. Identification of
the Validity Domains of Below Roof-Top and Over
Roof-Top Microcellular Prediction Tools; C. Carciofi, et al.
3. Influence of Correlated Shadowing on the System
Capacity of a DS-CDMA In-Building Wireless
Communication System; K.S. Butterworth, et al. 4. An
ARMA Multipath Fading Simulator; G.W.K. Colman, et al.
5. Indoor Smart Antenna Measurements and SDMA
Capacity; F. Shad, et al. 6. Cellular System Improvements
Using a Narrow-Beam Antenna System; M. Reudink. II:
CDMA. 7. CDMA Bit Error Rate Calculations: Which
Approach Works Best? R.K. Morrow, Jr. 8. Study of a
Feed-Backward CDMA Interference Cancellation
Receiver to Combat the Near-Far Problem; J. Huang. 9.
Fast Frequency Estimator for Coherent DS-CDMA
System; Jae-Ryong Shim, Youngnam Han. 10. A New
Hybrid Acquisition Scheme for CDMA Systems
Employing Short Concatenated Codes; V. Doradla, A.K.
Elhakeem. III: Networking and Multiple Access. 11.
Mobility Tracking: Fixed Location Areas with Hysteresis
and with Selective Paging; V.C. Giner, J.M. Oltra. 12.
Markov Analysis of an Outdoor S-ALOHA System with
Frequency Reuse; M.D. Orange, et al. 13. Adaptive Spread
Aloha for LEO Satellite Multiple Access; D.H. Walters, et
al. IV: Software Radio Technologies. 14. Wideband,
Software Definable Base Station Technology: Approaches,
Benefits and Applications; R.M. Lober. 15. Space-Borne
Processing Technology for Mobile Communications
Systems; H. Bazak, Jr., et al. 16. Integrated I-Q
Demodulation, Matched Filtering, and Symbol-Rate
Sampling Using Minimum-Rate IF Sampling; D.P.
Scholnik, J.O. Coleman. 17. Universal Cordless Telephone
Transceivers Using DSP; J. Lansford. 18. Predicting
Nonlinearities for a 2 GHz 120 Watt Submicron Bipolar
MRF 20120 Using AM-AM and AM-PM Characteristics;
M. Shaw. 19. MAP Symbol Detection of CPM Bursts; P.A.
Murphy, et al. 20. Unification of MLSE Receivers; G.E.
Bottomley, S. Chennakeshu. Index. 
"
}


@BOOK{KKH97,
   author = "Myungchul Kim and Sungwon Kang and Keesoo Hong",
   title = "Testing of Communicating Systems Volume 10",
   publisher = "Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston",
   year = "1997",
   number = "ISBN 0-412-81730-6",
   series = "INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION FOR INFORMATION PROCESSING",
   abstract = "
Contents \\
Past and future of protocol testing. TTCN extensions.
Wireless testing. Data part test generation. Test coverage
and testability. Theory and practice of protocol testing. Test
generation for communicating state machine. Tools and
environments. Applications of protocol testing. 
"
}


@BOOK{GR96,
   editor = "David J. Goodman and Dipankar Raychaudhuri",
   title = "Mobile Multimedia Communications -- Procedings of the Third International Workshop",
   location = "Princeton, New Jersey, USA",
   month = sep # " 25--27",
   publisher = "Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers",
   year = "1996",
   isbn = "ISBN 0-306-45772-5",
   abstract = "
Contents and Contributors \\
Networks: Limits and Challenges for Wireless ATM; E.
Ayanoglu, et al. Wireless Intelligent ATM Network; F.-C.
Cheng, J.M. Holtzman. An Active Network Architecture for
ATM WANS; A.B. Kulkarni, et al. Forest Fire Monitoring
Using a GSM Based System; F.M.S. Ramos, et al.
Protocols. End-To-End Programmability for QOS
Controlled Mobility in ATM Networks and Their Wireless
Extension; A.T. Campbell. Loss Profiles at the Link Layer;
K. Brown, S. Singh. Mobile-TCP: An Asymmetric
Transport Protocol Design for Mobile Systems; Z.J. Haas.
Media Access: Adaptive Packet Reservation Multiple
Access (A-PRMA) for Broadband Wireless ATM; S.
Norskov, et al. R-TDMA: A Dynamic Multiple Access
Protocol Using Bandwidth on Demand and Priorities;
G.R.J. Linnenbank, et al. Performance Evaluation of
Reserved Idle Signal Multiple Access with Collision
Resolution; F. Watanabe, et al. Signal Processing: Design
Experience with an Integrated Testbed for Wireless
Multimedia Computing; C. Chien, et al. Performance of
Punctured Codes for Wireless ATM Networks; M. Barton,
L.F. Chang. OFDM with Diversity and Coding for
High-Bit-Rate Mobile Data Applications; L.J. Cimini, Jr.,
N.R. Sollenberger. 21 Additional Articles. Index.
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Kluver: Wireless Personal Communications


@ARTICLE{Dai99,
   author = "Jiang-Whai Dai",
   title = {Capture Effect of Randomly Addressed Polling Protocol},
   journal = "Wireless Personal Communications",
   year = 1999,
   volume = 10,
   number = 1,
   pages = "119--135",
   keywords = "capture effect, randomly addressed polling protocol, noiseless",
   issn = "ISSN 0929-6212",
}


@ARTICLE{JW99,
   author = "Songchar Jiang and Wan-de Weng",
   title = {An Evaluation Model for Integrated Services on Wireless Broadband CDMA Networks},
   journal = "Wireless Personal Communications",
   year = 1999,
   volume = 10,
   number = 1,
   pages = "137--153",
   keywords = "CDMA, Markov chains, Integrated Services protocol,
               throughput, delay",
   issn = "ISSN 0929-6212",
}


@ARTICLE{HW99,
   author = "Shu-Yuen Hwang and Tsan-Pin Wang",
   title = {Two Auction-Based Protocols for Fair and Fast Resource Assignment in Wireless PCS},
   journal = "Wireless Personal Communications",
   year = 1999,
   volume = 10,
   number = 2,
   pages = "175--187",
   keywords = "personal communication services (PCS), resource auction
               multiple access (RAMA), multiple access, fairness",
   issn = "ISSN 0929-6212",
}


@ARTICLE{KL99,
   author = "{Hwa Jong} Kim and Jean-Paul Linnartz",
   title = {Virtual Cellular Network: A New Wireless Communications Architecture with Multiple Access Ports},
   journal = "Wireless Personal Communications",
   year = 1999,
   volume = 10,
   number = 3,
   pages = "287--307",
   keywords = "random access, cellular networks, ALOHA, fading channels,
               frequency reuse, spectrum efficiency",
   issn = "ISSN 0929-6212",
}


@ARTICLE{Pri99,
   author = "{Francesco Delli} Priscoli",
   title = {MAC and Interworking Layers for an ATM Wireless System},
   journal = "Wireless Personal Communications",
   year = 1999,
   volume = 9,
   number = 2,
   pages = "113--147",
   keywords = "wireless ATM, medium access control, call set-up, registration",
   issn = "ISSN 0929-6212",
}


@ARTICLE{FGB97,
   author = "K. Fu and Y. J. Guo and S. K. Barton",
   title = {Performance of the EY-NPMA Protocol},
   journal = "Wireless Personal Communications",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 4,
   number = 1,
   pages = "41--50",
   keywords = "Wireless LANs, HIPERLAN, MAC protocol, hidden nodes",
   issn = "ISSN 0929-6212",
}


@ARTICLE{JMMR97,
   author = "Philippe Jacquet and Pascale Minet and Paul M{\"u}hlethaler and Nicolas Rivierre",
   title = {Data Transfer for HIPERLAN},
   journal = "Wireless Personal Communications",
   year = 1997,
   volume = 4,
   number = 1,
   pages = "65--80",
   keywords = "HIPERLAN, data transfer, time bounded services, QoS
               parameters, access priority scheme, deadline, Earliest
               Deadline First algorithm (EDF)",
   issn = "ISSN 0929-6212",
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% IEEE Standards


@MISC{IEEEstd97,
   key = "IEEE",
   title = {802.11-1997},
   howpublished = {IEEE Standard},
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
Information technology--Telecommunications and information exchange
between systems--Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific
requirements--Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and
Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications
"
}


@MISC{IEEEstd99,
   key = "IEEE",
   title = {Approved Draft 802.11-1999 (Revisions to IEEE Std 802.11-1997)},
   howpublished = {IEEE Standard},
   year = 1999,
   abstract = "
Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer
(PHY) Specifications
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% INSPEC - Konferenzen


@INPROCEEDINGS{TTT98,
   author = "Y. Tamura and Y. Tobe and H. Tokuda",
   title = {EFR: a retransmit scheme for TCP in wireless LANs},
   booktitle = "Proceedings 23rd Annual Conference on Local Computer Networks. LCN'98 (Cat. No.98TB100260)",
   pages = "2--11",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1998,
   abstract = "
We propose a new, efficient fast retransmission (EFR) scheme for wireless
LANs.  Wireless LANs are becoming popular and providing an efficient
protocol over a wireless link is important. In our experiments with the
2.4\ GHz WaveLAN, the poor TCP performance observed was attributed to
frequent expiration of the retransmission timer. To avoid unnecessary
expiration of the retransmission timer, we propose a scheme in which
fast retransmission is performed efficiently. The proposed modification
only affects a TCP sender, and our version of TCP where the change is
interoperable with existing TCP implementations. The change is especially
effective in wireless LAN environments, where we have demonstrated
significant improvements in throughput, 10-15\%, via experiments.
(19 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{YMI97,
   author = "M. Yamamoto and S. Machida and H. Ikeda",
   title = {Access control scheme for multimedia wireless ATM local area networks},
   booktitle = "Proceedings APCC'97. Third Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications.",
   volume = 1,
   pages = "137--141",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1997,
   abstract = "
DQRUMA (distributed-queueing request update multiple access) protocol
has been proposed as an access protocol for wireless ATM LAN. The
DQRUMA protocol is useful for fixed-length packet (e.g. ATM cells)
transmission. However, it cannot be applied to a multimedia environment
because it does not include any access control policy for multimedia
traffic. In the paper, we propose a slot assignment scheme for the DQRUMA
protocol in a wireless ATM LAN which supports integrated multimedia
traffic with different service requirements. In this scheme network
resources can be allocated according to the service requirements of each
medium because the base station assigns transmit-permission flexibly
according to the feature of each medium. (10 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{GCG98,
   author = "DP. Gerakoulas and WC. Chan and E. Geraniotis",
   title = {A time reuse capture access (TRCA) protocol for wireless ATM applications},
   booktitle = "ICT '98. International Conference on Telecommunications",
   volume = 3,
   pages = "270--274",
   year = 1998,
   abstract = "
Time reuse capture access (TRCA) is a medium access control (MAC)
protocol appropriate for wireless asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
applications. This protocol can allow transmission of continuous bit
rate (CBR) ATM cells over a wireless link so that bit error rate (BER)
and delay requirements are met. The TRCA protocol is based on time reuse
rather than frequency reuse. Frequency channels are reused in every cell
(frequency reuse one). Each FDMA channel has a TDMA frame structure. The
number of slots in the frame is equal to the time reuse factor and each
slot is assigned to a specific cell in the reuse cluster. Each mobile
user transmits on its assigned frequency channel and the TDMA time slot
which corresponds to the cell to which it currently belongs but also in
time slots of other cells if necessary. The protocol also exploits the
power capture phenomenon in which simultaneous transmissions by users in
adjacent cells may be successfully received. The TRCA may thus provide
variable transmission rate of each mobile user in the cell by allowing
transmissions in non-assigned slots when necessary. We propose a wireless
ATM application which utilizes this property in order to satisfy the
requirements for very low BER of ATM cells having CBR and delay-sensitive
traffic. We also present analysis of the probability of successful
transmission in terms of the associated capture probabilities. As shown
this approach can satisfy the ATM requirements and also maximize the
spectral efficiency and provide a simple handoff process. (9 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{WHL98,
   author = "Lixin Wang and Mounir Hamdi and Khaled Ben Letaief",
   title = {Wireless channel access for multimedia personal communication systems},
   booktitle = "VTC '98. 48th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. Pathway to a Global Wireless Revolution (Cat. No.98CH36151)",
   volume = 3,
   pages = "2062--6",
   organization = "IEEE",
   year = 1998,
   abstract = "
This paper presents a broadband multiple access protocol for wireless
multimedia personal communications systems. The proposed protocol supports
a wide range of user services by efficiently accommodating various
traffic streams with different quality of service requirements. We
describe the protocol in detail and evaluate its performance, using
simple analytical models and extensive discrete event simulation, with
respect to various quality of service parameters. It was shown that our
wireless access protocol can be a good candidate for future generation
broadband wireless communications systems.  (16 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{PW98,
   author = "S. Pagliaro and R. Winkler",
   title = {Design of a medium access control protocol for wireless ATM access networks},
   booktitle = "Proceedings of UCSD WC '98 1st Annual UCSD Conference on Wireless Communications. San Diego, CA, USA. 8-10 March 1998",
   pages = "103--109",
   year = 1998,
   abstract = "
One of the main open issues in the design of wireless ATM access networks
is the medium access control protocol. This paper faces this important
task and presents the new wireless ATM multiple access protocol and its
ATM-compliant credit allocation policy.  A simulation-based performance
evaluation shows the effectiveness of the proposed solution. (7
References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Cao98,
   author = "Q. Cao",
   title = {Medium access control (MAC) for wide-band CDMA systems with optimal throughput.},
   booktitle = "VTC '98. 48th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. Pathway to a Global Wireless Revolution (Cat. No.98CH36151)",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 2,
   pages = "988--992",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
A fundamental requirement for medium access control (MAC) protocols
is to provide a unified bandwidth-on-demand platform to support an
integrated mix of multimedia traffic with different QoS requirements,
whilst stabilising contention-based access to achieve optimal
throughput. Distributed queuing request update multiple access (DQRUMA)
is an efficient bandwidth-on-demand fair-sharing protocol for wireless
packet networks with multi-code CDMA. This paper therefore proposes
a MAC protocol that maximises the channel throughput based on DQRUMA
using a Bayesian feedback control model. Original contributions in the
paper include: (1) an enhanced DQRUMA model by randomisation of packet
transmissions, which is developed from single cell to cellular CDMA
networks; and (2) a proposed control strategy which ensures that the
system operates steadily at the optimal access throughput point. Numerical
results and simulation verify the proposed protocol. (15 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{GCG98b,
   author = "DP. Gerakoulis and Wai Chung Chan and E. Geraniotis",
   title = {A time reuse capture access (TRCA) protocol for wireless personal communications.},
   booktitle = "ICC '98. 1998 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Record. Affiliated with SUPERCOMM'98 (Cat. No.98CH36220).",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "1627--1632",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Time reuse capture access (TRCA) is a packet access protocol proposed
for personal communication services (PCS). The protocol is based on
time reuse rather than frequency reuse. A time frame is divided into
slots where each slot corresponds to one cell in the reuse cluster. Each
mobile user in the cell may transmit in any time slot of the frame with
probabilities associated with the cell it currently belongs. The protocol
also exploits the power capture phenomenon. Simultaneous transmissions
between users within a cell or in adjacent cells may result in packet
capture which can increase the system throughput.  This paper presents
throughput and delay analyses when the time reuse factor is three.
The system throughput (delay) is then maximized (minimized) by optimizing
the values of the transmission probabilities for each time slot in the
frame. A throughput improvement of 35% is achievable compared with a
TDMA system. (6 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{AJ98,
   author = "IF. Akyildiz and I. Joe",
   title = {A new ARQ protocol for wireless ATM networks.},
   booktitle = "ICC '98. 1998 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Record. Affiliated with SUPERCOMM'98 (Cat. No.98CH36220).",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "1109--1113",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
This paper describes the design and performance of a new ARQ protocol for
wireless ATM networks. The wireless channel is characterized by a higher
and variable error rate in comparison with fiber-based networks for which
ATM was designed. The purpose of the protocol is to provide a capability
to dynamically support ATM-based communications in a fluctuating
transmission environment by using selective retransmission. The key
ideas in the protocol design consist of variable packet size and periodic
status message. The packet size is changed adaptively with the optimal
size according to the time-varying conditions of the wireless channel,
as a result maximizing the throughput efficiency. The proposed protocol
has been validated using a software emulator which incorporates a
wireless channel model. Experimental performance results based on the
implementation are presented. (6 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{LL98,
   author = "Jian-Jou Lai and Shie-Jue Lee",
   title = {A medium access control protocol for wireless networks.},
   booktitle = "ICC '98. 1998 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Record. Affiliated with SUPERCOMM'98 (Cat. No.98CH36220).",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 1,
   pages = "146--150",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Many medium access control protocols have been proposed for wireless
networks.  However, most of the existing network protocols, such as
CSMA/CA, RAP, etc., only support data transmission, and do not support
real-time services such as voice transmission. We propose a reservation
scheme for the randomly addressed polling (RAP) protocol for wireless
local area networks to make it possible to support real-time integrated
voice/data communication services. Throughput and average access delay
for this new scheme are computed and compared. (13 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{BB98,
   author = "P. Barker and AC. Boucouvalas",
   title = {Performance analysis of the IrDA protocol in wireless communications.},
   booktitle = "Proceedings of First International Symposium on Communication Systems and Digital Signal Processing",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 1,
   pages = "6--9",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
This paper presents a throughput performance analysis of the IrDA
(infrared data association) protocol which is used for short range indoor
IR data communication. The analysis examines data throughput through the
concept of the `virtual transmission time', which represents the average
time required to successfully transmit an information frame, incorporating
the need for retransmissions and delays if errors occur. Results are
presented for throughput against data message length and link bit error
rate. The results obtained indicate possible limitations of the current
protocol for high speed links due to the half-duplex and frequent link
turn-around nature of the protocol. (4 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{CR97,
   author = "F. Callegati and C. Raffaelli",
   title = {Carrying ATM connections over a CSMA/CA wireless MAC protocol.},
   booktitle = "E-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. Proceedings of Spie - the International Society for Optical Engineering",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 3233,
   pages = "361--70",
   abstract = "
The application of the IEEE 802.11 access protocol for wireless local
area networks (WLAN) to an ATM wireless environment is considered with
the aim to support ATM virtual connections. Two different schemes are
considered to perform cell multiplexing in MAC frames. The proposed
solutions are suitably discussed and evaluated by means of simulation
in a multiservice environment with data and video traffic. The effect
of the presence of fading in the communication channel is also taken
into account. (9 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{AW97,
   author = "M. Artale and R. Winkler",
   title = {On-demand assignment with centralized scheduling: a novel MAC protocol for wireless ATM access networks.},
   booktitle = "Sixth WINLAB Workshop on Third Generation Wireless Information Networks.",
   year = 1997,

   pages = "279--297",
   abstract = "
One of the key open issues for wireless ATM is the provision of the
capabilities required to coordinate the transmissions on the shared
channel, so as to prevent, as much as possible, the occurrence of
collisions. ATM has been designed for transmission over point-to-point
channels and does not provide these capabilities; instead the utilization
of a medium access control (MAC) protocol layer is commonly considered
for the resemblance of this architecture to that of traditional LAN and
MAN. This approach is made difficult by the current ATM standards, that
do not provide the ATM layer with the means to describe to the underlying
layer, neither the identity nor the profile of the connection to which
an outgoing cell belongs. ETSI is overcoming this problem by specifying
a non-OSI compliant system, a solution simpler but less-incisive than
those relying on either the enhancement of the service interface between
the ATM and its lower layer or the modification of the ATM protocol. The
paper follows the first solution and proposes a new MAC protocol, called
on-demand allocation with centralized scheduling. (10 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{EHWR97,
   author = "J-P. Ebert and R. Holtkamp and A. Wolisz and L. Ramel",
   title = {A distributed media access control for wireless ATM environments.},
   booktitle = "Sixth WINLAB Workshop on Third Generation Wireless Information Networks.",
   year = 1997,
   pages = "263--277",
   abstract = "
We present RNET MAC, a novel MAC protocol to be used in wireless ATM
(WATM) environments. The MAC protocol features a distributed control
for media access.  Therefore RNET MAC fits well into spontaneous
network setups and frequent network configuration changes. We discuss
some design options and show basic performance results of RNET MAC in
different network scenarios such as fully meshed, hidden terminal and
client/server. (0 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{ZR97b,
   author = "M. Zorzi and RR. Rao",
   title = {Energy management in wireless communications.},
   booktitle = "Sixth WINLAB Workshop on Third Generation Wireless Information Networks.",
   year = 1997,
   pages = "189--201",
   abstract = "
Our goal is to study the ``bits per joule'' efficiency rating of a
protocol in the wireless environment. We explore and compare three
approaches to evaluating the energy efficiency and assess their accuracy
and complexity. Although our technique allows us to accommodate other
profiles, for concreteness we model the battery as a device that has
the means to support the transmission of a fixed number of packets. We
model the fading as a Markov channel, and we present some particular
results for link error control protocols.  For the particular examples
considered the exact recursive approach and an asymptotic approach were
found to predict results that were very close. In addition, a lower bound
and an approximation lead to analytical expressions. The quality of the
bound aid the accuracy of the approximation improves quite quickly as
the amount of available energy increases. (9 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{LMM98,
   author = "M. Listanti and F. Mascitelli and A. Mobilia",
   title = {$D^2MA$: a distributed access protocol for wireless ATM networks.},
   booktitle = "Proceedings. IEEE INFOCOM '98, the Conference on Computer Communications. Seventeenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Gateway to the 21st Century (Cat. No.98CH36169).",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 1,
   pages = "315--321",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
The main purpose of this paper is to assess the feasibility of the
distributed control approach in the definition of a wireless ATM MAC
protocol. A novel protocol, named $D^2MA$, is presented. $D^2MA$ is
based on a double distribution of the access procedure and queueing
capabilities. All the reservation and scheduling functions are performed
by the mobile stations independently, whereas only passive operations are
required to the base station. An accurate analytical model of $D^2MA$ has
been developed. This model examines a single radio cell with a population
m of mobile stations acting as traffic sources. Each station is equipped
with a finite buffer of B cell size. A comparison with simulation results
shows the accuracy of the analytical approach. (11 References).

"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{WBL98,
   author = "B. Walker and S. Bohmer and M. Lott",
   title = {Protocols for a wireless-ATM multihop network.},
   booktitle = "1998 International Zurich Seminar on Broadband Communications. Accessing, Transmission, Networking. Proceedings (Cat. No.98TH8277)",
   year = 1998,

   pages = "75--82",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
A medium access control protocol for a wireless multihop network is
described and evaluated. The network is able to guarantee the bandwidth
contracted to a connection in a hidden station environment and to most
efficiently use the spectrum capacity by providing a mechanism for
dynamic channel allocation to services. Both channel and packet switched
services are supported, based on real channel connections. Ad-hoc networks
without a central control node can be realized due to the ability of
any station to route connections according to the current meshing of the
network. Channels are established and used for the duration of a so called
train of data packets, released when the train ends and reestablished when
the next train arrives. To guarantee available capacity of the network
for the reestablishment of a connection, connection admission control
is applied and new connections are accepted only if spare capacity is
available. The traffic performance of the proposed protocol is given by
means of a simulation study in an example scenario. (14 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{DH97,
   author = "DA. Dyson and ZJ. Haas",
   title = {A dynamic packet reservation multiple access scheme for wireless ATM.},
   booktitle = "MILCOM 97. MILCOM 97 Proceedings (Cat. No.97CH36134).",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "687--693",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Dynamic packet reservation multiple access (DPRMA) is a medium access
control protocol for wireless multimedia applications. It allows the
integration of both constant bit rate and variable bit rate traffic
through a single access control mechanism that permits users to specify
their bandwidth requirements. Users are allowed to repeatedly update
this information in order to reflect any changes in their data rates. A
base station analyzes the mobiles' requests, determines which can be
accommodated, and conveys the resulting bandwidth assignments to the
users. The ability of a mobile to initially reserve a portion of the
channel capacity and to then dynamically alter this reservation is a
primary feature of the system. In DPRMA, an attempt is made to match the
capacity assigned to the user with the user generation rate. Furthermore,
this capacity can be allocated using fractional or multiple slot
assignments. The scheme is shown to provide improved performance over a
system with a modified version of the packet reservation multiple access
(PRMA) scheme.  (5 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Zor97,
   author = "M. Zorzi",
   title = {Packet dropping statistics of a data-link protocol for wireless local communications.},
   booktitle = "1997 IEEE 6th International Conference on Universal Person Communications Record. Bridging the Way to the 21st Century, ICUPC '97. Conference Record (Cat. No.97TH8255).",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "536--540",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
We consider a data transmission system over a wireless channel, where
packets are queued at the transmitter ARQ is employed as the error
control scheme, by which packets corrupted due to channel impairments
are immediately retransmitted. We study the statistics of the packet
dropping process due to buffer overflow. In particular, we propose a
Markov approximation to model such losses. The delay performance of the
packets which are admitted to the queue is also studied. (10 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{JLA97,
   author = "B. Jafarian and TH. Le and AH. Aghvami",
   title = {Design and performance evaluation of a new medium access control protocol for wireless ATM networks.},
   booktitle = "1997 IEEE 6th International Conference on Universal Person Communications Record. Bridging the Way to the 21st Century, ICUPC '97. Conference Record (Cat. No.97TH8255).",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "434--437",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
This paper proposes a new and simple medium access control for wireless
ATM networks, called estimated backoff TDMA (EB-TDMA). Estimated backoff
is proposed as slot reservation scheme on top of ordinary TDMA. The
capacity and other characteristics of the system are analysed under
different load conditions. The performance of EB-TDMA is also evaluated
by computer simulation. A real multimedia system (voice, data and video)
for analytical and simulation evaluation. Due to its adaptability to
traffic patterns. EB-TDMA offers short delay in light load and high
throughput in heavy load conditions. (7 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{AK97,
   author = " AS. Acampora and SV. Krishnamurthy",
   title = {A new adaptive MAC layer protocol for wireless ATM networks in harsh fading and interference environments.},
   booktitle = "1997 IEEE 6th International Conference on Universal Person Communications Record. Bridging the Way to the 21st Century, ICUPC '97. Conference Record (Cat. No.97TH8255).",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "410--415",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
A new media access protocol is proposed for sharing a high speed
radio channel among a number of small wireless packet access units,
some of which may be stationary and some of which may be within moving
vehicles. Such a system could provide fixed point, pedestrian and remote
users with wireless access to CPU and database resources of an underlying
ATM wireline network, essentially extending the ATM bandwidth-upon-demand
interface directly to the wireless units and enabling delivery of
multimedia services (albeit at the lower peak rate afforded by the radio
channel). A primary goal of the proposed media access protocol is the
pre-delivery of a signal from each packet access unit as needed to enable
the deployment of a rapidly adaptive array antenna at the base station,
thereby protecting the packet flow in each direction from the effects
of both multipath propagation and adjacent channel interference arising
in neighboring radio cells. An impairment-robust direct sequence spread
spectrum-based polling signal is invoked to stimulate a pilot tone from
a given remote immediately prior to packet transfer in either direction,
thereby permitting the base station to determine a good set of antenna
element combining or power splitting weights to be used for that packet.
Reasonable approximations are invoked to study the performance of the
proposed protocol, and link utilization efficiency and average message
delay are found. By proper choice of protocol parameters, a radio resource
utilization efficiency of about 95\% is readily achieved. The accuracy
of the approximations is confirmed by extensive computer simulations. (11
References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{JC97,
   author = "R. Jain and Li Fung Chang",
   title = {Towards an asymmetric air interface protocol for wireless Internet access.},
   booktitle = "Waves of the Year 2000+ PIMRC '97. The 8th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications. Technical Program, Proceedings (Cat. No.97TH8271).",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "688--692",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
An asymmetric air interface protocol is one which allocates more
capacity for one direction of data transfer (in our case, the downlink)
than the other. In this paper we report ongoing work on the need and
initial design calculations for an asymmetric indoor air interface
protocol which is suitable for integrated voice and data applications,
and specifically for wireless Internet access. As an example we consider
PACS-UB, a symmetric protocol for voice communication in the isochronous
unlicensed PCS band (1920-1930 MHz), and present a mechanism for making it
statically asymmetric, as well as dynamically asymmetric in response to
traffic demands. We also present a simplified worst-case two-dimensional
model of co-channel interference when the air interface protocol is
dynamically asymmetric. The quantitative results of the model indicate
that an asymmetric protocol can result in significant gains in spectral
efficiency. In the worst case downlink co-channel interference can be
significant, and we discuss possible mitigating techniques that could
be used. (15 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Chi97,
   author = "Le-Pond Chin",
   title = {A secure registration protocol for wireless Internet.},
   booktitle = "Waves of the Year 2000+ PIMRC '97. The 8th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications. Technical Program, Proceedings (Cat. No.97TH8271).",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "495--499",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
A registration protocol is proposed in this paper to implement secure
functions which include authentication between the mobile unit and
home agent for verification together with key management between the
mobile unit and home agent and between the mobile unit and the remote
agent for secure transmission. The protocol can protect the transmission
from fraud, attacks such as reply and wiretap. Location privacy is also
achieved. A reset protocol is designed to restore the system once when
system fails. The security is verified by taking several security and
privacy requirements into consideration.  (9 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{TGF97,
   author = "F. Talucci and M. Gerla and L. Fratta",
   title = {MACA-BI (MACA By Invitation)-a receiver oriented access protocol for wireless multihop networks.},
   booktitle = "Waves of the Year 2000+ PIMRC '97. The 8th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications. Technical Program, Proceedings (Cat. No.97TH8271).",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "435--439",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
A novel wireless MAC protocol named MACA-BI (MACA By Invitation) is
introduced.  MACA-BI is a simplified version of the well known MACA
(Multiple Access Collision Avoidance) protocol, which is based on
the request to send/clear to send (RTS/CTS) handshake and which has
inspired the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standard. In MACA-BI, the RTS
part of the RTS/CTS handshake is suppressed, leaving only the clear to
send a control message which can be viewed as an ``invitation'' by the
receiver to transmit. This reduction greatly improves the efficiency
when radio turn-around time is significant with respect to packet
transmission time. Yet, it preserves the ``data'' collision free property
of MACA. Simulation results for various multihop topologies show that,
when the traffic characteristics are stationary or predictable, MACA-BI
outperforms several known multiple access protocols, especially when
``hidden terminal'' conditions are predominant. (11 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{SB97a,
   author = "GJ. Santivanez and JR. {Boisson de Marca}",
   title = {D-RAMA: a new deterministic MAC protocol for wireless multimedia communications.},
   booktitle = "Waves of the Year 2000+ PIMRC '97. The 8th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications. Technical Program, Proceedings (Cat. No.97TH8271).",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "1043--1048",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
A new deterministic packet access method, name D-RAMA, suitable for
operation in a wireless multiservice environment is presented. It is shown
that the method has excellent fairness properties, while yielding a very
low packet loss probability and achieving a statistical multiplexing
gain of 2, which is roughly 30\% better than the capacity provided by
PRMA under equivalent conditions. (15 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{BE97,
   author = "R. Bhattacharya and A. Ephremides",
   title = {A distributed multicast routing protocol for ad-hoc (flat) mobile wireless networks.},
   booktitle = "Waves of the Year 2000+ PIMRC '97. The 8th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications. Technical Program, Proceedings (Cat. No.97TH8271).",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "877--881",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
``Multicasting'' refers to the transmission of the same information to
several destinations.  We present a loop-free, distributed multicast
routing protocol for wireless networks that consist of an arbitrarily
large number of nodes, each of which is mobile in an unpredictable
manner. Most existing multicast protocols have been developed for
non-wireless, stationary networks in which there is an abundance of
bandwidth and where intended destinations initiate their connection to
the multicast tree. In mobile wireless networks of the future, bandwidth
may be limited if not scarce, and in addition to destination initiated
connections, there will be purely source-initiated multicasts. We propose
a combined multicast routing and resource reservation protocol, which is
source-initiated and which uses dynamic frequency allocation to establish,
and maintain, connections to desired destinations in the randomly varying
topology of ad-hoc wireless networks. Power control is applied to tradeoff
between routing delays and frequency reuse factor. (9 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{PMS97,
   author = "N. Passas and L. Merakos and D. Skyrianoglou",
   title = {Traffic scheduling in wireless ATM networks.},
   booktitle = "IEEE ATM '97 Workshop Proceedings (Cat. No.97TH8316).",
   year = 1997,

   pages = "391--400",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Wireless ATM is enjoying enormous research interest in the last few
years, because of its ability to combine multimedia applications support,
together with the freedom of mobility.  One of the key design issues is
the medium access control (MAC) protocol for the radio interface. This
paper presents the traffic scheduling algorithm used in the MAC protocol
of the Wireless ATM Network Demonstrator (WAND) system being developed
within project Magic WAND. Magic WAND is investigating wireless ATM
technology for customer premises networks in the framework of the
Advanced Communications Technologies and Services (ACTS) programme,
funded by the European Union. The proposed algorithm is delay oriented to
meet the requirements of the various traffic classes defined by the ATM
architecture. Simulation results are presented to assess the performance
of the algorithm. (10 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{WWSL97,
   author = "Xiaowen Wu and Shiqi Wu and Hairong Sun and Lemin Li",
   title = {Dynamic slot allocation multiple access protocol for wireless ATM networks.},
   booktitle = "1997 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Towards the Knowledge Millennium. ICC '97. Conference Record (Cat. No.97CH36067).",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "1560--1565",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
In this paper, a novel multiple access scheme named DSAMA protocol
is proposed for wireless ATM networks. DSAMA is the combination of
reservation multiple access protocol and dynamic slot allocation
algorithm. The orthogonal code is used for reservation in the DSAMA
system. Hence, the packet collisions are prevented while several packets
apply for reservation slot simultaneously. In addition, due to bandwidth
limitation, the dynamic slot allocation algorithm with bound variable
for bursty traffic is also proposed in this paper, so that the QoS of
multimedia traffic is guaranteed in wireless ATM networks. A computer
simulation is utilized to validate the DSAMA protocol. From the analysis
and simulation results, we know that the slot utilization in the DSAMA
system is higher than that of the other well-known integrated services
multiple access (e.g., PRMA, PRMA++). Furthermore, the performance of
bursty traffic in the DSAMA system outperforms the case without dynamic
slot allocation. We are sure that DSAMA protocol is a competitive
candidate to be adopted in the wireless ATM networks. (14 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{CGD97,
   author = "Wai Chung Chan and E. Geraniotis and C. Derrien",
   title = {A medium access protocol for interconnecting ATM and wireless networks.},
   booktitle = "1997 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Towards the Knowledge Millennium. ICC '97. Conference Record (Cat. No.97CH36067).",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "1448--1453",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
This paper describes a medium access protocol for wireless ATM
systems using time division multiple access with frequency division
duplex. Voice and data mobiles are supported. In order to utilize the
resource efficiently, information slots are allocated to mobiles that
are in talkspurt only. When a mobile changes its state from silent to
talkspurt, it has to request for an information slot. Real-time service
is required for voice mobiles and so queueing is not allowed. The
medium access scheme for voice mobiles is based on the non-collision
packet reservation multiple access (NC-PRMA) which will ensure prompt
delivery of voice packets. Data mobiles are considered as services that
are delay-insensitive. Available bit rate services can be provided
for (delay-insensitive) data mobiles. The scheme for data mobiles
is based on the distributed queueing request update multiple access
(DQRUMA). Numerical results are obtained through simulations and the
performance of the proposed hybrid protocol is compared with that of PRMA
and reservation TDMA. The results obtained show that the proposed protocol
performs better in the sense of having smaller voice and data dropping
probabilities under similar system conditions. Additional advantages
are that optimization of the system throughput is easier and that the
performance of voice mobiles is unaffected by instability in the data
portion of the protocol. (7 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{BFF97,
   author = "G. Benelli and L. Favalli and G. Filigheddu",
   title = {A data link layer protocol for wireless ATM.},
   booktitle = "1997 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Towards the Knowledge Millennium. ICC '97. Conference Record (Cat. No.97CH36067).",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "1438--1442",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
This paper studies the problems related to the transmission of digital
data in ATM-like format over a noisy wireless channel affected by burst
of errors. A cell structure more suitable for wireless application is
proposed and a protocol for error control and packet re-transmission is
presented that provides good throughput performances. This protocol is
based on an ARQ scheme with partial re-transmission used in conjunction
with a cyclic error detection code. The system parameters are tuned to
provide easy conversion between the standard ATM cell and the wireless-ATM
one. (14 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{CPR97,
   author = "I. Chlamtac and C. Petrioli and J. Redi",
   title = {An energy-conserving access protocol for wireless communication.},
   booktitle = "1997 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Towards the Knowledge Millennium. ICC '97. Conference Record (Cat. No.97CH36067).",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "1059--1062",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
This paper deals with the design of a communications protocol which
operates under an energy constraint, in which the fraction of timeslots
in which tags need to be in the active (awake) state is minimized, and
the access delay meets the applications constraints. We present a new
approach to this problem, a pseudo-random protocol, which combines the
fairness from random access protocols with the low energy requirements of
classical TDMA. Considering an analytical model as well as simulations
of the system behavior for the cases of uniformly and non-uniformly
distributed traffic destinations, we show that in addition to fairness,
and low energy requirements the proposed protocol provides low access
delays. (5 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{CTG97,
   author = "ACF. Chan and DHK. Tsang and S. Gupta",
   title = {TCP (transmission control protocol) over wireless links.},
   booktitle = "1997 IEEE 47th Vehicular Technology Conference. Technology in Motion (Cat. No.97CH36003).",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "1326--1330",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
The congestion control policy of the transmission control protocol
(TCP) works well today over a wide range of networks. However, if a
TCP connection consists of erroneous links, for example, in wireless
environment, degradation in throughput and delay performance can
be significant. We use simple analysis on the TCP window dynamics to
determine the end-to-end throughput of a TCP connection with a wireless
link and to demonstrate the impact of high error rate in a wireless
environment. To improve the performance of the TCP in a wireless
environment, a simple modification to the TCP, which uses negative
acknowledgment as an explicit notification for packet corruption is
proposed. The performance of the proposed ``NACK''-based scheme is compared
with an existing modified version, LHACK, for both binary and Rayleigh
fading channels. (12 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{OWM97,
   author = "K. Ohta and T. Watanabe and T. Mizuno",
   title = {Selective multimedia access protocol for wireless multimedia communication.},
   booktitle = "1997 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing, PACRIM. 10 Years Networking the Pacific Rim, 1987-1997 (Cat. No.97CH36060).",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 1,
   pages = "81--84",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Users desire to use multimedia applications such as browsing WWW and
VoD in not only desktop computing environment but also wireless or
mobile computing environment. A wireless link, however, is generally
poor in quality to accommodate multimedia communication. We propose
a content-based multimedia communication protocol for wireless
environment. It adopts the selective transport service according to
content-based priority, assigned to each scene of multimedia data, so
that a user can get important information even if available bandwidth
is insufficient for the multimedia data. (6 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{KL97,
   author = "Liang-Seng Koh and MT. Liu",
   title = {The adaptive permission reservation protocol for wireless communications.},
   booktitle = "1997 IEEE International Performance, Computing and Communications Conference (Cat. No.97CH36051).",
   year = 1997,

   pages = "483--489",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
The adaptive permission reservation (APR) protocol is proposed as a
wireless multiple access control (MAC) protocol for multiplexing voice
traffic. The APR belongs to the category of protocols that introduces
random access to the time division multiple access (TDMA). In contrast
to the normal approach of using a fixed sending permission at every
voice terminal, APR uses simple heuristics to estimate the number of
contending terminals.  The estimation is based on the difference between
the number of collisions and the number of successfully contentions over
a period of time. Simulation results show that, with slow speech activity
detectors, the performance of APR approximates that of the ideal packet
reservation multiple access (PRMA) when the channel bit rate is low. In
other words, the heuristics is an excellent estimation to the number of
contending terminals under that type of environment. In addition, APR
also exhibits significant improvement over the original PRMA protocol
when fast speech activity detectors are used. (9 References).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{AJA97,
   author = "F. Ayo and B. Jafarian and AH. Aghvami",
   title = {A medium access control protocol for wireless ATM LAN based on polling.},
   booktitle = "IEE Colloquium on ATM Traffic in the Personal Mobile Communications Environment (Ref. No.1997/032).",
   year = 1997,

   pages = "1--6",
   organization = "IEE",
   abstract = "
Activity continues in the investigation of indoor wireless networks based
on ATM. These local area networks (LANs), are required to co-exist with
future fibre-optic based broadband communications networks and users
will expect similar service capabilities in the wireless environment
as is offered in the wired networks. In dealing with the medium access
challenge faced in the implementation of these networks, a modified
polling (disposable token) protocol is proposed as another candidate
multiple access scheme for an ATM based wireless LAN. Simulation results
are presented for a voice/data scenario, and features of the scheme
include time of expiry (TOE) based service discipline, with polling
priority given to the time critical (multimedia) portion of the packet
data. The priority scheme was found to achieve considerable improvement
in system performance, measured in terms of call/message delay and
loss. (1 Reference).
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Tor97,
   author = "M. Toro",
   title = {Simulation of IP Mobility Support: an experiment in mobile protocol specification with SDL.},
   booktitle = "SDL '97 Time for Testing SDL, MSC and Trends. Proceedings of the Eighth SDL Forum.",
   year = 1997,

   publisher = "Elsevier",
   pages = "119--134",
   abstract = "
This paper addresses the question of modeling mobile protocols with SDL
using the example of the new Internet standard: IP Mobility Support. A
modified channel model is presented that allows the specification of
dynamically changing communication path configurations, which is the
main difference between the stationary and mobile protocols, and which
plays the key role in initiation of mobility handling mechanisms. We
show how this new channel concept allows us to detect some problems
with the protocol, such as data loss due to the early expiration of the
registration lifetime in the home agent, which occurs any time when the
signal delay increases between the mobile host and its home agent. The
suggested channel modification easily fits with other SDL mechanisms. It
allows the specification of features characteristic of the mobile
environment without increasing the complexity of the specification,
which would be required by the current SDL. (13 References).
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% INSPEC - Journals


@ARTICLE{WN97,
   author = "DSL. Wei and K. Naik",
   title = {An efficient multicast protocol using de Bruijn structure for mobile computing.},
   journal = "Computer Communication Review",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 27,
   number = 3,
   pages = "14--35",
   abstract = "
In this paper, we design a protocol to efficiently deliver multicast
messages to mobile computers. The main concern in the design of such a
protocol is to ensure that each message is delivered exactly once to
each mobile host in a multicast group. However, the requirements of
avoiding multiple delivery of a message, and of a host not missing a
message are not easy to efficiently satisfy in a mobile environment. To
satisfy these requirements, an earlier work had to actually broadcast
a multicast message. The novelty of our approach is that we satisfy
the multicast requirements without broadcasting a message, which is
central to the efficiency of our protocol. We structure the mobile
support stations (MSS) as a de Bruijn network, and define a multicast
tree on the network.  A multicast message is routed on a multicast tree
on a de Bruijn network. Assuming that there are N MSS's in a network, a
multicast group of mobile hosts belong to the cells of N MSS's, $\gamma$
is the maximum of the time to route a message between two adjacent MSS's,
$\Lambda$ is the sum of the mobility rates of all mobiles in a multicast
group, $\lambda_{max}$ is the maximum among the mobility rates, and $\rho$
is the cell cross-over time of a mobile, our protocol runs with a message
complexity of $O(min(NlogN,N)+ \Lambda logN)$ and a communication delay
of $O(\gamma logN + \lambda_{max \rho})$. Thus, our protocol is very
efficient when a message is multicast to a small number of mobile hosts.
To show the practicability of structuring a set of MSS's as a de Bruijn
network, we have demonstrated how a de Bruijn network can be emulated as
a collection of virtual paths on an arbitrarily connected ATM network. (17
References).
"
}


@ARTICLE{TTT99,
   author = "Y. Tamura and Y. Tobe and H. Tokuda",
   title = {EFR: efficient fast retransmit scheme for TCP in a wireless multiple access},
   journal = "Transactions of the Information Processing Society of Japan",
   year = 1999,

   volume = 40,
   number = 1,
   pages = "46--56",
   abstract = "
We propose a new and efficient fast retransmit scheme for wireless
LANs. Wireless LANs are becoming popular, and providing an efficient
protocol over a wireless link is important. In our experiments with
2.4 GHz WaveLAN, the poor TCP performance observed was attributed to
frequent expiration of the retransmission timer. To avoid unnecessary
expiration of the retransmission timer, we propose a scheme in which
fast retransmission is performed efficiently. The proposed modification
only affects a TCP sender, and our version of TCP with the change is
interoperable with existing TCP implementations. The change is especially
effective in wireless LAN environments, where we have demonstrated
dramatic improvements in throughput, 10-15\%, via experiments with 2.4
GHz WaveLAN. (18 References).
"
}


@ARTICLE{Bia98,
   author = "G. Bianchi",
   title = {IEEE 802.11-saturation throughput analysis.},
   journal = "Communications Letters",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 2,
   number = 12,
   pages = "318--20",
   abstract = "
To satisfy the emerging need of wireless data communications, the IEEE
is currently standardizing the 802.11 protocol for wireless local area
networks. This standard adopts a CSMA/CA medium access control protocol
with exponential backoff. We present a simple analytical model to compute
the saturation throughput performance in the presence of a finite number
of terminals and in the assumption of ideal channel conditions. The model
applies to both basic and request-to-send/clear-to-send (RTS/CTS) access
mechanisms. Comparison with simulation results shows that the model is
extremely accurate in predicting the system throughput. (6 References).
"
}


@ARTICLE{YMI98,
   author = "M. Yamamoto and S. Machida and H. Ikeda",
   title = {Access control scheme for multimedia ATM wireless local area networks.},
   journal = "IEICE Transactions on Communications",
   year = 1998,

   volume = "E81-B",
   number = 11,
   pages = "2048--2055",
   abstract = "
The DQRUMA (distributed-queueing request update multiple access) protocol
has been proposed as an access protocol for wireless ATM local area
networks. The DQRUMA protocol is useful for transmitting fixed-length
packets (e.g., ATM cells). However, it cannot be applied to the multimedia
environment because it does not include any access control policy for
multimedia traffic. We propose a slot assignment scheme for the DQRUMA
protocol in wireless ATM LAN which supports integrated multimedia traffic
with different service requirements. In this scheme we can allocate
network resources according to the service requirements of each medium
because the base station assigns transmit-permission flexibly according
to the features of each medium. (10 References).
"
}


@ARTICLE{KKH98,
   author = "Chung Gu Kang and Yong Jin Kim and Min Jae Hwang",
   title = {Implicit scheduling algorithm for dynamic slot assignment in wireless ATM networks.},
   journal = "Electronics Letters",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 34,
   number = 24,
   pages = "2309--2311",
   abstract = "
A novel scheduling algorithm is proposed for the MAC (medium access
control) protocol in wireless asynchronous transfer mode networks. The
proposed algorithm has been demonstrated to be an effective means of
implementing dynamic slot assignment without explicitly transmitting
the dynamic parameters for variable bit rate traffic. (5 References).
"
}


@ARTICLE{WW98,
   author = "Jyh-Horng Wen and Jee-Wey Wang",
   title = {Throughput analysis of packet reservation multiple access protocol for wireless communications.},
   journal = "Proceedings of the National Science Council Republic of China Part a Physical Science \& Engineering",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 22,
   number = 4,
   pages = "497--503",
   abstract = "
It has been shown that the packet reservation multiple access (PRMA)
protocol, originally proposed by D.J. Goodman et al. for wireless
communications, can improve the user capacity by preventing users from
using resources during their silent gaps. In the literature, the protocol
has been studied using the method of equilibrium point analysis (EPA).
However, this method may generate multiple equilibrium points in high
load conditions, so that the exact behavior of the system cannot be
determined uniquely. Thus, we introduce a two-dimensional Markov chain
model to analyze in an approximate manner the PRMA protocol. After the
steady-state probabilities are found, the channel throughput can be
uniquely determined. (5 References).
"
}



@ARTICLE{KH98,
   author = "A. Kumar and J. Holtzman",
   title = {Comparative performance analysis of versions of TCP in a local network with a mobile radio link.},
   journal = "Sadhana",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 23,
   number = 1,
   pages = "113--129",
   abstract = "
The scenario is that a bulk data transfer is being performed over a TCP
connection, from a host on a local area network (LAN) to a mobile host
attached to the LAN by a radio link.  In an earlier work we had assumed
that packet losses in a TCP connection over a radio link are statistically
independent. In this paper, we extend this analysis to a Rayleigh fading
link, which we model by a two-state Markov model. The bulk throughputs
of TCP-OldTahoe and TCP-Tahoe are compared with and without fading, for
various average signal-to-noise ratios. We also study the performance with
a link protocol on the wireless link, and study the effect of varying the
link packet size, the number of link packet attempts, and the vehicle
speed. For the parameters of the BSD UNIX implementation, over a 1.5
Mbit/s wireless link, we find that, with fading, a signal-to-noise
ratio of at least 30 dB is required to get reasonable throughput with
TCP Tahoe or OldTahoe; this corresponds to at least 100 times more
power than is needed without fading. For fixed signal-to-noise ratios,
as the vehicle speed varies there are roughly 3 regions of performance:
at very low speeds (pedestrian speeds) the throughput is very good; at
low vehicular speeds the throughput deteriorates, and again becomes very
good at higher vehicle speeds. The speeds corresponding to the various
regions depend on the parameters of the link protocol. (20 References).
"
}


@ARTICLE{KHM98,
   author = "A. Kalaxylos and S. Hadjiefthymiades and L. Merakos",
   title = {Mobility management and control protocol for wireless ATM networks.},
   journal = "IEEE Network",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 12,
   number = 4,
   pages = "19--27",
   abstract = "
The introduction of wireless ATM (WATM) in customer premises network
environments necessitates the design of mobility protocols, since
the existing versions of B-ISDN signaling do not support terminal
mobility. Such protocols can be deployed either as extensions to the
standard signaling capabilities, or as individual solutions that have
little or no impact on existing infrastructures (switches, signaling
software, etc.). A WATM architecture that adopts the latter approach
is presented. After a discussion of the problems encountered in the
integration of wireless networking and B-ISDN ATM technologies, a
mobility management and control (MMC) protocol is proposed. Finally, in
the framework of the proposed MMC protocol, algorithms for implementing
mobility procedures (handover and registration) are described. (34
References).
"
}


@ARTICLE{OO98,
   author = "PE. Omiyi and T. O'Farrell",
   title = {Throughput analysis of novel CDMA-based MAC protocol for wireless LANs.},
   journal = "Electronics Letters",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 34,
   number = 12,
   pages = "1201--1202",
   abstract = "
A new throughput analysis for a novel slotted CDMA-based
medium-access-control protocol, with a channel-load sensing feature,
for wireless LANs is presented. Numerical results are shown of throughput
against offered-load, and it is shown that the proposed protocol offers
considerable throughput improvement when compared with ALOHA DS/SSMA
(`random-access' CDMA). (5 References).
"
}


@ARTICLE{Gut97,
   author = "S. Guthery",
   title = {Wireless relay networks},
   journal = "IEEE Network",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 11,
   number = 6,
   pages = "46--51",
   abstract = "
Two network architectures for connecting fixed wireless nodes to a
central concentrator-relay and star-are combined into a structured
network architecture called a relay star network. A relay star network
is characterized by the property that there is a unique communication
path between any two nodes; that is, the graph of the network is
a rooted tree. In this article we present a tutorial discussion of
relay star networks using examples and an extended discussion of a
protocol for wireless data collection on relay star networks. The
target application for this work is data collection on networks of
fixed low-cost, low-data-rate environmental monitors such as urban
terminals (parking meters, pay telephones, fire alarm boxes, distress
call stations, etc.) and utility meters (water, electricity, gas, steam,
etc.) (6 References).
"
}


@ARTICLE{Ber97,
   author = "TJ. Berg",
   title = {Multidestination ARQ protocol for radio LANs.},
   journal = "Telektronikk",
   year = 1997,

   volume = 93,
   number = 2,
   pages = "69--79",
   abstract = "
Multidestination automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocols provide reliable
transmission of one packet to two or more destinations. The design of
a multidestination ARQ protocol for a wireless local area network (LAN)
must reflect the operational requirements and environmental constraints
to which it is subject. The design of a radio LAN is often based on
a decentralized architecture where a random access protocol provides
fair access to the radio channel. Here packet collisions cannot be
avoided. The probability of having a collision is a function of the
network traffic and the use of an ARQ protocol gives rise to a very strong
feedback between the traffic and the radio channel quality because lost
packets are retransmitted. A degraded radio channel is therefore most
likely to be caused by a high level of multiuser interference and one
main design challenge is to regulate the use of the radio channel. We
propose a multidestination ARQ protocol for a single channel radio LAN
that provides a high utilization of the radio channel. An analytical
throughput model of the protocol is presented and its performance is
illustrated by presenting a case study. (19 References).
"
}


@ARTICLE{WOH97,
   author = "Gang Wu and T. Okazaki and Y. Hase",
   title = {Performance analysis of a hybrid wireless LAN using R-ISMA.},
   journal = "IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics Communications \& Computer Sciences",
   year = 1997,

   volume = "E80-A",
   number = 7,
   pages = "1272--1280",
   abstract = "
In this paper, we propose a modified R-ISMA (reserved idle signal multiple
access) protocol for a wireless local area network (WLAN) with a hybrid
system construction.  The protocol can support a basic service area as
large as that supported by a centralized system and allows the direct
transmission between neighbor stations as in a distributed system
without the problem of hidden terminals. Since a polling scheme is
used during transmission of information packets, an ARQ (auto repeat
request) scheme is easily applied. A dynamic analysis using transient
fluid approximation analysis is used for performance evaluation. In the
analysis, we use the Fritchman channel model to describe a burst error
environment. Some numerical examples using a set of practical system
parameters are given. It is shown that the system performance is improved
compared with a centralized system with R-ISMA. (15 References).
"
}


%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% rest from COMPENDEX Disk "Jg. 99"


@ARTICLE{TEC98,
   author = "Pavlos Theodorou and Jaafar M.H. Elmirghani and Robert A. Cryan",
   title = {ATM infrared wireless LANs: A proposed architecture},
   journal = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 36,
   number = 12,
   pages = "118--123",
   abstract = "
As infrared wireless LANs for in-building applications become more popular
because of their many advantages, it is of interest to design such LANs
to support the ATM protocol and therefore provide wireless access to
fixed ATM networks.  The architecture of such a LAN is presented in
this article.  Emphasis is placed on the protocol stacks of the model
to provide seamless operation with the wired network, on the cellular
topology, and on the MAC protocol.  Under the proposed topology the
system performance is revealed in terms of packet dropping probability,
average access delay, channel throughput, and statistical multiplexing
gain for a range of system parameters.  (Author abstract) 10 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{CLC98,
   author = "Wen-Tsuen Chen and Wen-Tsung Lin and Shih-Pei Chen",
   title = {Traffic management for wireless ATM networks},
   booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1998 International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems, ICPADS",
   year = 1998,

   pages = "398--405",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
To support multimedia traffic consisting of diverse traffic classes
for mobile devices, a traffic management scheme should be developed
to provide seamless wireless ATM-based communication system.  In this
paper, we propose a novel traffic management scheme based on Packet
Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA) protocol to support QoS guarantee
for downlink traffic.  The proposed traffic management scheme involves
cells scheduling, buffer management, traffic shaping, traffic control,
and flow control.  The simulation results reveal that the proposed
scheme can guarantee QoS (cell delay and cell loss ratio) for both real
time (CBR, VBR) and non-real time (ABR) traffics in the wireless ATM
networks, reduce the buffer size in the Base Station (BS), and enhance
the utilization of wireless bandwidth.  (Author abstract) 25 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Woz98,
   author = "Jozef Wozniak",
   title = {Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11 networks in presence of hidden stations},
   booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference on Systems Science",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "159--166",
   abstract = "
Wireless LANs (WLANs) seem to be a very attractive solution for
many environments and applications.  However, owing to the nature of
communication media used in these systems we have to cope with some
problems, not existing in wired installations.  One serious problem
appearing in wireless LANs (WLANs) is the difficulty in establishing
direct connections between all network stations, possibly mobile.  In real
WLAN installations one can observe very often so-called hidden station
effects, leading to severe degradation of the network performance caused
by inability to properly detect the channel occupation around a given
destination station.  In the paper we discuss the behaviour of an IEEE
802.11 network, investigating the effectiveness of the DCF operational
mode with the contention type CSMA/CA protocol, employed as the basic
version of the channel access scheme.  Assuming partial interconnections
of network stations, i.e., the presence of hidden stations, we study,
via simulation, variations of the channel throughput for different frame
lengths and different applications reserved with or without the use of
the RTS/CTS mechanism, allowing so-called virtual channel allocation.
(Author abstract) 4 Refs.
"
}


@ARTICLE{ZWL98,
   author = "Qian Zhang and Tan F. Wong and James S. Lehnert",
   title = {Buffered type-II hybrid ARQ protocol for DS-SSMA packet radio systems},
   journal = "International Journal of Wireless Information Networks",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 5,
   number = 3,
   pages = "203--217",
   abstract = "
 The performance and stability of a slotted direct-sequence spread-
spectrum multiple-access (DS-SSMA) packet radio network employing the
type-II hybrid automatic-repeat-request (ARQ) protocol with finite-length
transmitter buffers are considered.  The equilibrium point analysis (EPA)
technique is employed to analyze the system stability and to approximately
compute the system throughput, delay, and packet rejection probability.
It is found that the system exhibits bistable behavior in some situations.
Issues of system design, such as the required length of the transmitter
buffers and the desirable region of operation based on a predetermined
performance requirement for packet rejection, are also investigated.
(Author abstract) 12 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Mil98,
   author = "Kenneth C. Miller",
   title = {Data distribution over IP in high error rate military radio environments},
   booktitle = "Proceedings - IEEE Military Communications Conference MILCOM",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "1067--1071",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Most military radio systems exhibit relatively high bit error rates up
to $10^{-3}$ and possibly even higher.  Many of these are located in
the battlefield and are mobile, leading to temporary outages due to
terrain blocking of signals.  In battlefield situations, information
delivery is critical and the highest priority and needs to be able to
get through the relatively low bandwidth high error rate radio links
in the fastest time possible.  The most used transport protocol in
IP is TCP, which provides error free data to applications above it.
However, there are a number of reasons why TCP is not suitable for this
environment: first, it is designed for very low error environments,
which means that all packet loss is interpreted as congestion, making
the rate fall back to the lowest possible; and second, TCP is designed
to be  fair' with all other TCP traffic, meaning there are no priorities.
Both of these characteristics are opposite to the requirements in military
situations, when the information needs to be transferred at the fastest
rate possible in high error environments with the highest priority.  MFTP,
which operates over UDP, is a good candidate protocol to use in these
situations.  It can operate in both multicast and unicast modes (radio
transmissions can easily support multicast), and has implicit priority
over TCP traffic.  It has been shown to operate very effectively in high
error rate radio links with testing in real links at Fort Monmouth, NJ.
This paper will discuss these issues and give some test results.
(Author abstract) 6 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{GPG98,
   author = "Aura Ganz and {Se Hyun} Park and Zvi Ganz",
   title = {Robust re-authentication and key exchange protocol for IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs},
   booktitle = "Proceedings - IEEE Military Communications Conference MILCOM",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "1018--1022",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
In this paper we introduce a robust re-authentication and key exchange
protocol for IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs.  Based on an authentication protocol that we
have previously published, we introduce a low computational complexity re-
authentication and key exchange procedure that provides enhanced robustness in face
of cryptographic attacks.  This procedure accounts for the wireless media
limitations, e.g. limited bandwidth and noise.  We introduce the Re-authentication
Period (RP) that reflects the frequency that the re-authentication procedure should
be executed.  We provide the user with suitable guidelines that will help in the
determination of the re-authentication period.  (Author abstract) 7 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{HTF98,
   author = "Zsolt Haraszti and Keith J. Townsend and James A. Freebersyser",
   title = {Efficient simulation of TCP/IP for mobile wireless communications using importance sampling},
   booktitle = "Proceedings - IEEE Military Communications Conference MILCOM",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "867--871",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Future military communications systems are expected to exchange
information in a seamless and reliable manner across heterogeneous
networks composed of both fixed, wired nodes and mobile, wireless
nodes.  While commercial protocols such as TCP/IP have improved the
seamlessness of military communications systems, the use of TCP/IP in
the mobile, wireless environment for which it was not designed can
have a deleterious effect on reliability.  Reliable performance of
communication systems is ultimately limited by the occurrence of rare
events, such as the probability of packet loss.  Here we consider a
model of the behavior of TCP/IP at a wired - wireless interface in the
network which requires the use of Monte Carlo (MC) simulation to estimate
the rare event probabilities.  To achieve the large speedup required to
make MC simulation feasible, we adapt our novel importance sampling (IS)
technique called Direct Probability Redistribution (DPR) to the problem of
estimating packet loss at the wired - wireless interface in TCP/IP based
networks.  We demonstrate that DPR is an efficient simulation technique
capable of working in the feedback environment resulting from TCP/IP, and
obtain orders-of-magnitude speedup of the Monte Carlo simulation used to
estimate the packet loss rate in such systems.  (Author abstract) 10 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{WNE98,
   author = "Jeffrey E. Wieselthier and Gam D. Nguyen and Anthony Ephremides",
   title = {Multicasting in energy-limited ad-hoc wireless networks},
   booktitle = "Proceedings - IEEE Military Communications Conference MILCOM",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "723--729",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
In this paper, we address the problem of multicasting in military  ad-
hoc' wireless networks.  Since such networks lack a fixed cellular infrastructure,
multicast algorithms that are based on the availability of fixed, known topologies
cannot be used effectively.  Even when the locations of the nodes are fixed and
known, the properties of the wireless medium create a networking environment that is
vastly different from that of wired networks, and for which the multicasting problem
has scarcely been addressed.  Specifically, the broadcast nature of wireless
transmission and the dependence of range on transmission power create new
opportunities for multicasting that need to be traded off against the interference
caused by such transmissions.  We address the ways in which wireless network
characteristics, as well as the constraints of limited energy, affect multicast
protocol operation.  Preliminary trade-offs are provided, and future research
directions are outlined.  (Author abstract) 11 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{LS98,
   author = "Sanjay Lal and Elvino Sousa",
   title = {Distributed resource allocation for DS-CDMA based multi-media wireless LANs},
   booktitle = "Proceedings - IEEE Military Communications Conference MILCOM",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "583--588",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
With a few exceptions, most of the research dealing with power
allocation, and more recently power/rate allocation in DS-CDMA based networks has
concentrated on centralized resource allocation algorithms for cellular systems where
the base station keeps track of the service requirements and is thus responsible for
the management of network resources.  Adhoc WLANs, however, are configured as peer-to-
peer networks with no centralized hub or controller.  Thus resource allocation has to
be conducted in a distributed fashion.  We address the issue of distributed resource
management for multi-rate DS-CDMA based multi-media WLANs by presenting a distributed
resource allocation protocol that builds on the Network Allocation Vector (NAV)
bandwidth reservation scheme provided by IEEE 802.11 and provides Quality of Service
(QoS) guarantees.  (Author abstract) 9 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{GPG98b,
   author = "Aura Ganz and Anan Phonphoem and Zvi Ganz",
   title = {Robust superpoll protocol for IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs},
   booktitle = "Proceedings - IEEE Military Communications Conference MILCOM",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "570--574",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
As Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) are rapidly deployed to expand
the field of wireless products in military settings, the provision of robust and
efficient communication in face of noisy environments will be mandatory.  Such design
needs to take into consideration the WLANs limited bandwidth and high error rates.
In this paper we introduce the concept of super polling which can be implemented
within the IEEE 802.11 Point Coordination Function (PCF) media access control scheme.
We notice a dramatic throughput increase (up to 85\%) when compared with the single
poll mechanism used in IEEE 802.11 PCF.  The throughput increase is measured as a
function of the channel noise, the SuperPoll overhead per data packet and the packet
size.  (Author abstract) 5 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{LAO98,
   author = "G.M. Lundy and M. Almquist and T. Oruk",
   title = {Specification, verification and simulation of a wireless LAN protocol: MACAW},
   booktitle = "Proceedings - IEEE Military Communications Conference MILCOM",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "565--569",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
A formal specification and verification of a wireless LAN protocol is
given, and a simulation of the protocol's performance is also described.  The
verification is a partial verification in that it does not include a general
verification of all possible configurations of the protocol; however, it does cover
the expected usage of the protocol, which is for a small number of users sharing a
cell.  The simulation provides further insight into the protocol, especially
concerning its performance.  Based on the verification and simulation, some
suggestions are made which can improve the protocol's performance.  (Author abstract)
10 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{WRVWW98,
   author = "Bob Welsh and Norm Rehn and Bob Vincent and Joseph Weinstein and Susan Wood",
   title = {Multicasting with the Near Term Digital Radio (NTDR) in the Tactical Internet},
   booktitle = "Proceedings - IEEE Military Communications Conference MILCOM",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "452--456",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
The NTDR development team is currently implementing IP Multicast
capabilities to support activities in the Tactical Internet.  Protocols and
mechanisms designed for wire based networks do not always transfer efficiently to an
RF media.  This paper introduces the tradeoffs, and the solution arrived at, for
distributing Multicast traffic efficiently in the NTDR network.  It will also
describe the protocol RGMP developed to support Multicast group memberships for the
NTDR Intranet and for the external Internet interface to IGMP.  (Author abstract) 5
Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{GBPC98,
   author = "Charles Graff and Michael Bereschinsky and Mitesh Patel and Li Fung Chang",
   title = {Application of Mobile IP to tactical mobile internetworking},
   booktitle = "Proceedings - IEEE Military Communications Conference MILCOM",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "409--414",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Mobile Internetworking Protocol or Mobile IP, proposed in the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF), does not consider the requirements of tactical
military networks, which are predominantly radio based and  on the move' with minimal
fixed infrastructure.  In this paper, we present tactical Mobile IP solution for the
military architecture, specifically the Radio Access Point (RAP) network, with a
focus on providing mobility and fault tolerance.  Our approach, in this work, is on
improving survivability by moving mobility agents to higher, less mobile and more
fault tolerant echelons in the hierarchy.  As a baseline approach, we propose a
tactical Mobile IP solution based on the Mobile IP protocol proposed in the IETF
using Class C address assignment.  It is observed that an architecture with multiple
Class C address assignment supports basic Mobile IP operation without any
modification.  We propose the use of Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) to
accommodate a large number of Internet addresses.  It is shown that other address
assignment schemes can also be applied to the military architecture without any
modification to Mobile IP.  Three route optimization schemes are also described to
improve the performance of datagram routing to mobile nodes.  (Author abstract) 10
Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{GPRSW98,
   author = "J.H. Gass and M.B. Pursley and H.B. Russell and R.J. Saulitis and C.S. Wilkins",
   title = {Adaptive transmission protocols for frequency-hop radio networks},
   booktitle = "Proceedings - IEEE Military Communications Conference MILCOM",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 1,
   pages = "282--285",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
The focus of this paper is on the performance of an adaptive transmission
protocol for frequency-hop (FH) radio networks in which the radios can adjust the
power in the transmitted signal and the rate of a Reed-Solomon code to respond to
variations in partial-band interference and propagation loss.  The adaptation is
based on side information from the FH receiver and on information derived from the
decoder.  The results presented in this paper are obtained from a simulation of a
wireless FH radio network in which the characteristics of the links are time-varying.
These results demonstrate that the adaptive transmission protocol can improve the
quality of a link by adapting to variations in both path-loss and interference to
take advantage of favorable channel conditions.  (Author abstract) 5 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{SG98,
   author = "J. Scott Stadler and Jay Gelman",
   title = {Performance enhancement for TCP/IP on a satellite channel},
   booktitle = "Proceedings - IEEE Military Communications Conference MILCOM",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 1,
   pages = "270--276",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Worldwide usage of the Internet is currently growing at an exponential
rate, resulting in a dramatic increase in the demand for the transmission of Internet
data via satellite.  The TCP/IP protocol suite, which forms the basis of the
Internet, performs sub-optimally when confronted with a geostationary satellite link.
This may result in poor performance as seen by an interactive user and/or inefficient
utilization of precious satellite resources.  In response to military needs, MIT
Lincoln Laboratory has developed the Wireless IP Suite Enhancer (WISE) which
dramatically improves the performance of TCP/IP when it is extended via a satellite
link.  Tests of a prototype unit conducted on the Satellite Networking Test-bed at
Lincoln Laboratory show that WISE yields nearly optimal utilization of the satellite
link.  (Author abstract) 3 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{MD98,
   author = "John Muhonen and Robert C. Durst",
   title = {Performance of transport protocols over satellite communication links},
   booktitle = "Proceedings - IEEE Military Communications Conference MILCOM",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 1,
   pages = "263--269",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
The DOD has joined into a cooperative effort with the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Security Agency (NSA) to
develop the Space Communications Protocol Standards (SCPS).  The SCPS stack consists
of a set of four protocols that operate at the network layer and above: File Handling
Protocol (FP), Transport Protocol (TP), Security Protocol (SP), and Network Protocol
(NP).  This set of protocols has the potential to increase the efficiency and
reliability of data transfer, increase interoperability with both DOD and non-DOD
assets, and decrease the cost of operating our space systems.  The protocols also
have potential applicability to military tactical and mobile communication
environments.  Two experiments and a number of simulations were conducted in FY96 to
evaluate the performance of a subset of the SCPS protocols.  This paper summarizes
the results of a third test program which was developed in FY97 to further evaluate
the performance of SCPS.  Although this test program did address functional testing
of FP and NP, the focus was on the end-to-end performance of SCPS TP and commercial
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in networks that include at least one satellite
communications link.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{XCM98,
   author = "Weiping Xu and A. Chockalingam and Laurence B. Milstein",
   title = {Performance analysis of multichannel wireless access protocol in the presence of bursty packet losses},
   booktitle = "Proceedings - IEEE Military Communications Conference MILCOM",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 1,
   pages = "233--237",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
In this paper, we analyze the effect of bursty packet losses caused by
correlation in the multipath fading process on the throughput and delay performance
of a multichannel wireless access protocol.  We model the channel memory as a first-
order Markov chain whose parameters are defined as a function of the fading margin
and the normalized Doppler bandwidth.  Following a Markov chain analysis, we derive
the analytical expressions for the average per channel throughput and the mean
message transfer delay.  It is shown that the multichannel protocol with a  persist-
until-success' retransmission strategy at the link level to recover erroneous data
packets performs better on fast fading channels (low correlation), whereas the
protocol without retransmission at the link level performs better on slow fading
channels (high correlation).  (Author abstract) 8 Refs.
"
}


@ARTICLE{ALMHK98,
   author = "G. Anastasi and L. Lenzini and E. Mingozzi and A. Hettich and A. Kramling",
   title = {MAC protocols for wideband wireless local access: evolution toward wireless ATM},
   journal = "IEEE Personal Communications",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 5,
   number = 5,
   pages = "53--64",
   abstract = "
WLAN and wireless ATM are emerging technologies for wideband wireless
local access.  Two standards, IEEE 802.11 and ETSI HIPERLAN Type 1, are currently
available for WLAN; the standardization process of wireless ATM, involving, among
others, the Wireless ATM Group of the ATM Forum and the Broadband Radio Access
Networks project of ETSI, is ongoing and related standards are expected to be
released by mid-1999.  This article focuses on MAC protocol aspects of wireless local
access networks.  It first investigates, from a traffic performance point of view,
the MAC protocol of the IEEE 802.11 and ETSI HIPERLAN Type 1 standards, and then
verifies to what extent these MAC protocols are suitable for wireless ATM.  The
analysis is then extended by considering a new MAC protocol.  Dynamic Slot Assignment
(DSA plus plus ), which has been designed to explicitly support ATM technology over
the radio interface.  DSA plus plus is a candidate for the ETSI HIPERLAN Type 2
standard, a developing ETSI standard for wireless ATM.  (Author abstract) 26 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{SHKS98,
   author = "Karri-Tuomas Salli and Timo Hamalainen and Jarno Knuutila and Jukka Saarinen",
   title = {Security design for a new wireless local area network TUTWLAN},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "1540--1544",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
This paper presents a security scheme for a medium access control
protocol in a new wireless local area network TUTWLAN (Tampere University of
Technology WLAN).  The design objective has been to develop a security scheme that
will be scalable for various needs and offer high security for demanding applications.
The designed security scheme provides both privacy of wireless data communications
and the authenticity of communicating parties.  Our authentication scheme allows also
the communicating entities to establish a shared secret key for secure communication
session.  Data security schemes have also been introduced.  There are three optional
data security modes that offer flexible ciphering and data security level.  (Author
abstract) 7 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{JL98,
   author = "Jianping Jiang and Ten-Hwang Lai",
   title = {Efficient media access control protocol for delay sensitive bursty data in broadband wireless networks},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "1355--1359",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Media access control (MAC) for broadband wireless networks is a hard and
important problem.  Previous studies on this problem suggested using reservations and
demand assignments, i.e., mobile terminals (MTs) send requests to the base station
(they may contend with each other for the access) to reserve transmission resources
(time slots, codes, etc.) when they have data to send.  These protocols may cause
degradation of QoS, due to the fact that MTs could fail frequently competing for the
access.  Especially, these protocols can not meet the QoS requirements of delay-
sensitive and bursty data.  In this paper, we propose a novel MAC protocol which uses
transmission collision as a useful information for random access.  Analysis shows it
overcomes the above mentioned problem (and thus guarantees better QoS) while
consuming less wireless resources and system overhead.  (Author abstract) 10 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{CC98,
   author = "Kwang-Cheng Chen and Chia-Sheng Chang",
   title = {Guaranteed quality-of-services wireless access to broadband networks},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "1351--1354",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
A series of study to design guaranteed quality-of-service wireless access
to broadband networks has been presented in this paper, based on randomly
addressed polling and its generalized expansion multiple access protocol.
(Author abstract) 8 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{AA98,
   author = "Sami S. Alwakeel and Mohammad M. Al-Fawaz",
   title = {DPAP: a dynamic polling based access protocol for wireless networks},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "1126--1129",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
In this paper, we propose a dynamic polling-based multiple access
protocol for wireless networks.  The time of the radio channel between the user
terminals and the network base station is divided into a sequence of fixed length
frames.  Each frame is subdivided into a variable length registration cycle and an
information cycle.  For active user identification in the registration cycle, an
adaptive polling scheme, requiring a small bandwidth and a little centralized control
from the base station is suggested.  Packet transmission by active users in the
information cycle is then achieved through a modified conventional polling scheme.
Performance results of the protocol for integrated traffic show that a large number
of active users can be multiplexed on the wireless channel keeping in the voice
packet loss probability within acceptable limits.  Comparing the proposed protocol to
similar protocols in the literatures, such as PRMA and RAMA, the comparison has
demonstrated that the proposed protocol is superior in the sense that it does not
introduce any significant fixed reservation overhead.  In addition, it is more suited
to the dynamic behavior of integrated traffic.  (Author abstract) 14 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{CXZM98,
   author = "A. Chockalingam and Weiping Xu and Michele Zorzi and Laurence B. Milstein",
   title = {Energy efficiency analysis of a multichannel wireless access protocol},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "1096--1100",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
When user terminals powered by a finite battery source are used for
wireless communications, energy constraints are likely to influence the design/choice
of media access protocols.  In this paper, we analyze the energy efficiency of a
multichannel wireless access protocol using a finite energy source in a mobile radio
environment.  The average number of correctly transmitted packets for a given amount
of allocated energy is used as the appropriate energy efficiency metric.  The mobile
radio channel itself is characterized by a correlated Rayleigh fading process, whose
memory parameters depend on the speed of the user terminal, the data rate, and the
physics of the channel.  We show that the protocol which recovers erroneous data
packets through retransmission is more energy efficient at low channel correlations.
(Author abstract) 11 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{CPR98,
   author = "Imrich Chlamtac and Chiara Petrioli and Jason Redi",
   title = {Energy-conserving selective repeat ARQ protocols for wireless data networks},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "836--840",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Mobile communications implies reliance on a self-contained, portable
power source, error-prone fading radio channels and subsequent need for
acknowledgments.  We propose two energy-conserving variants of the Selective Repeat
ARQ protocol, which reduce the number of acknowledgments sent by the mobile node.
The protocols are compared to previously described energy-conserving Go-Back-N ARQ
protocols as well as classical approaches and shown to maintain favorable delay and
throughput performances.  (Author abstract) 9 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{LXMV98,
   author = "Nikos H. Loukas and Christos K. Xenakis and Lazaros Merakos and Iakovos Venieris",
   title = {Signaling and mobility control for wireless intelligent ATM CPNs},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "738--743",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
A wireless intelligent ATM access system is explored in this paper from a
signaling protocol viewpoint.  The proposed architecture is consistent with the B-
ISDN User-Network Interface (UNI) signaling structure as a wireless local area
network to access the ATM core network infrastructure, and can be adapted to cater
also for a wireless broadband access network for future mobile telecommunication
systems.  Emphasis is placed on taking advantage of well-developed protocol
standards, where appropriate, to allow the easy introduction of the proposed
architecture in the real world.  The evaluation of the signaling performance of the
system captures the effect of the proposed structure on the performance of call and
mobility control and yields results, which fall within acceptable signaling
performance measures.  (Author abstract) 15 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{KAHM98,
   author = "Alexandros Kaloxylos and Giannis Alexiou and Stathes Hadjiefthymiades and Lazaros Merakos",
   title = {Design and performance evaluation of a mobility management protocol for wireless ATM networks},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "728--732",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
The introduction of ATM in wireless CPN environments (WATM) necessitates
the design of mobility signaling protocols, since the existing versions of B-ISDN
signaling do not support terminal mobility.  These protocols can be deployed as
overlay solutions that have little or no impact on existing infrastructures
(switches, signaling software, etc.).  In this paper, we present a WATM architecture
and discuss the design of a Mobility Management and Control protocol (MMC).  After
briefly presenting what procedures the protocol specifies for the forward handover
scenario we provide simulation results related to the performance of the system.
(Author abstract) 14 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{KHLHJAS98,
   author = "Marko Hannikainen and Jarno Knuutila and Ari Letonsaari and Timo Hamalainen and Jari Jokela and Juha Ala-Laurila and Jukka Saarinen",
   title = {TUTMAC: a medium access control protocol for a new multimedia wireless local area network},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "592--596",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
This paper presents a Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol called TUTMAC
for a new wireless local area network (TUTWLAN).  The design objective has been to
develop a simple, multimedia service capable protocol that provides sufficient medium
utilisation efficiency and guarantees QoS (Quality of Service) parameters.  The
developed system utilises a centralised (base station controlled) network
architecture.  A limited number of portable stations can be associated with the same
base station, i.e. in the same TUTWLAN cell.  TUTMAC is connection oriented: the
bandwidth is allocated deploying constant bit-rate TDMA based data channels that are
reserved by exchanging short control messages.  The connection parameters can be
dynamically altered during the data exchange session.  Currently, a TUTWLAN prototype
is being developed comprising both TUTMAC software and platform hardware modules.
The prototype will support up to eight simultaneous data-transfer connections each
having 64 to 512 kbit/s data transmission bandwidth.  (Author abstract) 7 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Bal98,
   author = "Paramvir Bahl",
   title = {ARMAP - an energy conserving protocol for wireless multimedia communications},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "575--580",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Adaptive Reservation Multiple Access Protocol (ARMAP) has been designed
to provide explicit support for integrated services over wireless radio networks.  It
allows terminals to communicate with multiple traffic types, including data, voice,
and digital video, providing quality of service (QoS) guarantees to video connections
and a high priority to voice connections.  The regularity in the video packet
generation process is exploited in the protocol to provide timely and contention free
channel access for dynamic reservations.  An adaptive reservation-slot scheduling
algorithm ensures near-optimum bandwidth usage and near-optimum power consumption by
the radio terminal.  Simulation with realistic parameters reveals that ARMAP achieves
a promising combination of bandwidth efficiency, and quality of service for time
bounded isochronous traffic.  (Author abstract) 6 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{OO98b,
   author = "Peter E. Omiyi and Timothy O'Farrell",
   title = {Throughput and delay analysis of a novel slotted CDMA MAC protocol for multimedia communication in wireless LANs},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "570--574",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Much of the current work on medium-access-control (MAC) for wireless,
multimedia communications focuses on statistically multiplexing traffic
over a single high-speed channel. e.g. the dynamic-slot-assignment
(DSA) protocol.  However, fundamental queuing theory suggests that a MAC
strategy which statistically multiplexes traffic over multiple parallel
channels will offer smaller channel-access delays.  Therefore, we present
a novel slotted CDMA-based MAC protocol for the support of real-time,
delay-sensitive multimedia traffic in wireless LANs.  The channel-access
delay performance and throughput performance of the proposed protocol
are investigated, and the results show that the proposed protocol offers
both a superior channel-access delay performance to that offered by DSA
and a considerable throughput advantage when compared with ALOHA DS/SSMA
('random-access' CDMA).  A fair method for normalising throughput and
delay of CDMA-based MAC protocols when compared with other dissimilar
schemes is also presented.  (Author abstract) 7 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Agr98,
   author = "Prathima Agrawal",
   title = {Energy efficient protocols for wireless systems},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "564--569",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Energy efficiency is crucial for wireless networks due to the limited
battery life of mobile terminals.  Power conservation techniques are commonly used in
the hardware design of such systems.  In addition, a low-power design of the entire
protocol stack of wireless systems can significantly enhance energy efficiency and
network utilization.  This paper discusses recent advances and contributes novel
ideas on power adaptive design of networking protocols.  (Author abstract) 19 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{MSW98,
   author = "Juergen Mayer and Johannes Schlee and Tobias Weber",
   title = {Handoff protocols in JD-CDMA},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 1,
   pages = "355--359",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
In the early 1990s investigations towards an air interface for UMTS and
IMT-2000 started at the Research Group for RF Communications.  The result
is the JD-CDMA air interface, which formed the basis of the UMTS air
interface mode TD-CDMA. JD-CDMA uses a combination of the multiple access
schemes FDMA, TDMA and CDMA, in which signal separation is performed
by joint detection (JD).  To prove the performance and the feasibility
of JD-CDMA a hardware demonstrator was build by the Research Group for
RF Communications and Siemens AG. The JD-CDMA implementation for the
demonstrator adopts the philosophy of the de facto world standard GSM to
an extent as large as possible.  In this paper it is investigated, which
extensions of existing GSM handoff protocols are necessary to support
a multiple cell JD-CDMA hardware demonstrator.  (Author abstract) 13 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{LRY98,
   author = "J. Li and D. Raychaudhuri and R. Yates",
   title = {Unified handoff control protocol for dynamic path rerouting in mobile ATM networks},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 1,
   pages = "323--329",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
This paper studies handoff control mechanisms based on a 'Mobile ATM'
concept.  Mobile ATM refers to an ATM infrastructure which supports
ubiquitous mobile services through extending ATM signaling functions
within the ATM backbone.  In order to meet the performance criteria
required by a diverse set of mobile services, we propose a unified handoff
control protocol which is independent of wireless access technologies (ATM
/ nonATM) and path rerouting algorithms.  Such a protocol can provide (1)
a common software architecture for system implementation, (2) a common
measurement base for performance evaluation and (3) a common signaling
syntax for standardization.  A prototype system is implemented based on
this protocol, which provides an IP-over-ATM service with WaveLAN access.
(Author abstract) 17 Refs.
"
}


@ARTICLE{CSA98,
   author = "Jyh-Cheng Chen and Krishna M. Sivalingam and Raj Acharya",
   title = "Comparative Analysis of Wireless {ATM} Channel Access Protocols
            Supporting Multimedia Traffic",
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 3,
   pages = "293--306",
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{CSAA98,
   author = "Jyh-Cheng Chen and Krishna M. Sivalingam and Prathima Agrawal and Raj Acharya",
   title = {On scheduling of multimedia services in a low-power MAC for wireless ATM networks},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 1,
   pages = "243--247",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
This paper describes the design and analysis of the scheduling algorithm
for EC-MAC (energy conserving medium access control) [1] , a low-power
medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless and mobile ATM networks.
Based on the structure of EC-MAC and the characteristics of wireless
channel, we propose a new algorithm which can deal with the bursty errors
and the location-dependent errors.  Most scheduling algorithms proposed
for either wired or wireless networks were analyzed with homogeneous
traffic or multimedia services with simplified traffic models.  We analyze
our scheduling algorithm with more realistic multi-media traffic models.
One of the key goals of the scheduling algorithm is simplicity and fast
implementation.  Unlike the time-stamp based algorithm, our algorithm
does not need to sort the virtual time, thus reducing the complexity of
the algorithm significantly.  (Author abstract) 14 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{SR98,
   author = "Suresh Singh and C.S. Raghavendra",
   title = {Power efficient MAC protocol for multihop radio networks},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 1,
   pages = "153--157",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
In this paper we develop a new multiaccess protocol for multi-hop radio
networks.  The unique feature of our protocol is that it is energy
conserving.  Radios that are not actively transmitting or receiving a
packet power themselves off.  The manner in which nodes power themselves
off does not influence the delay or throughput characteristics of our
protocol.  Simulation results indicate that power savings of between 10%
and 70% are attainable in most systems.  (Author abstract) 7 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{RT98,
   author = "Chris Romans and Jean Tourrilhes",
   title = {Medium access protocol for wireless LANs which supports isochronous and asynchronous traffic},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 1,
   pages = "147--152",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
In this paper we present a Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for
a wireless LAN which is designed to support both isochronous (voice)
and asynchronous (data) traffic.  The protocol is designed for use in
a frequency hopping system and uses a TDMA access protocol to support
voice and a CSMA/CA access protocol to support data.  A wireless LAN
using this protocol can be operated as either an ad-hoc network (in
which case only the data service is supported) or as a managed network
under the control of a control point or base station (in which case the
voice service is also supported).  (Author abstract) 10 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Per98b,
   author = "Charles E. Perkins",
   title = {Service location protocol for mobile users},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 1,
   pages = "141--146",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Service Location Protocol has been designed within the Internet
Engineering Task Force to simplify or eliminate the configuration needs
for users of the Internet and World-Wide Web.  This is of increasing
importance to mobile users, first because they experience frequently
changing network service environments, and secondly because the
Internet is itself becoming more service oriented.  The basic Service
Location Protocol is described, with detailed descriptions of the various
protocol entities, messages, and ways of selecting appropriate services.
(Author abstract) 11 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{SR98b,
   author = "Rolf Sigle and Thomas Renger",
   title = {Fair queueing wireless ATM MAC protocols},
   booktitle = "IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 1,
   pages = "55--59",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Wireless ATM networks, which are currently under investigation, promise to
support future multimedia applications.  The medium access control (MAC)
protocol of such systems plays a key role in providing differentiated
quality of service (QoS).  A variety of proposed MAC protocols use
a centrally controlled flexible allocation of time slots.  In order
to support differentiated QoS the base station scheduler must allow a
fair sharing of the available resources depending on the requested QoS.
Moreover it should be insensitive against partially outdated status
information of the mobile station queues.  Our proposed scheme is able to
support these properties and is simple to implement.  (Author abstract)
12 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{YC98,
   author = "{Zhong Jun} Yin and Kah-Seng Chung",
   title = {Multiple access protocol for an underground wireless communication network},
   booktitle = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "1528--1532",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
The MINECOM system, a versatile micro-cellular mobile communications
network specifically designed for underground mining, is aimed at
providing reliable communications for multiple channels of two-way voice,
monitoring data, control signals, and eventually compressed digital video.
This paper studies the multiple access technique adopted in the MINECOM
network.  The performance of the MINECOM protocol is analyzed in terms
of throughput and average message delay by the EPA (Equilibrium Point
Analysis) method.  (Author abstract) 8 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{MS98,
   author = "Michael J. Markowski and Adarshpal S. Sethi",
   title = {Fully distributed wireless transmission of heterogeneous real-time data},
   booktitle = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "1439--1442",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Using wireless systems to transport real-time data is becoming
increasingly common as wireless networks themselves are used more.
However, in most instances, real-time data is generated by applications
and ultimately transmitted by a MAC layer protocol with no support
for deadlines.  We describe a MAC layer protocol that transmits data
taking into consideration its real-time properties.  This would appear
to be the first wireless MAC protocol offering support for hard, soft,
and non real-time data in a preemptive manner.  Numerical results of
the mathematical model (not presented here) are graphed and evaluated.
(Author abstract) 11 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{CZ98,
   author = "A. Chockalingam and Michele Zorzi",
   title = {Energy consumption performance of a class of access protocols for mobile data networks},
   booktitle = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "820--824",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
When user terminals powered by a finite battery source are used for
wireless communications, energy constraints are likely to influence
the choice of media access protocols.  We use the average number of
correctly transmitted packets for a given amount of allocated energy
as an appropriate metric.  In particular, we study different versions
of a wireless access protocol operating over a mobile radio channel
using a finite energy source with a flat power profile.  The mobile
radio channel itself is characterized by a correlated Rayleigh fading
process, the correlation in the fading process being dependent on the
speed of the user terminal.  We show that the access protocol with an
Error Detect feature is energy efficient for pedestrian user speeds,
whereas for vehicular speeds a Retransmission protocol is more efficient.
(Author abstract) 16 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{SC98b,
   author = "Ya-Ku Sun and Kwang-Cheng Chen",
   title = {Optimization of generalized tree protocols with capture},
   booktitle = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 2,
   pages = "801--805",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
A generalized tree protocol, MULCAR, has been proposed as an unified
tool for systematic approach to multiple access problems in different
applications.  In this paper, one of the operation mode of MULCAR
we suggested by dynamic evaluation is optimized and analyzed under
capture-type communication environment.  Through this optimization
strategy, we have actually figured out the influence and practically
greatest utilization of the capture effect on all contention-based
wireless multiple access systems.  (Author abstract) 12 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{WM98,
   author = "Chiung-Shien Wu and Gin-Kou Ma",
   title = {Performance of packet reservation MAC protocols for wireless networks},
   booktitle = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "2537--2541",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Wireless packet-switched communications will be one of the important
technologies for future mobile data networks.  This paper presents
performance analysis on wireless MAC protocols in which the transmission
of wireless packets is reserved through contention-based access.
Compared with other pure contention-based protocols, this type of protocol
is suitable for wireless networks with bursty packet arrival, e.g.,
wireless ATM, or wireless LAN, for the reason that the carrier-sensing
function cannot be efficiently implemented and the pure random access
mechanism without carrier-sensing produces a very poor performance.
The proposed analysis is based on simulation and the result shows that
the efficiency of the protocol varies with different network parameters.
The result also gives guidelines for optimizing the network performance,
e.g., the control of the number of packets reserved in each request, the
adjustment of signaling time-slots to the data time-slots ratio, and the
adjustment of the threshold for rejecting a packet reservation request.
(Author abstract) 7 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{LK98,
   author = "Yifan Li and Jamil Y. Khan",
   title = {Performance of ATDMA protocol in a microcellular environment},
   booktitle = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "1815--1819",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Advanced Time Division Multiple Access (ATDMA) protocol is a new
generation protocol which supports both circuit switched and packet
switched transmission modes.  In this paper the performance of the ATDMA
protocol in a microcell environment will be presented.  The performance of
the protocol was evaluated using a proposed block reservation scheme for
an integrated voice and data traffic.  The effect of block reservation
scheme and capture effect on the protocol performance is investigated
using a discrete event simulation model.  (Author abstract) 5 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{AA98b,
   author = "{Anna Calveras} Auge and {Josep Paradells} Aspas",
   title = {TCP/IP over wireless links: Performance evaluation},
   booktitle = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 3,
   pages = "1755--1759",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a large extended transport
protocol, mainly used in fixed networks.  It works well in those networks
in which the main cause of packet loss is congestion.  Some mechanisms
included in TCP optimize their use in this kind of networks.  Today,
Internet users need access it over wireless links in order to get
this service anywhere they are.  However, TCP does not work well in
wireless environments where losses are due to high Bit Error Rates (BER).
In this paper, we evaluate the end-to-end throughput of a TCP connection
with a wireless link.  First, we demonstrate the impact of high BER in
TCP performance.  Then, we evaluate the impacts of header compression.
(Author abstract) 22 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Vuk98,
   author = "Ivan Vukovic",
   title = {HIPERLAN type 1: Performance analysis of the Channel Access Control protocol},
   booktitle = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 1,
   pages = "377--381",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
High Performance Radio LAN (HIPERLAN) type 1 specification was
adopted as a standard by the European Telecommunications Institute
(ETSI) in late 1996.  While many contributions on the performance of
wireless LANs had been submitted in the standardization effort, certain
HIPERLAN performance issues were left unresolved.  Most of the published
performance work so far has been based on simulations, not the analytic
results.  In this paper we present an analysis of HIPERLAN Channel Access
Control protocol in an ad hoc networking scenario.  We derive expressions
for the probability of success, the average overhead per channel access
cycle, and the network capacity.  Using an M/G/1 model we approximate the
average delay using Equilibrium Point Analysis techniques.  In addition,
a lower and an upper bound on the average delay as a function of the
throughput are obtained.  (Author abstract) 6 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{MF98,
   author = "Jens Meggers and Georg Filios",
   title = {Multicast communication in  ad hoc' networks},
   booktitle = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 1,
   pages = "372--376",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
This paper presents a simulation comparison of two unicast  ad-hoc'
network routing protocols and proposes a multicast protocol extension,
which is based on Dynamic Source Routing (DSR).  Our new multicast
approach works sender oriented and spans a delivery tree by reusing
inherent route information from DSR.  Simulation results show that this
protocol is efficient and outclasses in various performance measurements
the well-known unicast solutions  TORA' and  DSR'.  (Author abstract)
12 Refs.
"
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{LNDG98,
   author = "K.H. Le and S. Norskov and L. Dittmann and U. Gliese",
   title = {Base station MAC with APRMA protocol for broadband multimedia ATM in micro/pico-cellular mobile networks},
   booktitle = "IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference",
   year = 1998,

   volume = 1,
   pages = "234--238",
   organization = "IEEE",
   abstract = "
The concept for a wireless ATM access system that enables seamless
mobile connectivity to the B-ISDN is presented.  It is based on small,
low cost and intelligent base stations running a medium access control
(MAC) protocol using adaptive packet reservation multiple access (APRMA).
Both the principles and the performance of this protocol are discussed.
A channel efficiency of more than 70\% and a mean cell transfer delay
of less than 17 cells are obtained in the range of 1- 50 simultaneously
connected users even with bursty traffic.  For this, the cell dropping
rate is kept below $10^{-9}$ when the mobile terminals use buffer lengths
of only 200-300 cells.  The different components of this access system
are currently under implementation and the MAC unit has been successfully
implemented for a 32 Mbit/s wireless channel supporting 25 Mbit/s ATM
introducing only 22\% of protocol overhead.  (Author abstract) 6 Refs.
"
}


@COMMENT(This document was done by Julio C{\´e}sar VERGARA HEINRROTH for
the pro-seminar class on "Wireless Computer Networks" during the
summer semester of 1999)

@ARTICLE{Ray96,
   author    = "Dipankar Raychaudhuri",
   title     = "Wireless ATM Networks: Architecture, System Design and
		Prototyping",
   journal   = "IEEE Personal Communications Magazine",
   year      = 1996,
   month     = 08,
   volume    = 3,
   number    = 4,
   pages     = "42--49",
   abstract  = {
The concept of ``wireless ATM'', first proposed in 1992,
is now being actively considered as a potential framework for next
generation wireless communication networks capable of supporting
integrated, quality-of-service (QoS) based multimedia services. In the
article, we outline the technological rationale for wireless ATM, present a 
system-level reference architecture, discuss key subsystem design issues,
and summarize early prototyping results for a recently developed
proof-of-concept system caleed ``WATMnet''. The reference architecture for
wireless ATM consist of two major components: a) A ``radio access layer''
for extension of ATM services over wireless medium and b) A ``mobile ATM''
infrastructure network capable of supporting terminal migration. Design
considerations for both the radio access layer (e.g. physical layer,
medium access control and data link control) and mobile ATM (e.g. handoff
control, location management and routing/QoS control) are discussed
briefly, and key technical issues are identified in each case. A brief
overview of recent experiences with ``WATMnet'' system prototype developed
at NEC USA´s C\&C Research Laboratories is given conclusion.}
}


@ARTICLE{PGH95,
   author    = {Jay E. Padgett and Christoph G. G{\"u}nther and Takeshi Hattori},
   title     = "Overview of Wireless Personal Communications",
   journal   = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
   year      = 1995,
   month     = 01,
   volume    = 33,
   number    = 1,
   pages     = "28--41",
   abstract  = {
Cellular radio and cordless telephony  have demostrated the demand for
wireless communications and provided a foundation for the development of
future wireless telecommunications systems and services.}
}

@ARTICLE{ALAR98,
   author    = "Arup Acharya and Jun Li and Furquan Ansari and Dipankar Raychaudhuri",
   title     = "Mobilty Support for IP over Wireless ATM",
   journal   = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
   year      = 1998,
   month     = 04,
   volume    = 36,
   number    = 4,
   pages     = "84--88",
   abstract  = {
A wireless ATM system consists of a core network infrastructure that
provides mobilty support to end terminals and a wireless access link. This  
article outlines two schemes for supporting mobilty of IP terminals in
this network. In the first scheme, location management and handoff support 
is integrated within the ATM signaling and control framework (``mobile
ATM''), and mobilty is transparented supported at the IP layer by mobile
ATM underneath. In the second approach, the IP protocol stack is directly
executed  on ATM switches (without an intermediate ATM signaling stack)  
using an IP switching technique called IPSOFACTO, and terminal mobility is  
supported via mobile IP.}
}


@ARTICLE{WPP96,
   author    = "Bernhard Walke and Dietmar Petras and Dieter Pla{\"s}mann",
   title     = "Wireless ATM: Air Interface and Network Protocols of
the Mobile Broadband System",
   journal   = "IEEE Personal Communications Magazine",
   year      = 1996,
   month     = 08,
   volume    = 3,
   number    = 4,
   pages     = "50--56",
   abstract  = {
Wireless ATM systems for the connection of mobile multimedia terminals to
the broadband ISDN for differents applications will be introduced,
explained and illustrated according to their specific quality-of-service
requirements. The author´s approach to realizing an ATM multiplexer at
the air interface is explained in detail, and new ideas on how to cope
with the fact that an ATM transport network is not prepared to handled
network-based handovers are presented. The article also describes some of
the tools the author have developed to study and analyze wireless
ATM-related problems.}
}

@ARTICLE{FAG95,
   author    = {David D. Falconer and Fumiyuki Adachi and Bj{\"o}rn Gudmundson},
   title     = "Time Division Multiple Access Methods for Wireless Personal Communications",
   journal   = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
   year      = 1995,
   month     = 01,
   volume    = 33,
   number    = 1,
   pages     = "50--57",
   abstract  = {
TDMA is a classic approach to multiple access in digital cellular wireless
communications systems and is the multiple access technique of choice for
several digital cellular and PCS systems.}
}


@ARTICLE{JCNK95,
   author    = "Bijan Jabbari and Giovanni Colombo and Akihisa Nakajima and Jayant Kulkarni",
   title     = "Network Issues for Wireless Communications",
   journal   = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
   year      = 1995,
   month     = 01,
   volume    = 33,
   number    = 1,
   pages     = "88--98",
   abstract  = {
The successful implementation of the intelligent network concept in mobile
communications and UPT will bring true wireless PCS. Significant research
opportunitiesexist in this discipline ranging from access and assignment
methods to handling real-time mobility and call-control services.}
}


@ARTICLE{Cox95,
   author    = "Donald C. Cox",
   title     = "Wireless Personal Communications: What IS It?",
   journal   = "IEEE Personal Communications Magazine",
   year      = 1995,
   month     = apr,
   volume    = 2,
   number    = 2,
   pages     = "20--35",
   abstract  = {
An evolution toward three large groups pf applications and services.}
}

@ARTICLE{Arm97,
   author    = "Grenville J. Armitage",
   title     = "IP Multicasting over ATM Networks",
   journal   = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas In Communications",
   year      = 1997,
   month     = 04,
   volume    = 15,
   number    = 3,
   pages     = "445--457",
   abstract  = {
The Internet Protocol (IP) multicast model involves a combination of  
intrasubnet and intersubnet multicast mechanisms. Technologies supporting
a given subnet are expected to have native mechanisms for supporting
intrasubnet forwarding of pacets sent to multicast destinations.Multicast
routers attach to subnets and provide intersubnet forwarding of multicast
packets, using interdomainmulticast routing protocols developed by the
Internet Engineering TAsk Force (IETF). Unforunately, ATM networks based
on UNI 3.0 or UNI 3.1 signaling service do not provide the native
multicast support expected by IP. This has led the IETF to develop the
``MARS model''--a fairly complex mechanism for emulating intrasubnet
multicast support required when running IP´s over ATM´s. This paper takes
a high level look at the IP multicast service, examines the limitations af
the ATM point-to-Multipoint virtual channel service, and describes the major 
architectural points of the MARS model.}
}

@ARTICLE{CCYC97,
   author    = "Cheng-Sang Chang and Kwang-Cheng Chen and Ming-Young You and Jin-Fu Chang",
   title     = "Guaranteed Quality-Of-Service Wireless Access to ATM Networks",
   journal   = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas In Communications",
   year      = 1997,
   month     = 01,
   volume    = 15,
   number    = 1,
   pages     = "106--118",
   abstract  = {
In this paper, we study the problem of wireless access to asynchronous
transfer modes (ATM´s). We consider three classes of ATM sources: constant
bit rate (CBR), variable bit rate (VBR), and available bit rate (ABR). We
proposed a polling scheme with nonpreemptive priority. Under such scheme,
we derived sufficient conditions such that all the CBR sources satisfy
their jitter constraints and all the VBR satisfy their delay constraints.
The remaining bandwidth is used by the ABR sources, for which we adapt a
random access scheme proposed by Chen and Lee (1994). For this random 
access scheme, we derive the throughput-offer load characteristic, and
thus the capacity. Based on this, we propose adaptive random access
schemes that track the offer load to its optimal value. Our simulations 
show that our adaptive schemes maintain a high troughput with respect
to the whole range of system load.}
}

@ARTICLE{ALRR97,
   author    = "Arup Acharya and Jun Li and Bala Rajagopalan and Dipankar Raychaudhuri",
   title     = "Mobility Management in Wireless ATM Networks",
   journal   = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
   year      = 1997,
   month     = 11,
   volume    = 35,
   number    = 11,
   pages     = "100--109",
   abstract  = {
Mobile ATM offers a common wired network infrastructure to support
mobility of wireless terminals, independent of the wireless access
protocol. In addition, it allows seamless migration to future wireless
broadband services, such as wireless ATM, by enabling mobility of
end-to-end ATM connections. In spite of the diversity in mobile networking
technologies (e.g., cellular telephony, mobile-IP, packet data services,
PCS), all of them require two fundamental mechanism: location management
and handoff. This article describes differents schemes for augmenting a
wired ATM network to support location management of mobile terminals and
handoff protocols for rerouting a connection data path when the endpoints
moves. A prototype implementation of mobile ATM integrating mobility
support with ATM signaling and connection setup, is presented. It shows
how mobile ATM may be used to provide mobility support to an IP terminal
using non-ATM wireless access.}
}

@ARTICLE{VKE97,
   author    = "Malathi Veeraraghavan and Mark J. Karol and Kai Y. Eng",
   title     = "Mobility and Connection Management in a Wireless ATM LAN",
   journal   = "IEEE Journal On Selected Areas in Communications",
   year      = 1997,
   month     = 01,
   volume    = 15,
   number    = 1,
   pages     = "50--68",
   abstract  = {
This paper proposes algorithms for handoff, location, and connection
management in a wireless asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) local-area
network (LAN). Fast handoffs while maintaining cell sequence and
quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees are achieved by distributing switching
functionality to base stations, and using a networking scheme based on
provisioned virtual trees. A new distributed location management scheme
using a minimal registration procedure and broadcasts on wired links is
proposed for this LAN. The detailed signalling procedures that support the
algorithms for mobilityand connection management are described in this
paper. Finally, an implementation of these procedures and an analysis of
the measured data is presented. Measurements of service times obtained
from this implementation indicate that over 100 calls/s. can be handled by
each node in 50-node network with a high percentage of mobiles (75%)
relative to fixed endpoints. This is comparable to current wired ATM
switch call handling troughputs, in spite of the fact that these nodes 
perform additional handoff and location management functions. The data
also indicates handoff latency times of 1,3 ms. this validates pur
proposal for maintaining cell sequence while performing handoffs.}
}


@ARTICLE{AB97,
   author    = "Ian F. Akyildiz and Keith L. Bernhardt",
   title     = "ATM Local Area Network: A Survey of requirements, Architectures, and Standards",
   journal   = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
   year      = 1997,
   month     = 07,
   volume    = 35,
   number    = 7,
   pages     = "72--80",
   abstract  = {
There is increasing interest in deploying ATM technology in local or
campus networks. ATM is an ideal technology to overcome many of the
limitations of today´s LAN technologies. This article focuses on the
application of ATM in the LAN enviroment to interconnect high-end host
computers and on the interworking of ATM-based LANs with legacy LANs. In
this article, the authors introduce ATM LAN requirements, followed by a
discussion of possible ATM LAN architectures, and concludes with a
discussion of current ATM LAN issues directions.}
}

@ARTICLE{AHK96,
   author    = "Prathima Agrawal and Eoin Hyden and Paul Krzyzanowski and Partho Mishra and Mani B. Srivastava and John A. Trotter",
   title     = "SWAN: A Mobile Multimedia Wireless Network",
   journal   = "IEEE Personal Communications Magazine",
   year      = 1996,
   month     = 04,
   volume    = 3,
   number    = 2,
   pages     = "18--33",
   abstract  = {
An experimental indoor wireless network}
}


@ARTICLE{CWKS97,
   author    = "Brian P. Crow and Indra Widjaja and Jeong Geun Kim and Prescott T. Sakai",
   title     = "IEEE 802.11: Wireless Local Area Networks",
   journal   = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
   year      = 1997,
   month     = 09,
   volume    = 35,
   number    = 9,
   pages     = "116--126",
   abstract  = {
The draft IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN specification is
approaching completion. In this article, the IEEE 802.11 protocol is
explained, with particular emphasis on the medium access control sublayer.
Performance results are provided for packetized data and a combination of
packetized data and voice over the WLAN. Our performance investigation
reveals that an IEEE 802.11 network may be able to carry traffic with time
bounded requirements using the point of coordination function. However,
our findings suggest that packetized voice traffic must be handled in
conjunction with an echo canceler.}
}

@ARTICLE{DHM97,
   author    = "Yonggang Du and Chirstoph Hermann and Klaus-Peter May and Samir N. Hulyalkar and David Evans",
   title     = "Wireless ATM LAN With And Without Infrastructure",
   journal   = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
   year      = 1998,
   month     = 04,
   volume    = 36,
   number    = 4,
   pages     = "90--95",
   abstract  = {
In this article, we consider wireless ATM concepts for small LANs,
specially for SOHO and future consumer applications. We describe a
wireless ATM LAN framework architecture that support wireless ATM
communications in enviroments with and without fixed ATM infrastructure.
For the configuration with ATM infrastructure, a distributed ATM switched
backbone is proposed, which enables a smart ATM switching element to be
embedded in every wireless and fixed access point. For bandwidth
efficiency and ease of operation (place-and-place), we also propose an ad
hoc wireless ATM LAN concept based on the same 5Ghz wireless ATM air
interface as is currently under standardization in ETSI/BRAN and ATM
Forum. Unlike CSMA-based ad hoc systems such as HIPERLAN and IEEE802.11,
our ad hoc wireless ATM system makes QoS management feasible in a
structureless enviroment by using resource reservation and scheduled
medium access protocol. Since cost scalability is essential throughout our
system design, we consider forwarding between ad hoc subnets and
interworking with the fixed network as important but optional features.}
}

@ARTICLE{NTNN98,
   author    = " Hiroshi Nakamura and Hisaku Tsuboya and Masamoto Nakano and Akihisa Nakajima",
   title     = "Applying ATM to Mobile Infrastructure Networks",
   journal   = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
   year      = 1998,
   month     = 01,
   volume    = 36,
   number    = 1,
   pages     = "66--73",
   abstract  = {
In response to the explosive increase in the numbers of mobile
subscreibersand the ever stronger demand for mobile multimedia services,
the authors propose introducing ATM technique for next generation mobile
network infrastructures in order to handle a high volume of traffic and
develop multimedia communications. First, this article clarifies
mobile-specific requirements for and advantages of applying ATM to mobile
infrastructure networks. However, it is risky for network operators en
bloc to replace the conventional STM-based infrastructure by ATM.
Therefore, this article shows a smooth evolution path for the mobile
network infrastructure to cconvert from a conventional STM to ATM as
mobile multimedia services mature. Even in the future mobile networks, the
main traffic may still be voice communications, whose bit rate is too low
for efficient use of the radio frecuency band. Apllying ATM to such
very-low-bit-rate mobile voice streams is inefficient due to the delay in
filling aout the payload of an ATM cell; this ``packetizytion delay''
degrades the quality of service. This problem can be solved by using a
layered cell structure for the mobile ATM network. This cell structure
enables the efficient transfer of voice signal ranging from very-low-bit-rate
signal to high speed multimedia signals with little delay. Standardization
of this cell structure is progressing in ITU U and the ATM Forum
Transmission efficiency is estimated here by simulation.}
}

@ARTICLE{GFV98,
   author    = "Eugenio Guarene and Paolo Fasano and Vinicio Vercellone",
   title     = "IP and ATM Integration Perspectives",
   journal   = "IEEE Communications Magazine",
   year      = 1998,
   month     = 01,
   volume    = 36,
   number    = 1,
   pages     = "74--80",
   abstract  = {
ATM is widespread technology adopted by many operators to support advanced
data communication, in particular efficient Internet services provision.
The expected challenges of multimedia communication together with the
increasing massive utilization of IP-based applications urgently require
redesign of networking solutions in terms of both new functionalities and
enhanced performance. Howeveer, the networking context is affected by so
many changes, and to  some extent chaotic growth, that any approach based
on a structured and complex to-down architecture is unlikely to be
applicable. Instead, an approach based finding out the best match between
realistic service requirements and pragmatic, intelligent use of
technical opportunities made available by the product market seems more
appropiate. By following this approach, innovations and improvements can
be introduced at differents times, not necessarily complying with each
other according to the coherent overall design. With the aim of pursuing
feasible innovations in the different networking aspects, at CSELT we
are investigating a few of the most crucial topics related to the IP
and ATM integration perspective. In particular,  we are developing 
research concerning efficient multicasting for conferencess and TV over
the net, service integration and quality control, as well as high 
performance and enhanced routing. After a brief survey, of the state of 
the art, the article reports the most significant result so far
achieved by CSELT in advance networking with the aim of contributing to 
the current international debate and to focus further enhancements in
the direction of broadening the range of supported services. With 
reference to multicasting, the article illustrates field experience 
managing complex MBone conference configurations over ATM and
preliminary laboratory results dealing with IP/ATM integrated 
multicasting. In the service integration area, measurements are 
illustrated conceerning RSVP over ATM that show the benefits of 
resource allocation for QoS support when different traffic tyoes are 
mixed. Integration of IP and ATM is then discussed by introducing 
experimental results able to improve the routing and switching 
capabilities, starting from the many solutions cureently proposed at
the international level. From this point of view, a significant 
investigation area is the introduction of a ``feature programmability'' 
function within network elements, in order to augment service
flexibility. Enhanced routing is illustrated as an example of 
programmable features that will feasible with advancednetworking 
platforms.}
}


@ARTICLE{CH97,
   author    = "Fang-Chen Cheng and Jack M Holtzman",
   title     = "Wireless Intelligent ATM Network and Protocol Design for Future Personal Communication Systems",
   journal   = "IEEE Journal On Selected Areas In Communications",
   year      = 1997,
   month     = 09,
   volume    = 15,
   number    = 7,
   pages     = "1289--1307",
   abstract  = {
This paper presents a wireless network infrastructure
for future personal communication system, which is refered to the
wireless intelligent ATM (WIATM) network, to provide wireless
broad-band integrated services. The WIATM network takes advantages of
the ATM-cell relay paradigm for integrated services through a radio
link with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. The design of the WIATM 
network architecture is an independent wireless network, which is 
consistent with the inherent cellular/PCS network architecture, as a 
wireless customer premises equipement/network (CPE/CPN) to access the
ATM transport network in the B-ISDN infrastructure. An independent 
network architecture design separates the wireless access network from
the ATM backbone network; this provide flexibility for wireless
resource management with low rate source codecs with minimal tolerable
QoS considered to increase the spectral efficiency, and mobility
support by taking the advantages of the functionalities of the IS-41
circuit-switching handoff procedures. The protocol design of the air
interface is to meet the QoS requirements of wireless B-ISDN services
and to be compatible with that of B-ISDN UNI. A hybrid concatenated
error control scheme distributed through the protocol layer is used to
target individual QoS requirements of different services. The
convolutional coding and interleaving in the wireless physical layer
protocol are used to guarantee QoS of voice services. A
concatenated-coding with additional 36 bit BCH code in the wireless
ATM layer, which replaces the VCI/VPI of the ATM header field, improve
the QoS up to the requirement of video services. The VCI/VPI field in
WIATM is an overlapped routing information routing with the address
control by radio port controller, and thus not needed in the wireless
ATM layer protocol. The retransmission scheme for data service only
added in wireless data link layer, which is on top of wireless AAL, to
meet its QoS requirements. Examples of signaling fliows for call
registration, call setup, and supporting handoff are shown in the
design of the wireless network layer protocol. The AIN (advance
intelligent network) signaling functionalities are considered for
multimedia service control in the acces network and interconnection to
the ATM network. A parent-child creative basic call state model (BCSM)
for wireless integrated services is introduced in both call
origination and termination}
}


@ARTICLE{LVE98,
   author    = "Zhao Liu and Malathi Veeraraghavan and Kai Y. Eng",
   title     = "A Scalable Wireless Virtual LAN",
   journal   = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year      = 1998,
   volume    = 3,
   number    = 3,
   pages     = "261--273",
   abstract  = {
This paper presents a Wireless Virtual Local Area Network (WVLAN) to
support mobility in IP-oveeer-ATM local area networks. Mobility is handled
by a joint ATM-layer handoff for connection rerouting and MAC-layer
handoff for location tracking, such that the effects of mobility are
localized and transparent to higher-layer protocols. Different functions,
such as Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), mobile location, and ATM
connection admission are combined to reduce protocol overhead and
front-end delay for connectionless packet transmission in
connection-oriented ATM networks. The proposed WVLAN, through the user of
ATM technology, provides a scalable wireless LAN solution for IP mobile
hosts.}
}


@ARTICLE{CSA98,
   author    = "Jyh-Cheng Chen and Krishna M. Sivalingam and Raj Acharya",
   title     = "Comparative Analysis of Wireless ATM Channel Access
Protocols Supporting Multimedia Traffic",
   journal   = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year      = 1998,
   volume    = 3,
   number    = 3,
   pages     = "293--306",
   abstract  = {
Extension of multimedia services and applications offered by ATM networks
to wireless and mobile users has captured a lot of recent research
attention. Research prototyping of wireless ATM networks is currently
underway at many leading and academic institutions. Various architectures
have been proposed depending on the intended application domain.
Successful implementation of wireless connectivity to ATM services is
significantly dependent oon the medium access control (MAC) protocol,
which has to provide support for multimedia traffic and for
quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees.The objective of this paper is to
investigate the comparative performance of a set of access protocols,
proposed earlier in the literature, with more realistic source traffic
models. Data traffic is modeled with self-similar (fractal) behavior.
Voice traffic is modeled by a slow speech activity detector (SAD). Video
traffic is modeled as H.261 video teleconference, where the number of ATM
cells per video frame is described by a gamma distribution and first-order
discrete autoregressive process model. A comparisson of the protocols
based on simulation data is presented. The goal of the paper is to
identify apropiate techniques for effectively and effiently supporting of
multimedia traffic and QoS. Simulation results show that boundaries
between different type sof services are necessary for multimedia
traffic. Reservation for certain traffic type especially video can
significantly improve its quality. Reducing the number of collisions
is an important issue for wireless networks since contentions lead not
only to potentially high delay but also result in high power
consumption.}
}


@TECHREPORT{GJM96b,
   author    = "Damian Gilmurray and Alan Jones and Oliver Mason and John Nylon and John Porter",
   title     = "Wireless ATM Radio Access Layer Requirements",
   institution = "ATM Forum Technical Commitee",
   year      = 1996,
   month     = 08,
   number    = "ATM Forum/96--1057/WATM",
   abstract  = {
This contribution proposes a set of requirements for the Radio Access
Layer of a Wireless ATM system. It is in response to the request for
requirement made by Lou Dellaverson in ATM Forum/96-0721/PLEN. These
requirements are based on experience gained from a prototype wireless ATM
LAN system.}
}


@TECHREPORT{GJM96,
   author    = "Damian Gilmurray and Alan Jones and Oliver Mason and John Nylon and John Porter",
   title     = "Wireless ATM Service Scenarios",
   institution = "ATM Forum Technical Commitee",
   year      = 1996,
   month     = 08,
   number    = "ATM Forum/96--1056/WATM",
   abstract  = {
This contribution  discusses scenarios for the future deployment of 
wireless ATM.}
}


@TECHREPORT{PG96,
   author    = "John Porter and Damian Gilmurray",
   title     = " Tunnelled Signalling for the Support of Mobile ATM",
   institution = "ATM Forum Technical Commitee",
   year      = 1996,
   month     = 12,
   number    = "ATM Forum/96--1699/WATM",
   abstract  = {
This contribution proposes a solution to the problem of supporting mobile
ATM devices and is in response to the request for technical proposals made
in by Lou Dellaverson in ATM Forum/96-0721/PLEN. The solution described
uses tunnelled signalling in combination with a location service to 
perform location management for mobile ATM devices.}
}


@TECHREPORT{PGMN97,
   author    = "John Porter and Damian Gilmurray and Alistair Massarella and John Naylon",
   title     = "Wireless ATM Handover Requirements and Issues",
   institution = "ATM Forum Technical Commitee",
   year      = 1997,
   month     = 02,
   number    = "ATM Forum/97--0153/WATM",
   abstract  = {
This contribution expands the handover requirements detailed in ATM
Forum/96-989. These requirements are then used to address several issues
involved with the handover procedure.}
}


@TECHREPORT{RATM97,
   author    = "ATM, Group Radio",
   title     = "Wireless Mobile Terminal/Network Anchor Switch Handover Model",
   institution = "ATM Forum Technical Commitee",
   year      = 1997,
   month     = 04,
   number    = "ATM Forum/97--0265/WATM",
   abstract  = {
This contribution details the handover strategy and signalling
requirements for an anchor switch handover model. We propose that the
anchor switch model should be supported as WATM release 1.0 specification
handover architecture.}
}


@TECHREPORT{RATM97b,
   author    = "ATM, Group Radio",
   title     = "Surrogate Signalling Support for Mobile ATM Networks",
   institution = "ATM Forum Technical Commitee",
   year      = 1997,
   month     = 06,
   number    = "ATM Forum/97--0533/WATM",
   abstract  = {
This contribution proposes a solution to the problem of supporting mobile
ATM devices and is in response to the request for technical proposals made
in by Lou Dellaverson in ATM Forum/96-0721/PLEN. It describes the use of a
remote signalling mechanism to provide low complexity mobile access points
(APs) with signalling capabilities.}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Wei95,
   author    = "Lu Wei",
   title     = "Solutions of IPng Support for Wireless-ATM Integration",
   booktitle = "INET 95",
   organization = "Wireless-ATM Research Group",
   year      = 1995,
   month     = 05,
   publisher = "http://inet.nttam.com/",
   abstract  = {
One of the solutions to realize Wireless-ATM integration is to use the
TCPng/IPng, which is promising in the future global networks. Compared
with the traditional TCP, TCPng will need to be developed describing the
new header fields and formats. It would contain support for broadband
wireless networks as well as ATM networks. In this paper, the author 
proposes some solutions and aspects for the Wireless-ATM implementation.}
}

@MISC{Pet96,
   author    = "Dietmar Petras",
   title     = "Drahtloser ATM-Zugang: Systemaspekte und Protokolle",
   year      = 1996,
   month     = 10,
   howpublished = {In ITG Workshop ``ATM im teilnehmernahen Bereich''},
   abstract  = {
Kurzfassung und Vortragsfolien}
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{KP97,
   author    = "Holger Kist and Dietmar Petras",
   title     = "Service Strategy for VBR Services at an ATM Air Interface Address",
   booktitle = {2. EPMCC97 The Second European Personal Mobile Communications Conference},
   year      = 1997,
   month     = 09,
   editor    = {COMNETS Communication Networks, Aachen Univ. of Technology},
   address   = {Bonn, Germany},
   pages     = 9,
   abstract  = {
Providing and guaranteeing Quality of Service requested by a user is an
important and challenging task in telecommunication networks. Within ATM
networks the negotiated service requirements have to be fulfilled using 
several methods of traffic management. Wireless ATM introduces a new
dimension of complexity into these methods. While ATM applications in
wireless ATM terminals request the same functionality and Quality of
Service as in wired ATM terminals, the network characteristics like
maximum transmission rate and error ratio differ. The methods for
handling the user demands have to be adapted to this new environment. A
radio cell of a cellular wireless or mobile ATM network corresponds to a
virtual ATM multiplexer with an internal radio channel. For an analytic 
approach this multiplexer is modelled as a distributed queueing system. A
central scheduler located in the base station determines the order of
cell transmission and a MAC protocol organizes the realization of the
transmission order on the radio channel. This paper focuses on the
scheduling policy required to guarantee the requested Quality of Service
especially for real-time VBR services. A scheduling strategy with dynamic
priorities is developed and analysed using stochastic simulations (Slides 
included).}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Pet98,
   author    = "Dietmar Petras",
   title     = "Air Interface of an ATM Radio Access Network",
   booktitle = {IFIP Broadband Communications '98},
   year      = 1998,
   month     = 04,
   publisher = {Chapman \& Hill},
   address   = {Stuttgart, Germany},
   pages     = 12,
   abstract  = {
This paper describes system and protocol aspects of the air interface of 
a fixed ATM Radio Access Network with directional antennas at terminals 
and sectored antennas at base stations (also called Point-to-Multipoint 
system). A requirement on the system is that it has to fit transparently
into a fixed ATM network. A radio sector of the system is interpreted as a
distributed ATM multiplexer. The protocol stack of the air interface
implements the statistical multiplexing of ATM cells with a quality of
service as in fixed ATM multiplexers with the same link data rate. The
multiplexing is controlled by a service strategy that optimizes the
resource allocation based on shortterm demands of virtual channels and
their negotiated quality of service. The MAC protocol realizes the 
transmission order of ATM cells given by the service strategy. By this,
the protocol stack is able to efficiently support all ATM service
categories.}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Pet98b,
   author    = "Dietmar Petras",
   title     = "ATM over PMP Radio Access Systems",
   booktitle = {ISSLS '98, XII International Symposium on Services and
Local Access},
   year      = 1998,
   month     = 03,
   editor    = {Bosch Telecom GmbH, Dept. UC-ON/PMA2},
   address   = {Venice, Italy},
   pages     = 8,
   abstract  = {
This paper presents an approach for the extension of narrowband
Point-to-Multipoint systems to broadband services. The requirements for 
broadband services, e.g., interactive multimedia services, are discussed
at the application layer and translated into requirements on a protocol
stack at the air interface. A medium access control protocols performs
statistical time division multiplexing of network packets (IP packets or
ATM cells) on the radio channel under the control of an appropriate
service strategy that takes into account service specific quality of
service requirements. The approach allows both, IP and ATM-based
transmissions with the same modem and MAC core and offers the possibility 
for a flexible migration path.}
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Pet98c,
   author    = "Dietmar Petras",
   title     = "ATM over PMP Radio Access Systems",
   booktitle = {wmATM '98, 1st International Workshop on Wireless
Mobile ATM Implementation},
   year      = 1998,
   month     = 04,
   editor    = {Bosch Telecom GmbH, Dept. UC-ON/PMA2},
   address   = {Hangzhou, China},
   pages     = 8,
   abstract  = {
This paper presents an approach for the extension of narrow band 
Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) systems to broadband services. The requirements 
for broadband services, e.g., interactive multimedia services, are
discussed at the application layer and translated into requirements on a
protocol stack at the air interface. The system and protocol aspects of an
ATM-based air interface with directional antennas at terminals and
sectored antennas at base stations are described. The protocol stack of
the air interface implements the statistical multiplexing of ATM cells
with a quality of service as in fixed ATM multiplexers with the same link
data rate. The multiplexing is controlled by a service strategy that 
optimizes the resource allocation based on short-term demands of virtual 
channels and their negotiated quality of service. The MAC protocol
realizes the transmission order of ATM cells given by the service
strategy. By this, the protocol stack is able to efficiently support all
ATM service categories.}
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{PKH96,
   author    = {Dietmar Petras and Andreas Kr{\"a}mling and Andreas Hettich},
   title     = "Design Principles for a MAC Protocol of an ATM Air Interface",
   booktitle = {The Seventh IEEE International Symposium on
``Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications'' (PIMRC'96)},
   year      = 1996,
   month     = 11,
   editor    = {COMNETS Communication Networks, Aachen Univ. of Technology},
   address   = {Granada, Spain},
   pages     = 6,
   abstract  = {
The protocol stack of a wireless ATM system is currently under 
investigation in several research projects. A lot of MAC protocols have
been proposed for such an ATM air interface. Most of the protocols are
only varying in some details. With this paper we try to extract some
fundamental guidelines for the development of MAC protocols for specific
wireless ATM systems.}
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{PHK97,
   author    = {Dietmar Petras and Andreas Hettich and Andreas Kr{\"a}mlin},
   title     = "Air Interface of a Wireless ATM System",
   booktitle = {NOC'97},
   year      = 1997,
   month     = 06,
   editor    = {COMNETS Communication Networks, Aachen Univ. of Technology},
   address   = {Antwerp, Belgium},
   pages     = 7,
   abstract  = {
In general, the users of wireless ATM terminals request the same
functionality and Qualityof Service (QoS) as users of wired terminals. 
Thus, the protocol stack at an ATM air interface has to behave like a
usual ATM multiplexer [1], which has to co-ordinate the access to the
shared radio resources in such a way that the QoS of all ATM service
classes can be guaranteed for each established virtual channel connection
(VCC).The multiplexing function is distributed between a central access
node and the wireless ATM terminals. This configuration can be interpreted
as the implementation of a distributed, virtual ATM multiplexer withan
internal radio link.}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{PH97b,   
   author    = {Dietmar Petras and Andreas Hettich},
   title     = "Performance Evaluation of a Logical Link Control Protocol
for an ATM Air Interface",
   booktitle = "International Journal of Wireless Information Networks",
   year      = 1997, 
   volume    = 4,
   abstract  = {
The paper deals with error control procedures based on repetitions 
necessary for an ATM air interface, which enables a full integration of 
wireless ATM terminals into a fixed ATM network. The architecture and 
functionality of an additional LLC layer at the air interface
areexplained. A set of ARQ protocols for the different ATM service classes
is investigated. The protocol for VBR services isable to control the
number of retransmissions depending on the requirements on maximum delay
and residual cell lossratio. It also takes into account the instantaneous
conditions like channel load from other sources. Furthermore, the 
protocol is able to discard ATM cells to avoid and resolve congestion.
The performance of the protocol has been evaluated by simulations.}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{PHK96,   
   author    = {Dietmar Petras and Andreas Hettich and Andreas Kr{\"a}mlin},
   title     = "Performance Evaluation of a Logical Link Control Protocol
for an ATM air interface",
   booktitle = {The Seventh IEEE International Symposium on 
``Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications'' (PIMRC'96)},
   year      = 1996, 
   month     = 10,
   editor    = {COMNETS Communication Networks, Aachen Univ. of Technology},  
   address   = {Taipei, Taiwan},
   pages     = 6,   
   abstract  = {
The paper deals with error control procedures based on repetitions 
necessary for an ATM air interface, which enables a full integration of 
wireless ATM terminals into a fixed ATM network. The architecture and 
functionality of an additional LLC layer at the air interface
areexplained. A set of ARQ protocols for the different ATM service classes
is investigated. The protocol for VBR services isable to control the
number of retransmissions depending on the requirements on maximum delay
and residual cell lossratio. It also takes into account the instantaneous
conditions like channel load from other sources. Furthermore, the 
protocol is able to discard ATM cells to avoid and resolve congestion.
The performance of the protocol has been evaluatedby simulations.}
}


@ARTICLE{PH97,
   author    = "Dietmar Petras and Andreas Hettich",
   title     = "Wireless ATM Networks: Architecture, System Design and 
Prototyping",
   journal   = "International Journal of Wireless Information Networks",
   year      = 1997,
   month     = 10,
   volume    = 4,
   number    = 4,   
   pages     = 7,
   abstract  = {
The paper deals with error control procedures based on repetitions 
necessary for an ATM air interface, which enables a full integration of 
wireless (W) ATM terminals into a fixed ATM network. The architecture and
functionality of an additional LLClayer at the air interface are
explained. A set of ARQ protocols for the different ATM service classes is
investigated. The protocol for VBR services is able to control the
number of retransmissions depending on the requirements on maximum delay
and residual cell loss ratio. It also takes into account instantaneous
conditions such as channel load from other sources. Furthermore, the
protocol is able to discard ATM cells toavoid and resolve congestion. The 
performance of the protocol has been evaluated by simulations.}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{PK96,
   author    = {Dietmar Petras and Andreas Kr{\"a}mlin},
   title     = "MAC Protocol with Polling and Fast Collision Resolution
for an ATM Air Interface",
   booktitle = {IEEE ATM `96 Workshop},
   year      = 1996,
   month     = 08,  
   editor    = {COMNETS Communication Networks, Aachen Univ. of Technology},
   address   = {San Francisco, California (USA)},
   pages     = 7,
   abstract  = {
The paper deals with optimizations of the transmission of capacity 
requests in a medium access control (MAC) protocol for an ATM air 
interface, which enables a full integration of mobile ATM terminals into a
fixed ATM network by realizing statistical multiplexing of ATM cells on
the air interface. The fast notification of the base station about ATM
cells arriving in mobile terminals is a critical item of each ATM-based
centrally controlled MAC protocol. The paper introduces a new algorithm,
that combines random access with polling by dynamically selecting the
access scheme with highest throughput. For fast collision resolutions a
high speed splitting algorithm isused. A detailed performance evaluation 
of the algorithm and protocol is given.}
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{PK97,
   author    = {Dietmar Petras and Andreas Kr{\"a}mlin},
   title     = "Fast Collision Resolution in Wireless ATM Networks",
   booktitle = {2nd MATHMOD},
   year      = 1997,
   month     = 02,
   editor    = {COMNETS Communication Networks, Aachen Univ. of Technology},
   address   = {Vienna, Austria},
   pages     = 8,
   abstract  = {
The paper models the medium access control (MAC) layer of a wireless ATM
network as adistributed queueing system. A random access channel with
short slots is used for the transmission of capacity requests from 
distributed queues in the wireless terminals to the central scheduler in
the base station.The paper describes the mathematical analysis of a fast
collision resolution algorithm which is based on conventional splitting
algorithms but employs identifiers of terminals to choose a subset after a
collision. Basedon the analytical results, a new medium access control
protocol for the random access channel is defined which is called probing
algorithm. Its performance is evaluated by stochastic simulations.}
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{PKH96b,
   author    = {Dietmar Petras and Andreas Kr{\"a}mlin and Andreas Hettich},
   title     = "MAC protocol for Wireless ATM: contention free versus
contention based transmission of reservation requests",
   booktitle = {The Seventh IEEE International Symposium on
``Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications'' (PIMRC'96)},
   year      = 1996,
   month     = 10,  
   editor    = {COMNETS Communication Networks, Aachen Univ. of Technology},
   address   = {Taipei, Taiwan},
   pages     = 6,
   abstract  = {
In general, the users of wireless ATM terminals request the same 
functionality and Quality of Service as users of wired terminals. These 
user requirements can betransformed into the demand for building an ATM 
multiplexer around the air interface which is characterized by aradio
channel inside the ATM layer. The main difference between this logical ATM
multiplexer around the air interface and a normal ATM multiplexer is the
distribution of the multiplexing function between wireless terminals and
the basestation. For the uplink this requires a frequent notification of
the ATM cell scheduler in the base station about the status ofthe incoming
queues inside the wireless terminals. This paper focuses on different
transmission methods for transmitting capacity request messages (also 
designated as reservation request) over the uplink.}
}


@ARTICLE{PK97b,
   author    = {Dietmar Petras and Andreas Kr{\"a}mling},  
   title     = "Wireless ATM: Performance evaluation of a DSA++ MAC
protocol with fast collision resolution by a probing algorithm",
   journal   = "International Journal of Wireless Information Networks",
   year      = 1997,
   month     = 10,  
   volume    = 4,
   number    = 4,
   pages     = 7,
   abstract  = {
In general, the users of wireless ATM terminals request the same 
functionality and quality of service as users of wired terminals. These 
user requirements can be transformed into the demand for building an ATM
multiplexer around the air interface which is characterized by a radio
channel inside. The main difference between this virtual ATM multiplexer
around the air interface and a fixed ATM multiplexer is the distribution
of the multiplexing function between wireless terminals and the base
station. For the uplink this requires a frequent notification of the ATM
cell scheduler in the base station about the status of the incoming
buffers inside the wireless terminals. This paper focuses on different 
methods for transmitting capacity request messages (also designated as 
reservation request) over the uplink.}
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{PRKV97,
   author    = {Dietmar Petras and M. Radimirsch and Andreas Kr{\"a}mlin and
Ulrich Vornefeld},
   title     = "Support of ATM service classes in Wireless ATM Networks",
   booktitle = {ACTS Mobile Communication Summit 1997}, 
   year      = 1997,
   month     = 10,
   editor    = {COMNETS Communication Networks, Aachen Univ. of
Technology, Bosh Telecom GmbH and Robert Bosch GmbH},
   address   = {Aalborg, Denmark},
   pages     = 6,
   abstract  = {
In order to deliver ATM  services  to  subscribers  via  radio  links, 
Data  Link  Control  (DLC) protocols  consisting  of  Medium  Access 
Control (MAC) and Logical Link Control(LLC) must be provided. MAC 
protocols  with centralised control based on Time Division Multiple Access 
(TDMA) and dynamic slot allocations are well suited for Wireless ATM 
(W-ATM) systems [1]. In order to guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS)
for all ATM service classes, an ATM cell scheduler based on static
priorities between the service classes must be implemented in the DLC
layer. Another important item in designing W-ATM systems is the
performance of the uplink signaling. It is shown that the bursts for the
uplink signaling can be significantly shorter than the bursts carrying 
ATM  cells  and  that  the ratio of the duration of the uplink signaling
bursts and the data bursts has a major influence on the cell delay in
W-ATM systems.}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{PV98,
   author    = "Dietmar Petras and Ulrich Vornefeld",
   title     = "Joint Performance of DSA++ MAC Protocol and SR/D-ARQ
Protocol for wireless ATM under realistic traffic and channel models",
   booktitle = {wmATM '98, 1st International Workshop on Wireless
Mobile ATM Implementation},
   year      = 1998,
   month     = 04,
   editor    = {Bosch Telecom GmbH, Dept. UC-ON/PMA2},
   address   = {Hangzhou, China},
   pages     = 13,
   abstract  = {
This paper describes the protocol stackfor the ATM air interface that 
implements the statistical multiplexing of ATM cells with a quality of 
service as infixed ATM multiplexers with the same link data rate. The 
multiplexing is controlled by a service strategy that optimizes the
resource allocation based on short-termdemands of virtual channels and
their negotiated quality of service. A medium access control (MAC)
protocolrealizes the transmission order of ATM cells given by the service
strategy. By this, the protocol stack is able to efficiently support all
ATM service categories. The paper focuses on a strategy for transmission
of acknowledgments of an automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol and on a
collision resolution algorithm for transmission of capacity requests over
the uplink. The performance of the complete protocol stack with MAC and
ARQ protocols is evaluated under realistic traffic and channel models by
means of an integrated stochastic simulation model.}
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Pet95,
   author    = {Dietmar Petras},
   title     = "Functionality of the ASR-ARQ Protocol for MBS",
   booktitle = {RACE Mobile Telecommunications Summit 1995},
   year      = 1995,
   month     = 11,
   editor    = {COMNETS Communication Networks, Aachen Univ. of Technology},
   address   = {Cascais, P},
   pages     = 6,
   abstract  = {
The logical link control (LLC) layer of MBS is responsible for offering 
reliable transmission of ATM cells according the requested QoS of a 
virtual channel. Because of the wide range of possible values for
mean/peak data rate, maximum delay and cell loss rate which can be chosen
during connection setup, the ARQ protocol inside the LLC layer has to be
able to adapt its behaviour to the requested QoS and to the current load
of the physical channel. This paper describes the functionality of the new
ASR-ARQ protocols that automatically discards ATM cells witch have
exceeded their maximum delay. It is able to work together with a MAC
protocol offering capacity on demand.}
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{PH95,
   author    = {Dietmar Petras and Andreas Hettich},
   title     = "Performance evaluation of the ASR-ARQ Protocol for
wireless ATM",
   booktitle = {1995 Wireless Communication Systems Symposium
``Wireless Trends in 21st Century''},
   year      = 1995,
   month     = 11,  
   editor    = {COMNETS Communication Networks, Aachen Univ. of Technology},
   address   = {Long Island, NY (USA)},
   pages     = 7,
   abstract  = {
This paper introduces an ARQ protocol to be used on the air interface of a
cellular system offering a full integration of mobile ATM terminals into a
fixed ATM network. The special aspects of this ARQ protocol resulting from
the transmission of ATM cells are described like establishing multiple ARQ 
instances in order to vary the effort of error control on different VCs 
dependent on their QoS requirements. The protocol has been optimized to
work together with a MAC protocol offering capacity on demand resulting
from statistical multiplexing on the air interface.}
}


@ARTICLE{Pet94,
   author    = "Dietmar Petras",
   title     = "Performance Evaluation of Medium Access Control Schemes 
for Mobile Broadband Systems",
   journal   = "DMR VI Stockholm",
   year      = 1994,
   month     = 06,
   pages     = "225--261",
   abstract  = {
This paper presents different approaches for the Medium Access Control 
(MAC) Scheme for mobile broadband systems, which aims to be a mobile 
extension of an ATM based network like B-ISDN. Simulation results produced
with the simulation tool SIMCO3++ [11] are presented and compared with the
performance of conventional MAC protocols.}
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Pet95b,
   author    = {Dietmar Petras},
   title     = {Untersuchung eines Kanalzugriffsprotokolls f\"ur eine
mobile Erweiterung von ATM-Netzen},
   booktitle = {2. ITG-Fachtagung Mobile Kommunikation '95}, 
   year      = 1995,
   month     = 09,  
   editor    = {COMNETS Communication Networks, Aachen Univ. of Technology},
   address   = {Neu Ulm, Deutschland},
   pages     = 8,
   abstract  = {
Der Beitrag untersucht die Anforderung an ein Kanalzugriffs protokoll
f\"ur transparenten, mobilen Zugriff auf ATM-Netze. Es wird das 
DSA-Protokoll vorgestellt, welches das statistische Multiplexen von 
ATM-Multiplexern auf die Funkschnittstelle erweitert. Durch
Simulationenwird gezeigt, dass die Leistungseinbussen aufgrund der 
\"Ubertragung \"uber die Funkschnittstelle im Rahmen der QoS Anforderungen
der meisten Dienste liegen. Vor allem die zus\"atzlichen
\"Ubertragungsverz\"ogerungen aufgrund von Wettbewerb und die damit
verbundenen Kollisionen k\"onnen weitestgehend eingegrenzt werden.}
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Pet95c,
   author    = {Dietmar Petras},
   title     = "Medium Access Control Protocol for transparent ATM access
in MBS",
   booktitle = {RACE Mobile Telecommunications Summit 1995},
   year      = 1995,
   month     = 11,
   editor    = {COMNETS Communication Networks, Aachen Univ. of Technology},
   address   = {Cascais, P},
   pages     = 5,
   abstract  = {
This paper presents investigations on a medium access control protocol 
enabling transparent ATM access to mobile users. The Dynamic Slot 
Assignment protocol has been developed. The results of performance
evaluations and improvements of the protocol are described.}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Pet95d,
   author    = {Dietmar Petras},
   title     = "Medium Access Control Protocol for wireless, transparent 
ATM access",
   booktitle = {1995 Wireless Communication Systems Symposium
``Wireless Trends in 21st Century''},
   year      = 1995,
   month     = 11,
   editor    = {COMNETS Communication Networks, Aachen Univ. of Technology},
   address   = {Long Island, NY (USA)},
   pages     = 7,
   abstract  = {
This paper describes a MAC protocol called DSA++ that allows the full 
integration of mobile ATM terminals into an ATM network by extending the
statistical multiplexing from ATM multiplexers on the air interface,
offering capacity on demand. The DSA++ protocol offers functions necessary
for the implementation of a resource scanning algorithm and power saving
mode in the mobile station as well as a dynamic frequency selection
algorithm in the base station.}
}



@COMMENT(This document was done by Marcus Mor for the pro-seminar class
on "Wireless Computer Networks" during the winter semester of 2000)

@Article{DHM99,
   author = "Y. Du and C. Herrmann and K.P. May and David Evans",
   title = "A flat wireless {ATM} {LAN} architecture with distributed {ATM}
   switching in base stations",
   journal = "Computer Networks",
   year = 1999,
   volume = 31,
   abstract = "The infrastructure for cellular wireless ATM systems is
   normally assumed to be hierarchical with the ATM switching functionality
   being provided by centralised ATM switches. For easy installation of the
   infrastructure, a flat architecture is proposed for cellular wireless
   ATM LAN, ehich is enabled by a ditributed ATM sitch concept. In this
   concept, a smart ATM switching component is embedded into the wireless
   access point. The same component is used for a fixed ATM access point,
   too. A number of such switching components are connected in a ring
   topology to form the ATM backbone. A ring control protocel hides the
   ring-specific features from the user and assures that a standardised UNI
   is provided to any wireless and fixed terminal.",
   url = "http://www.\-science\-direct.\-com/\-science/\-journal/13891286",
   database = "Elsevier",
}

@Article{JW00,
   author = "Jan, Rong-Hong and Wu, Kuo-Ruey",
   title = "A cell-numbering plan for seamless handoff in a wireless {ATM}
   network",
   journal = "Computer Communications",
   year = 2000,
   volume = 23,
   abstract = "This paper proposes a cell-numbering plan for mobile stations
   to handoff seamlessly to the cells in a wireless Asynchronous Transfer
   Mode (ATM) network. It also proposes a minimum-hop rerouting (MHR) method
   to perform the rerouting of user connections during the handoff. The
   cell-numbering plan assigns each cell an integer form 1 to 5, ensuring
   that neighboring cells will have different numbers. Any mobile station
   that performs a handoff between any two cells can easily calculate if a
   reroute is needed. Furthermore, by using MHR, the path between the
   originating and terminating mobile stations will be the shortest whenever
   either of them moves. The signaling bandwidth used for this kind of
   rerouting is believed to be the smallest among the methods reported to
   date.",
   url = "http://www.\-science\-direct.\-com/\-science/\-journal/13891286",
   database = "Elsevier",
}

@Article{HM99,
   author = "Ying-Yi Huang and Mart L. Molle",
   title = "An improved topology discovery algorithm for networks with wormhole
   routing and directed link",
   journal = "Computer Networks",
   year = 1999,
   volume = 31,
   abstract = "We propose a new parallel topology discovery algorithm for
   irregular, mesh-connected networks with unidirectional links and wormhole
   routing. An algorithm of this type was developed for the ATOMIC high speed
   local area network to avoid the unidirectional because of the limited
   transmission power, multipath, and similar effects. Like the ATOMIC topology
   discovery algorithm, our algorithm accumulates a map of the network at a
   distinguishes node called the Address Consultant. However, our algorithm is
   much faster. In addition, our algorithm is mire general, because it can
   correctly resolve topologies that contain multiple links between the same
   nodes. We implemented both algorithms in a concurrent simulation environment,
   and tested them on a variety of topologies",
   url = "http://www.\-science\-direct.\-com/\-science/\-journal/13891286",
   database = "Elsevier",
}

@Article{SF99,
   author = "Mehul Shah and Paul G. Flikkema",
   title = "Power-conserving centralized organization of ad hoc wireless
   networks",
   journal = "Communications Systems",
   year = 1999,
   volume = 12,
   abstract = "This paper presents a physical layer-bases framework for the
   organization of ad hoc networks. The focus is quasi-static environments,
   such as multimedia classrooms, and situations characterized by real-time
   services and high traffic loads. In these cases, centralized control and
   a star-connected topology may be preferable due to its simplicity and high
   efficiency. Using a link loss matrix, an approach is developed for
   selection of a network leader that takes into consideration link losses
   and transmitter power. Both minimax downlink, Bayesian and universal
   leaders. A QoS-bases iterative algorithm for determination of link transmit
   powers is also proposed, a special case of which provides the link loss
   matrix for leader section. The algorithm also provides the information
   required to determine a set of candidate leaders, whose members can assume
   leadership without interruption or degradation of network operation.",
   url = "http://www.\-science\-direct.\-com/\-science/\-journal/01403664",
   database = "Inspec",
}

@Article{Bor99,
   author = "A. Borella",
   title = "Linear multicasting in dynamic networks",
   journal = "Computer Communications",
   year = 1999,
   volume = 22,
   abstract = "Multimedia services, available in wired infrastructure, can now
   be extended to the users of wireless networks. Emerging solutions make the
   integration of static and mobile networks applicable, with a guaranteed
   quality level, but new problems have to be faced in this kind of hybrid
   architecture. In integrated wired and wireless networks, characterized by a
   dynamic topology, flooding technique is typically utilized to disseminate
   information needed by node discovery mechanisms and routing maintenance
   facilities. As flooding is not efficient in the use of bandwidth, which can
   be a limiting factor in the successful deployment of multimedia
   applications, a different approach is proposed in this paper, based on the
   linear multicasting capabilities of the Depth-First Search (DFS) algorithm.
   Whenever network information has to be updated at the nodes, to preserve
   current connections against any occurring topology changes, DFS can be
   activated to operate in a new and unknown network configuration. In fact,
   DFS does not need any network information to support multicast
   communications. Furthermore, unlike flooding, DFS belongs to the family of
   linear multicast algorithms, that is to say, it provides a multipoint
   connection through a single path without bifurcations. Such a path, that
   implies the absence of any packet copying process, crosses hop by hop all
   the addressed nodes using a low cost route and by minimum use of network
   resources. ",
   url = "http://www.\-science\-direct.\-com/\-science/\-journal/01403664",
   database = "Elsevier",
}

@Article{CS96b,
   author = "Sunghyun Choi and Kang G. Shin",
   title = "Centralized wireless {MAC} protocols using slotted {ALOHA} and
   dynamic {TDD} transmission",
   journal = "Performance Evaluation",
   year = 1996,
   volume = 27 # "\&{}28",
   abstract = "ALOHA scheme with dynamic Time Division Duplexed (TDD)
   transmission is designed and analyzed. A centralized (i.e.: star) network
   is adopted as the topology of a cell which consists of a base station and
   a number of mobile clients. In dynamic TDD transmission mode, a channel
   is time-shared for uplink transmissions under the dynamic access control
   of the base station. We first propose two MAC protocols (called TDD1 and
   TDD2) depending on how alternative ALOHA scheme using Frequency Division
   Dublexed (FSS) transmission. Finally, we evaluate the performance of these
   schemes, and compare TDD1 (calculation)m TDD2 (simulations), and FDD
   (calculations). TDD schemes are found to always work as good as, or better
   than, FDD. TDD2 is observed to outperform TDD1 with respect to downlink
   delay in the presence of light uplink and heavy downlink traffic loads
   while they work almost the same in other cases.",
   url = "http://www.\-science\-direct.\-com/\-science/\-journal/01665316",
   database = "Elsevier",
}

@Article{SMA98,
   author = "Mani Srivastave and Partho Mishra and Prathima Agrawal and Giao
   Nguyen",
   title = "Ethersim: a simulator for ap\-pli\-ca\-tion-le\-vel performance
   modeling of wireless and mobile {ATM} networks",
   journal = "Computer Networks and ISDN Systems",
   year = 1998,
   volume = 29,
   abstract = "The paper describes Ethersim, a simulation tool to model and
   study the performance of multimedia-oriented integrated service ATM networks
   with mobile hosts and wireless links. The key motivation behind Ethersim is
   to study the application-level impact of host mobility and wireless
   channels. Ethersim has a discrete event based simulator core and
   incorporates models of user application and transport, network and MAC layer
   protocols. It provides the capability to five special entities: an air
   module, a map, a mover, mobile hosts, and basestations. We also present
   case-studies of using SWAN [P. Agrawal, A. Asthana, M. Cravatts, E. Hyden,
   P. Krzyzanowski, P. Mishra, B. Narendran, M. Srivastava, J. Trotter, SWAN:
   A Mobile Multimedia Wireless Network, in. IEEE Personal Commun. Mag., April
   1996] mobile and wireless ATM based multimedia network.",
   url = "http://www.\-science\-direct.\-com/\-science/\-journal/01697552",
   database = "Elsevier",
}
@Article{SS00,
   author = "Cho Sung-Hyun and Park Sung-Han",
   title = "A flexible handover scheme for supporting seamless real-time
   services in wireless network",
   journal = "Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC",
   year = 2000,
   month = jan,
   volume = 37,
   number = 1,
   abstract = "We propose an adaptive handover scheme in wireless networks.
   The proposed handover scheme is a hybrid type of virtual path extension
   and rerouting. The proposed handover scheme chooses the virtual path
   management scheme according to the service QoS instead of the network
   topology which is used in previous hybrid handover schemes. The proposed
   scheme supports seamless service and small buffering during virtual path
   rerouting handover through the multicasting service. To evaluate the
   performance of the proposed scheme, we compute the number of signaling
   messages used for handover and perform computer simulation. The
   simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides more
   efficiency in the handover delay and seamless service than the previous
   methods.",
   database = "Inspec",
}

@InProceedings{JH00,
   author = "Wu Jie and Li Hailan",
   title = "Domination and its applications in ad hoc wireless networks
   with unidirectional links",
   booktitle = "Proceedings 2000 International Conference on Parallel
   Processing",
   year = 2000,
   month = aug # " 21-24, ",
   abstract = "We consider an efficient distributed algorithm for
   determining a dominating and absorbant set of vertices (mobile hosts)
   in a given directed graph that represents an ad hoc wireless network
   with unidirectional links. This approach is based on the concept of
   dominating set in graph theory. A host upsilon is called a dominating
   neighbor (absorbant neighbor) of another host u if there is a directed
   edge ( upsilon , u) ((u, upsilon )). A subset of vertices is dominating
   and absorbant if every vertex not in the subset has one dominating
   neighbor and one absorbant neighbor in the subset. A quick formation
   process of a dominating and absorbant set is given and this set can be
   easily updated when the network topology changes dynamically. Ideas for
   dominating-set-based routing in an ad hoc wireless network with
   unidirectional links are also given. The effectiveness of the approach
   is confirmed through a simulation study.",
   database = "Inspec",
}

@Article{ALM00,
   author = "G. Anastasi and L. Lenzini and E. Mingozzi",
   title = "{HIPERLAN}/1 {MAC} protocol: stability and performance analysis",
   journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications",
   year = 2000,
   month = sep,
   volume = 18,
   number = 9,
   abstract = "HIPERLAN Type 1 is a standard for high-speed wireless local
   area networks, developed by the European Telecommunications Standards
   Institute (ETSI). It supports directed point-to-point communication based
   on ad hoc network topology at a data transfer rate on the air interface
   of 23.5 Mbit/s. The paper deals with an analytical and simulation
   analysis of the HIPERLAN/1 MAC protocol. General closed formulas are
   derived for the major channel access performance indexes, which are used
   both to prove the operational stability of the MAC protocol, and to
   derive a figure for the maximum channel utilization achievable. A
   simulation analysis is then carried out, focusing both on the influence
   of traffic burstiness on protocol performance, and on the capability to
   manage traffic classes with different quality of service (QoS)
   requirements. Simulation results show that HIPERLAN/1 is well suited for
   managing the bursty traffic that is expected to be generated by wireless
   LAN applications. Furthermore, HIPERLAN/1 provides a good isolation of
   the delay-sensitive traffic from the best effort traffic.",
   database = "Inspec",
}

@InProceedings{CSK00,
   author = "C. de-M-Cordeiro and D.H. Sadok and J. Kelner and P. Pinto",
   title = "Establishing a trade-off between unicast and multicast
   retransmission modes for reliable multicast protocols",
   booktitle = "Proceedings of MASCOTS 2000. Eighth International Symposium
   on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation and Telecommunication Systems.",
   year = 2000,
   month = aug # " 29 - September 24, ",
   abstract = "The conventional approach to reliable multicast in computer
   networks relies on the retransmission on demand of lost packets. Existing
   multicast protocols adopt a static packet retransmission scheme (unicast
   or multicast) to retransmit these packets often leading to performance
   loss due to wasting bandwidth resources. This is worse if we consider the
   limited bandwidth resources wireless interfaces currently offer. Therefore,
   careful continuous monitoring and control is fundamental in these wireless
   mobile environments. This paper looks at solutions to the retransmission
   problem while taking into consideration network topology and the number of
   fixed and mobile users. Precise conditions and rules for packet
   retransmission are set taking into account the dynamics of the network
   state. Finally, this algorithm has been incorporated into a reliable
   multicast protocol with support to mobile users, known as the reliable
   mobile multicast protocol (RM2), for performance analysis.",
   database = "Inspec",
}

@Article{SNB00,
   author = "A.G. Spilling and A.R. Nix and M.A. Beach and T.J. Harrold",
   title = "Self-organization in future mobile communications",
   journal = "Electronics and Communication Engineering Journal",
   year = 2000,
   volume = 12,
   number = 3,
   abstract = "In this paper the concept of self-organization in wireless
   networks is introduced. The paper proposes planning and deployment cost,
   capacity, coverage, flexibility and future potential as the criteria by
   which wireless topologies and resource management strategies should be
   validated. It discusses numerous techniques that can be considered as
   self-organizing and evaluates the suitability of these techniques in both
   macro- and microcellular environments. A standard 4-carrier GSM base
   station is used as the reference cellular technology. It is demonstrated
   that, by combining suitable techniques, a potential future capacity increase
   of one order of magnitude (13 times) is estimated in a microcellular
   environment. Substantial capacity increments can also be achieved in
   macrocellular networks. When the cost of both planning and deployment is
   considered, intelligent relaying together with environment adaptation are
   shown to perform well and could reduce the cost of future networks to a
   tenth of their current level.",
   database = "Elsevier",
}

@InProceedings{CBP00,
   author = "R.R. Chpudhury and S. Bandyopadhyay and K. Paul",
   title = "A distributed mechanism for topology discovery in ad hoc wireless
   networks using mobile agents",
   booktitle = "Proceedings of First Annual Workshop on Mobile Ad Hoc
   Networking Computing. MobiHOC Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing",
   year = 2000,
   month = aug # " 11, ",
   abstract = "Summary form only given. We have discussed a mobile multi-agent
   based framework to address the aspect of topology discovery in ad hoc
   wireless network environment. In other words, we have designed a multi-agent
   based protocol to make the nodes in the network topology aware. Our primary
   aim is to collect all topology-related information from each node in the
   network and distribute them periodically (as updates) to other nodes through
   mobile agents. The notion of stigmergic communication has been used through
   the implementation of a shared information cache in each node. Moreover, we
   have used a concept of link stability and information aging based on which
   a predictive algorithm running on each node can predict the current network
   topology based on the current network information stored at that node. We
   have demonstrated through performance evaluation of a simulated system that
   the use of mobile multi-agent framework would be able to make each node in
   the network topology aware without consuming large portion of network
   capacity. This would eventually help us to implement a proactive routing
   protocol without much overhead. Moreover, as a direct outcome of
   infiltrating topology information into the nodes, the foundations for
   designing distributed network management and implementing communication
   awareness get automatically laid.",
   database = "Inspec",
}

@InProceedings{WX00,
   author = "Peng Wei and Lu Xi-Cheng",
   title = "On the reduction of broadcast redundancy in mobile ad hoc
   networks",
   booktitle = "Proceedings of First Annual Workshop on Mobile Ad Hoc
   Networking Computing. MobiHOC Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing",
   year = 2000,
   month = aug # " 11, ",
   abstract = "Flooding in mobile ad hoc networks has poor scalability as it
   leads to serious redundancy, contention and collision. We propose an
   efficient approach to reduce the broadcast redundancy. In our approach,
   local topology information and the statistical information about the
   duplicate broadcasts are utilized to avoid unnecessary rebroadcasts.
   Simulation is conducted to compare the performance of our approach and
   flooding. The simulation results demonstrate the advantages of our
   approach. It can greatly reduce the redundant messages, thus saving much
   network bandwidth and energy. It can also enhance the reliability of
   broadcasting. It can be used in static or mobile wireless networks to
   implement scalable broadcast or multicast communications.",
   database = "Inspec",
}

@InProceedings{BYC00,
   author = "B. Bensaou and Wang Yu and Ko Chi-Chung",
   title = "Fair medium access in 802.11 based wireless ad-hoc networks",
   booktitle = "Proceedings of First Annual Workshop on Mobile Ad Hoc
   Networking Computing. MobiHOC Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing",
   year = 2000,
   month = aug # " 11, ",
   abstract = "The medium access control (MAC) protocol through which mobile
   stations can share a common broadcast channel is essential in an ad-hoc
   network. Due to the existence of the hidden terminal problem,
   partially-connected network topology and lack of central administration,
   existing popular MAC protocols like IEEE 802.11 Distributed Foundation
   Wireless Medium Access Control (DFWMAC) may lead to 'capture' effects
   which means that some stations grab the shared channel and other stations
   suffer from starvation. This is also known as the 'fairness problem'. This
   paper reviews some related work in the literature and proposes a general
   approach to address the problem. This paper borrows the idea of fair
   queueing from wireline networks and defines the 'fairness index' for
   ad-hoc network to quantify the fairness, so that the goal of achieving
   fairness becomes equivalent to minimizing the fairness index. Then this
   paper proposes a different backoff scheme for IEEE 802.11 DFWMAC, instead
   of the original binary exponential backoff scheme. Simulation results show
   that the new backoff scheme can achieve far better fairness without loss
   of simplicity.",
   database = "Inspec",
}

@InProceedings{SC00,
   author = "Seungjoon, Lee and Chongkwon, Kim",
   title = "Neighbor supporting ad hoc multicast routing protocol",
   booktitle = "Proceedings of First Annual Workshop on Mobile Ad Hoc
   Networking Computing. MobiHOC Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing",
   year = 2000,
   month = aug # " 11, ",
   abstract = "An ad hoc network is a multi-hop wireless network formed by a
   collection of mobile nodes without the intervention of fixed infrastructure.
   Limited bandwidth and a high degree of mobility require that routing
   protocols for ad hoc networks be robust, simple, and energy-conserving. This
   paper proposes a new ad hoc multicast routing protocol called
   neighbor-supporting multicast protocol (NSMP). NSMP adopts a mesh structure
   to enhance resilience against mobility. NSMP utilizes node locality to
   reduce the overhead of route failure recovery and mesh maintenance. NSMP
   also attempts to improve route efficiency and reduce data transmissions. Our
   simulation results show that NSMP delivers packets efficiently while
   substantially reducing control overhead in various environments.",
   database = "Inspec",
}
@COMMENT(This document was done by Richard Mordinyi for the pro-seminar class 
on "Wireless Computer Networks" during the winter semester of 2000)

@Article{KTI00,
   author = "N. Kawaguchi and K. Toyama and Y. Inagaki",
   title = "{MAGNET} : ad hoc network system based on mobile agents",
   journal = "Computer Comunications",
   year = 2000,
   month  = apr # " 1, ",
   volume = 23,
   number  = 8,
   abstract = "This paper proposes an ad hoc network system based on mobile
   agents. We regard some special mobile agent as an implementation of the
   network protocol. Mobile agents can move over the network while being
   carried by protocol agents. Implementation of the protocols by the mobile
   agents enables the dynamic extension of the network. We introduce agent
   replication for the simple development of the inter-agent communication.
   Agent hierarchy enables the component software design. We also describe
   the implementation of the ad hoc network protocol DSR using our prototype
   system MAGNET that is based on the framework. 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
   All rights reserved.",
   database = "ELSEVIER",
}

@Article{SF99,
   author = "Mehul Shah and Paul G. Flikkema",
   title  = "Power conserving centralized organization of ad hoc wireless
             networks",
   journal = "International Journal of Communication Systems",
   year = 1999,
   volume = 12,
   abstract = "This paper presents a physical layer-based frame work for the
   organization of ad hoc wireless networks. The focus is quasi-static
   environments, such as multimedia classrooms, and situations characterized
   by real-time services and high trafficloads. In these cases, centralized
   control and a star-connected topology maybe preferable due to its simplicity
   and highe efficiency. Using a link loss matrix, an approach is developed for
   selection of a network leader that takes into consideration link losses and
   transmitter powers. Both minimax and minisum criteria are established, and a
   number of conditions are established for determining uplink, downlink,
   Bayesian and universal leaders. A QoS-based iterative algorithm for
   determination of link transmit powers is also proposed, a special case of
   which provides the link loss matrix for leader selection. The algorithm also
   provides the information required to determine a set of candidate leaders,
   whose members can assume leadership without interruption or degradation of
   network operation.",
   database = "ELSEVIER",
}

@Article{AG00,
   author = "N. Asokan and P. Ginzboorg",
   title  = "Key agreement in ad hoc networks",
   journal = "Computer Communications",
   year = 2000,
   month = nov # " 1, ",
   volume = 23,
   number = 17,
   abstract =
   "We encounter new types of security problems in ad hoc networks because such
   networks have little or no support infrastructure. In this paper we consider
   one such problem: a group of people in a meeting room do not have access to
   public key infrastructure or third party key management service, and they do
   not share any other prior electronic context. How can they set up a secure
   session among their computers? We examine various alternatives and propose
   new protocols for password-basedmulti-party key agreement in this scenario.
   Our protocols may be applicable in other scenarios, too. We also present a
   fault-tolerant version of amulti-party Difÿe–Hellman key agreement protocol
   which can be of independent interest.
   ",
   database = "ELSEVIER",
}

@Article{PWS00,
   author = "Kuang Hung Pan and Hsiao Kuang Wu and Rung Ji Shang and Feipei
             Lai",
   title  = "Performance analysis of broadcast in mobile ad hoc networks with
             synchronized and non-synchronized reception",
   journal = " Computer Communications",
   year = 2000,
   month = mar # " 1, ",
   volume = 23 ,
   number = 5 #"-6",
   abstract = "
   Analyzing the performance of broadcast in mobile ad hoc networks is
   necessary because of the importance of broadcast in multi user
   communications and the characteristic difference between wireless
   communications and wired communications. If the time lag between collided
   packets is small on the order of a symbol, the reception is synchronized;
   otherwise, the reception is non-synchronized. We find that there is a time
   complexity gap exponential with the degree of the network between the
   performance of synchronized and non-synchronized reception. Besides, we also
   take into account the possibility that a processor is busy with other tasks,
   and we find that allowing the processors to be temporarily busy with other
   tasks will not degrade the performance significantly.
   ",
   database = "ELSEVIER",
}

@InProceedings{KV98,
   author = "Young Bae Ko and Nitin H. Vaidya",
   title = "{L}oacation {A}ided {R}outing ({LAR}) in {M}o\-bile {A}d {H}oc
            {N}etworks",
   booktitle = "The fou\-rth annual {ACM}/{IEEE} international conference on
                {M}obile computing and networking",
   year = 1998,
   month = oct # " 25-30, ",
   url = "http://www.\-acm.\-org/\-pubs/\-cit\-ations/\-pro\-ceed\-ings/
          \-comm/288235/p66-ko",
   abstarct = "
   A mobile ad hoc network consists of wireless hosts that may move
   often. Movement of hosts results in a change in routes, requiring
   some mechanism for determining new routes. Several routing protocols
   have hady been proposed for ad hoc networks. This paper suggests an
   approach to utitize location information (forinstance, obtained using
   the global positioning system) to improve performance of routing protocols
   for ad hoc networks.
   By using location information, the proposed Locafion-Aided Routing(M)
   protocols limit the search for a new route to a smaller 'requestzone' of
   the ad hoc network. This results in a significant reduction in the number
   of routing messages. We present two algorithms to determine the reguest
   zone, and also suggest potential optitmizations to our algorithms.
   ",
   database = "AMC",
}

@InProceedings{RP99,
   author = "Elisabeth M. Royer and Charles E. Perkins",
   title = "{M}ulticast {O}peration of the {A}d-hoc {O}n-{D}emand {D}istance
            {V}ector {R}outing {P}rotocol",
   booktitle = "Proceedings of the fifth annual ACM/IEEE international
                conference on Mobile computing and networking",
   year = 1999,
   month = aug # " 15-19, ",
   url = "http://www.\-acm.\-org/\-pubs/\-cit\-ations/\-pro\-ceed\-ings/
          \-comm/313451/p207-royer",
   abstarct = "
   An ad-hoc network is the cooperative engagement of a
   collection of (typically wireless) mobile nodes without
   the required intervention of any centralized access point
   or existing infrastructure. To provide optimal commuication
   ability, a routing protocol for such a dynamic
   self-starting network must be capable of unicast, broadcast,
   and multicast. In this paper we extend Ad-hoc
   On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), an algorithm for
   the operation of such ad-hoc networks, to offer
   novel multicast capabilities which follow naturally from
   the way AODV establishes unicast routes. AODV builds
   multicast trees as needed (i.e., on-demand) to connect
   multicast group members. Control of the multicast tree
   is distributed so that there is no single point of failure.
   AODV provides loop-free routes for both unicast and
   multicast, even while repairing broken links. We include
   an evaluation methodology and simulation results to validate
   the correct and efficient operation of the AODV algorithm.
   ",
   database = "ACM",
}

@InProceedings{NTC99,
   author = "Sze Yao Ni and Yu Chee Tseng and Yuh Shyan Chen and Jang
             Ping Sheu",
   title = "The {B}roadcast {S}torm {P}roblem in a {M}obile {A}d {H}oc
           {N}etwork",
   booktitle = "Proceedings of the fifth annual ACM/IEEE international
                conference on Mobile computing and networking",
   year = 1999,
   month = aug # " 15-19, ",
   url = "http://www.\-acm.\-org/\-pubs/\-cit\-ations/\-pro\-ceed
          \-ings/\-comm/313451/p151-ni",
   abstarct = "
   Broadcasting is a common operation in a network to resolve
   many issues. In a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) in particular,
   due to host mobility, such operations are expected
   to be executed more frequently (such as finding a route to
   a particular host, paging a particular host, and sending an
   alarm signal). Because radio signals are likely to overlap
   with others in a geographical area, a straightforward broadcasting
   by flooding is usually very costly and will result in
   serious redundancy, contention, and collision, to which we
   refer as the broadcast storm problem. In this paper, we identify
   this problem by showing how serious it is through analyses
   and simulations. We propose several schemes to reduce
   redundant rebroadcasts and differentiate timing of rebroadcasts
   to alleviate this problem. Simulation results are presented,
   which show different levels of improvement over the
   basic flooding approach.
   ",
   database = "ACM",
}

@Article{CH00,
   author = "Yu Liang Chang and Ching Chi Hsu",
   title = "Routing in wireless/mobile ad-hoc networks via dynamic group
            construction",
   journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
   year = 2000,
   volume = 5,
   url = "http://www.\-acm.\-org/\-pubs/\-cit\-ations/\-journals/\-monet
          /2000-5-1/p27-chang",
   abstarct = "
   An ad-hoc network is temporarily formed by a group of mobile hosts
   communicating over wireless channels without any fixed network interaction
   and centralized administration. When a mobile host communicates with other
   mobile hosts in an ad-hoc network, the routes are established via the
   intermediate mobile hosts as forwarding nodes. Under such a network
   environment an adaptive approach for routing management will be proposed in
   this paper. In this approach, at first the network infrastructure is
   constructed by several communication groups, which are called routing
   groups. A routing group communicates with other routing groups via the
   boundary mobile hosts as forwarding nodes. In a routing group the mobile
   hosts are divided, by means of the dominating values, into two groups– one
   positive cluster and several non- positive clusters. The nodes in the
   positive cluster maintain the topology in formation of the routing group.
   Under such a construction environment, intra- group routing performs
   unicasting and gets multiple paths, while inter- group routing performs on
   group level by propagating the route requests to the boundary clusters,
   which are called bridge clusters. This routing scheme massively reduces the
   message complexity that is especially important for system performance under
   such a resource constraint environment. As far as the dynamic topology
   characteristics of ad-hoc networks are concerned, this approach also
   provides a more efficient infrastructure update. Finally, simulation results
   show that the routing via dynamic group construction outperforms the
   previous works in message complexity and infrastructure update efficiency.
   ",
   database = "ACM",
}

@InProceedings{LW99,
   author = "Matthias Lott and Bernhard Walke",
   title = "Performance of a {W}ireless {A}d hoc {N}etwork {S}upporting {ATM}",
   booktitle = "Proceedings of the second ACM international workshop on
                Wireless mobile multimedia",
   year = 1999,
   month = aug # " 20, ",
   url = "http://www.\-acm.\-org/\-pubs/\-cit\-at\-ions/\-pro\-ceed
          \-ings/\-comm/313256/p18-lott",
   abstarct = "
   A wireless ad hoc multihop network is introduced and
   protocols for the air interface are described and evaluated.
   The network nodes are assumed able to route
   connections according to the current radio connectivity
   of the network. The decentrally organized network
   can guarantee the bandwidth contracted to a connection
   (e.g. ATM connection) in a hidden station environment
   by means of contention-free data transmission
   for both, channel and packet switched services, based
   on real channel connections (RCCs). Channels are established
   and used for the duration of a so called train
   of data packets, released when the train ends and reestablished
   when the next train arrives. Most efficient
   use of the spectrum capacity is provided by a mechanism
   for dynamic channel allocation to nodes and services.
   To guarantee availability of network capacity for
   the re-establishment of a connection, connection admission
   control is applied considering the overall interference
   situation and the current radio connectivity.
   A performance evaluation of the proposed protocols is
   presented by means of a simulation study for example scenarios.
   ",
   database = "ACM",
}

@InProceedings{JLH99,
   author = "Per Johansson and Tony Larsson and Nicklas Hedman and Bartosz
             Mielczarek and Mikael Degermark",
   title = "Scenario-based {P}erformance {A}nalysis of {R}outing {P}rotocols
            for {M}obile {A}d-hoc {N}etworks ",
   booktitle = "Proceedings of the fifth annual ACM/IEEE international
                conference on Mobile computing and networking",
   year = 1999,
   month = aug # " 15-19, ",
   url = "http://www.\-acm.\-org/\-pubs/\-cit\-ations/\-pro\-ceed
          \-ings/\-comm/313451/p195-johansson",
   abstarct = "
   This study is a comparison of three routing protocols
   proposed for wireless mobile ad-hoc networks
   The protocols are: Destination
   Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Ad-hoc On
   demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic
   Source Routing (DSR). Extensive simulations
   are made on a scenario where nodes moves randomly.
   Results are presented as a function of a
   novel mobility metric designed to reflect the relative
   speeds of the nodes in a scenario. Further-
   more, three realistic scenarios are introduced to
   test the protocols in more specialized contexts.
   In most simulations the reactive protocols
   (AODV and DSR) performed significantly better
   than DSDV. At moderate traffic load DSR
   performed better than AODV for all tested mobility
   values, while AODV performed better
   than DSR at higher traffic loads. The latter is
   caused by the source routes in DSR data packets,
   which increase the load on the network.
   ",
   database = "ACM",
}

@InProceedings{BMJ98,
   author = "Josh Broch and David A. Maltz and David B. Johnson and
             Yih Chun Hu and Jorjeta Jetcheva",
   title = "A Performance {C}omparison of {M}ulti-{H}op {W}ireless
           {A}d {H}oc {N}etwork {R}outing {P}rotocols",
   booktitle = "The fourth annual ACM/IEEE international conference on
                Mobile computing and networking",
   year = 1998,
   month = oct # " 25-30, ",
   url = "http://www.\-acm.\-org/\-pubs/\-cit\-ations/\-pro\-ceed\-ings/
          \-comm/288235/p85-broch",
   abstarct = "
   An ad hoc network is a colletion of wireless mobile nodes dynamically
   forming a temporary network without the use of any existing network
   infrastructure or centralized administration. Due to the limited
   transmission range of wireless network interfaces, multiple network 'hops'
   may be needed for one node to exchange data with another across the network.
   In recent years, at variety of new routing protocols tageted specifically
   at this environment have been developed, but little performance information
   on each protocol and no ralistic performance comparison between them is
   available. This paper presents the results of a detailed packet- level
   simulation comparing four multi- hop wireless ad hoc network routing
   protocols that coverarange of design choices: DSDV, TORA, DSR and AODV.
   We have extended the ns-2 network simulator to accurately model the MAC
   and physical- layer behavior of the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standard,
   including a realistic wireless transmission channel model, and present the
   results of simulations of networks of 50 mobile nodes.
   ",
   database = "ACM",
}

@InProceedings{MWV00,
   author = "Navneet Malpani and Jennifer L. Welch and Nitin Vaidya",
   title = "Leader {E}lection {A}lgorithms for {M}obile {A}d {H}oc {N}etworks",
   booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th international workshop on Discrete
                algorithms and methods for mobile computing and communication",
   year = 2000,
   month = aug # " 11, ",
   url  = "http://www.\-acm.\-org/\-pubs/\-cit\-ations/\-pro\-ceed\-ings/\-comm/345848/p96-malpani",
   abstract = "
   We present two new leader election algorithms for mobile ad hoc networks.
   The algorithms ensure that eventually each connected component of the
   topology graph has exactly one leader. The algorithms are based on a routing
   algorithm called TORA, which in turn is based on an algorithm by Gafni and
   Bertsekas. The algorithms require nodes to communicate with only their
   current neighbors, making it well suited to the ad hoc environment. The
   first algorithm is for a single topology change and is provided with a proof
   of correctness. The second algorithm tolerates multiple concurrent topology
   changes
   ",
   database = "ACM",
}

@InProceedings{DKM00,
   author = "G.R. Dattatreya and S.S. Kulkarni and H. Martinez and R. Soto",
   title = "Adaptive control of heterogeneous ad hoc network",
   booktitle = "2000 IEEE International Conference on Systems,
                Man and Cybernetics. `Cybernetics Evolving to Systems, Humans,
                Organizations, and their Complex Interactions'",
   year = 2000,
   month = may,
   volume =5,
   abstract = "Heterogeneous ad hoc networks are proposed as a solution
   to the scalability problem in pure ad hoc networks. Some of the
   links in such a network have much longer wireless transmission ranges
   (at least in some of their channels) than the other links. Simple
   systems approaches are studied for adaptive operation and performance
   optimization of such networks. Our study includes the following: use
   of very simple functions of observed performance for adaptive control;
   an example of an operational constraint imposed by a higher layer in
   the network. Traffic to a destination can be multiplexed over either
   long range links or over short range links, but not both; and multiple
   criteria fuzzy decision making. Some of our approaches are illustrated
   with simulation experiments on a heterogeneous ad-hoc network fielding
   synthetic self-similar (bursty) traffic.",
   database = "INSPEC",
}

@InProceedings{JKJ00,
   author = "N. Johansson and U. Korner and P. Johansson",
   title = "Performance evaluation of scheduling algorithms for {B}luetooth",
   booktitle = "
   Broadband Communications. Convergence of Network Technologies.",
   year = 2000,
   month = jun,
   abstract = "During the last couple of years, much attention has been brought
   upon research and development of mobile ad hoc networks. In an ad hoc
   network, a collection of peer wireless mobile users within range of each
   other may dynamically form a temporary network without the use of any
   existing network infrastructure or centralized server, as opposed to
   cellular systems. This paper analyses the performance of a wireless ad-hoc
   network concept called Bluetooth which was presented in February 1998 by
   its five promoters-Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba and Intel. We discuss a
   modified exhaustive scheduler, proposed by the authors, and show its
   applicability under various operating conditions. A number of scenarios are
   analyzed and we also address the importance of multi-slot packets to
   increase throughput and to keep the delays low.",
   database = "INSPEC",
}

@InProceedings{CM00,
   author = "J. C. Cano and P. Manzoni",
   title = "A performance comparison of energy consumption for {M}obile {A}d
           {H}oc {N}etwork routing protocols",
   booktitle = "Proceedings 8th International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis
                and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems",
   year = 2000,
   month = aug,
   abstract = "The design of efficient routing protocols is a fundamental
   problem in a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET). Many different protocols have
   been proposed in the literature, each one based on different characteristics
   and properties. Some of these protocols have been studied and their
   performances have been evaluated in detail, focusing on aspects such as
   routing overhead latency and route length. We concentrate on the energy
   consumption issues of routing protocols. We present a performance comparison
   of the DSR, AODV, TORA and DSDV routing protocols with respect to energy
   consumption, evaluating how the different approaches and algorithms affect
   the energy usage in mobile devices.",
   database = "ISPEC",
}

@InProceedings{KCS00,
   author = "I. Koutsopoulos and D. Connors and A. Savvides and SK. Dao",
   title = "Intra-team multi-hop broadcasting ({ITMB}): a {MAC} layer protocol
            for efficient control signaling in wireless ad-hoc networks",
   booktitle = "2000 IEEE International Conference on Communications. ICC 2000.
                Global Convergence Through Communications.",
   year = 2000,
   month = mar,
   abstract = "
   In a wireless ad-hoc network environment, it is important for a mobile host
   to be able to broadcast control information within a team of nodes in a
   bandwidth-efficient and timely manner. Although the classical flooding
   strategy is the only reliable broadcast method for high rates of topology
   change, it leads to unnecessary bandwidth consumption for low rates of
   topology change. In this paper we propose two efficient, low complexity,
   loop-free broadcast routing protocols which outperform flooding in terms
   of bandwidth consumption in cases of low mobility and are quite robust
   under moderate mobility scenarios. Comparative results are obtained in
   environments with unpredictable link failures or lack of global topology
   knowledge due to node mobility.",
   database = "INSPEC",
}

@InProceedings{RC00,
   author = "Jung Hee Ryu and Dong Ho Cho",
   title = "A new routing scheme concerning power-saving in mobile ad-hoc
            networks",
   booktitle = "2000 IEEE International Conference on Communications. ICC 2000.
                Global Convergence Through Communications.",
   year = 2000,
   abstract = "
   In the mobile ad-hoc network, there can exist two categories of terminals,
   the battery-powered and the outlet-plugged terminals. A new scheme for the
   power-saving of battery-powered terminals in mobile ad-hoc networks is
   proposed. Based on this scheme, the battery-powered terminals page the
   traffic with minimum power to the nearest outlet-plugged terminal, and
   only the outlet-plugged terminals are used as the routing terminals. The
   simulation results show that the mean radius of the battery-powered
   terminal's paging area are much smaller than that of the other conventional
   schemes.",
   database = "INSPEC",
}

@InProceedings{KKD00,
   author = "G.D. Kondylis and S.V. Krishnamurthy and S.K. Dao and G.J. Pottie",
   title = "Multicasting sustained {CBR} and {VBR} traffic in wireless ad-hoc
            networks",
   booktitle = "2000 IEEE International Conference on Communications. ICC 2000.
                Global Convergence Through Communications.",
   year = 2000,
   month = mar,
   abstract = "
   Wireless ad-hoc networks consist of mobile nodes forming a dynamically
   changing topology without any infrastructure. Multicasting in a wireless
   ad-hoc network is difficult and challenging. We propose a novel protocol,
   the Wireless Ad-hoc Real-Time Multicast (WARM) protocol, for multicasting
   real-time (CBR and VBR) data among nodes in a wireless ad-hoc network. The
   protocol is distributed, highly adaptive and flexible. Multicast affiliation
   is receiver initiated. The messaging is localized to the neighborhood of the
   receiving multicast member and thus the overhead consumed is low. The
   protocol enables spatial bandwidth reuse along a multicast mesh (a
   connected structure of multicast group members). The real time connection is
   guaranteed quality of service (QoS) in terms of bandwidth. For VBR traffic,
   a combination of reserved and random access mechanisms are used. The
   protocol is self-healing in the sense that the mesh structure has the
   ability to repair itself when members either move or relays fail. We present
   simulation results to demonstrate features of the protocol and show that the
   throughput is above 90% for pedestrian environments.",
   database = "INSPEC",
}

@InProceedings{WJC00,
   author = "C. Ware and J. Judge and J. Chicharo and E. Dutkiewicz",
   title = "Unfairness and capture behaviour in 802.11 adhoc networks",
   booktitle = "2000 IEEE International Conference on Communications. ICC 2000.
                Global Convergence Through Communications.",
   year = 2000,
   abstract = "
   We address issues with the performance of IEEE 802.11, when used in the
   adhoc mode, in the presence of hidden terminals. We present results
   illustrating the strong dependence of channel capture behavior on the SNR
   observed on contending hidden connections. Experimental work has
   illustrated that in a hidden terminal scenario, the connection having the
   strongest SNR is able to capture the channel, despite the use of the
   RTS-CTS-DATA-ACK 4-way handshake designed to alleviate this problem. Our
   results indicate that the near-far SNR problem may have a significant effect
   on the performance of an adhoc 802.11 network.",
   database = "INSPEC",
}

@InProceedings{BWK00,
   author = "B. Bensaou and Yu Wang and Chi Chung Ko",
   title = "Fair medium access in 802.11 based wireless ad-hoc networks",
   booktitle = "2000 First Annual Workshop on Mobile and Ad Hoc Networking
                and Computing.",
   year = 2000,
   abstract = "
   The medium access control (MAC) protocol through which mobile stations can
   share a common broadcast channel is essential in an ad-hoc network. Due to
   the existence of the hidden terminal problem, partially-connected network
   topology and lack of central administration, existing popular MAC protocols
   like IEEE 802.11 Distributed Foundation Wireless Medium Access Control
   (DFWMAC) may lead to 'capture' effects which means that some stations grab
   the shared channel and other stations suffer from starvation. This is also
   known as the 'fairness problem'. This paper reviews some related work in the
   literature and proposes a general approach to address the problem. This
   paper borrows the idea of fair queueing from wireline networks and defines
   the 'fairness index' for ad-hoc network to quantify the fairness, so that
   the goal of achieving fairness becomes equivalent to minimizing the fairness
   index. Then this paper proposes a different backoff scheme for IEEE 802.11
   DFWMAC, instead of the original binary exponential backoff scheme.
   Simulation results show that the new backoff scheme can achieve far better
   fairness without loss of simplicity.",
   database = "INSPEC",
}

@InProceedings{BH00,
   author = "L. Buttyan and J. P. Hubaux",
   title = "Enforcing service availability in mobile ad-hoc {WAN}s",
   booktitle = "2000 First Annual Workshop on Mobile and Ad Hoc Networking and
                Computing.",
   year = 2000,
   abstract = "
   We address the problem of service availability in mobile ad-hoc WANs. We
   present a secure mechanism to stimulate end users to keep their devices
   turned on, to refrain from overloading the network, and to thwart tampering
   aimed at converting the device into a 'selfish' one. Our solution is based
   on the application of a tamper resistant security module in each device and
   cryptographic protection of messages.",
   database = "INSPEC",
}

@InProceedings{TA00,
   author = "Zhenyu Tang and Garcia Luna Aceves JJ",
   title = "Collision-avoidance transmission scheduling for ad-hoc networks",
   booktitle = "2000 IEEE International Conference on Communications. ICC 2000.
    Global Convergence Through Communications.",
   year = 2000,
   abstract = "
   A novel multichannel schedule-based medium access control (MAC) protocol for
   ad-hoc networks, named collision-avoidance transmission scheduling (CATS) is
   introduced. CATS allows nodes to contend for and reserve data channels for
   specific time slots by means of distributed reservation and
   collision-avoidance handshakes. Contention is limited among nodes within two
   hops of one another, which provides a very efficient spatial reuse of the
   bandwidth available. CATS ensures that no collisions occur in successfully
   reserved data links, even when hidden terminals exist. Reservations in CATS
   support unicasting, multicasting and broadcasting at link level
   simultaneously and adapt to dynamic data size. The throughput achieved by
   CATS is analyzed for unicast traffic and broadcast traffic. Numerical
   results show that CATS can achieve very high throughput.",
   database = "INSPEC",
}

@InProceedings{AG99,
   author = "I.D. Aron and S.K.S. Gupta",
   title = "A witness-aided routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks with
            unidirectional links",
   booktitle = "Mobile Data Access. First International Conference, MDA'99.",
   year = 1999,
   abstract = "
   Mobile ad hoc networks may exhibit unidirectional links due to the nature
   of wireless communication. The presence of unidirectional links interferes
   with the control flow of many existing unicast routing protocols for such
   networks, which adversely affects their performance and limits their
   applicability. We present a new protocol designed to support unicast
   routing over both bidirectional and unidirectional links in ad hoc networks,
   while preserving low bandwidth utilization and providing faster and more
   reliable packet delivery. The WAR (witness-aided routing) protocol is based
   on the concept of witness host, whose role is to help in bypassing a
   unidirectional or a failed link along the path. We present a preliminary
   analysis to compare the expected performance of WAR with the dynamic source
   routing (DSR) protocol.",
   database = "INSPEC",
}

@InProceedings{KGN00,
   author = "M. Kawai and K. Gyoda and M. Nozaki",
   title = "Topology optimization for wireless ad-hoc community network
            ({WACN}et)",
   booktitle = "Transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of
                Japan, Part C.",
   year = 2000,
   abstract = "
   This paper discusses dynamically controlled network segmentation for the
   purpose of adapting flexibly to unpredictably variable and unevenly
   distributed traffic and also utilizing network resources efficiently over
   radio frequencies, for application to a wireless ad-hoc community network
   (WACNet). This paper formulates the optimization criterion for the network
   segmentation as a graph partitioning problem and presents a heuristic
   computation method to obtain the optimum solution in a limited time range.
   The results computed by employing the heuristic method show that even if
   loss due to the segmentation is counted, a considerably high level of
   effects can be expected.",
   database = "INSPEC",
}
@COMMENT(This document was done by Andreas Plaickner for the pro-seminar class
on "Wireless Computer Networks" during the winter semester of 2000)

@Article{ADFS98,
    author = "William A. Arbaugh and James R. Davin and
              David J. Farber and Jonathan M. Smith",
    title = "Security for virtual private Intranets",
    journal = "Computer",
    year = 1998,
    month = sep,
    volume = 31,
    number = 9,
    pages = "48--54",
    url = "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel4/2/15348/00708450.pdf",
    abstract = "As telecommunications grow, businesses must
        consider security when extending their network environment
        to employee's homes. Researchers at the University of
        Pennsylvania addressed this problem with smart cards,
        operating system modifications, and network authentication.
        The solution to the challenge of isolating functional roles
        that may share a single hardware platform is called secure
        identity-based loading (SIBL) which provides multiple
        personalities by partitioning the hard drive into n plus 1
        partitions, where n is the number of supported
        personalities. All personalities use the system partition
        for core operating system components and shared
        applications. Each of the personalities is associated
        with one of the remaining partitions.",
    database = "Compendex",
    sig = "ISSN:0018-9162",
}


@Article{Alg99,
    author = "R. M. Alguliev",
    title = "Method of selecting the optimal structure of a
             distributed authentication system in virtual private
             networks",
    journal = "Automatic-Control-and-Computer-Sciences",
    year = 1999,
    volume = 33,
    number = 3,
    pages = "12--21",
    url = "",
    abstract = "One of the important problems that arise in
        attempting to create virtual private networks is that of
        implementing the function of identification and
        authentication of users. In the article questions related
        to the construction of a distributed authentication
        system in such a network are considered. A method is
        proposed by means of which an optimal distribution of
        users and the resources of virtual networks with respect
        to authentication servers may be found. The method is
        constructed on the basis of an exponential closed
        stochastic network and is implemented as a problem of
        nonlinear programming with pseudo-Boolean variables. An
        algorithm describing the operation of a distributed
        authentication system based on the solution of an
        optimization problem is presented.",
    database = "Inspec",
}


@InProceedings{BA96,
    author = "Nora Boukari and Ali Aljane",
    title = "Security and auditing of {VPN}",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Workshop on
                 Services in Distributed and Networked
                 Environments",
    organization = "IEEE",
    year = 1996,
    pages = "132--138",
    url = "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/3748/10947/00502456.pdf",
    abstract = "This paper describes an implementation
        architecture of an auditing system applied to a simulated
        Virtual Private Network service. It analyses the VPN
        security and audit requirements and illustrates the
        auditing system components: the audit manager, the audit
        agent and the Virtual Private Network service managed
        objects.",
    database = "Compendex",
}


@Article{Bir98,
    author = "Tina Bird",
    title = "Building {VPN}s: The 10-point plan",
    journal = "Data Communications",
    year = 1998,
    month = jun,
    volume = 27,
    number = 9,
    pages = "123, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132",
    abstract = "Internet connectivity allows new business partners
        and customers to be reached. Organizations may have widely
        differing remote access requirements, but all share some
        basic design and implementation requirements. By following
        ten simple steps, it is possible to build a virtual private
        network (VPN) that addresses the needs of virtually any
        organization. The 10-point plan to building VPNs include:
        assessing remote access requirements; getting management
        involved at the beginning of the plan; determining the
        best product fit and testing it out; sizing the system;
        picking the location for the VPN server; reconfiguring
        other network devices; installing and configuring the
        VPN; monitoring and managing the VPN; and getting a
        backup.",
    database = "Compendex",
    sig = "DAT 185.104 I",
}


@InProceedings{BJPC00,
    author = "Seung-Jin Baek and Moon-Sang Jeong and Jong-Tae Park
              and Tai-Myoung Chung",
    title = "Policy-based hybrid management architecture for
             {IP}-based {VPN}",
    booktitle = "IEEE Symposium Record on Network Operations and
                 Management",
    organization = "IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA",
    year = 2000,
    month = apr,
    pages = "987--988",
    url = "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/6734/18005/00830470.pdf",
    abstract = "A new hybrid security policy system in order
        to introduce the global policy concept is presented.
        This system distributes global policies that are set
        up by Virtual Private Network (VPN) administrator, and
        verifies the consistency of the policies that are created
        or modified by local administrators. In this system,
        Security Policy Maker (SPM) transfers not only policy
        to Security Policy Server (PS), but also response for
        policy query that PS has asked.",
    database = "Compendex",
}


@InProceedings{BL00,
    author = "C. A. Bower and S. J. Lodico",
    title = "Security and access: new technologies in wide area
             networks",
    booktitle = "15th Annual Computers in Libraries 2000.
                 Proceedings - 2000",
    organization = "Inf. Today, Medford, NJ, USA",
    year = 2000,
    pages = "25--30",
    url = "",
    abstract = "The increasing use of and demand for technology
        in libraries has strained budgets and staff, leaving
        librarians feeling frustrated by the perceived barriers
        to providing increased access to electronic resources.
        Many believe that the benefits of wide area networking
        for resource sharing are out of reach for libraries. New
        technologies such as virtual private networks (VPNs),
        thin-client/servers, and tools for remote administration
        of network devices and workstations create exciting new
        opportunities to broaden the array of services available
        to patrons in remote areas while minimizing administrative
        overhead. ELIN (Estacado Library Information Network),
        the site of a national pilot project exploring VPN
        solutions for libraries, is a real world example of these
        technologies bringing new services to remote libraries
        and their patrons.",
    database = "Inspec",
}


@Article{Che99,
    author = "William Cheung",
    title = "Building multiservice Internet protocol virtual
             private networks",
    journal = "Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for
               Optical Engineering",
    year = 1999,
    month = sep,
    volume = 3845,
    pages = "340--349",
    url = "",
    abstract = "Multiservice Internet Protocol-based Virtual
        Private Networks (MIP-VPNs) with Quality of Service (QoS)
        are becoming a reality due to the availability of new
        standards from the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
        This paper describes how components including security
        models, IP tunneling protocols, and service differentiation
        schemes fit together in order to construct such a VPN.
        First, the concept and rationale of VPN is presented,
        followed by a discussion of its supporting components. A
        comparison is made among the various VPN technologies.
        (Author abstract) 19 Refs.",
    database = "Compendex",
    sig = "ISSN:0277-786X",
}


@TechReport{Cho99,
    author = "Tse-Huong Choo",
    title = "Vaulted {VPN}: Compartmented Virtual Private Networks
             on Trusted Operating Systems",
    institution = "HP Lab Bristol, Bristol, UK",
    type = "Technical Report",
    year = 1999,
    month = mar,
    volume = 44,
    pages = "1--16",
    url = "http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/1999/HPL-1999-44.html",
    abstract = "Virtual Private Networks for IPSec based on an
        intermediate packet-redirector in network-protocol stacks
        are becoming increasingly common for many standard
        operating systems and represent a well-understood method
        for retro-fitting such systems with IPSec support. This
        report describes how a different design structured around
        a Trusted Operating System can offer better security,
        performance and robustness. We describe in detail an
        implementation of an IPSec VPN consisting of a series of
        compartmented, concurrently executing IPSec stacks. The
        motivations and security-related benefits behind each
        design decision are discussed. In addition, we show how
        a configuration of independent IPSec stacks based on this
        design can be configured to execute in parallel for
        greater performance, and how its design allows individual
        component-failures without affecting the system as a
        whole.",
    database = "Compendex",
}


@Article{Cra97,
    author = "Andrew Cray",
    title = "Secure {VPN}s: Lock the data, unlock the savings",
    journal = "Data Communications",
    year = 1997,
    month = may,
    volume = 26,
    number = 7,
    pages = "49--56",
    abstract = "A virtual private network consists of a group
        of sites that talk to each other securely while connecting
        to other sites over unsecured links. This is possible by
        using an encrypting device which sits at the edge of the
        private network with a combination of encryption and
        authentication to secure the line. By using VPN encrypting
        devices, net managers stake out a private spot on the
        public net, on the Internet or other public networks,
        thereby saving their companies money.",
    database = "Compendex",
    sig = "DAT 185.104 I",
}


@Article{Cra98,
    author = "Andrew Cray",
    title = "Armed compounds",
    journal = "Data Communications",
    year = 1998,
    month = apr,
    volume = 27,
    number = 6,
    pages = "57--62, 64",
    abstract = "Managers of virtual private networks (VPN) have
        realized that encryption and authentication in security
        hardware not only drives performance, it also results in
        tighter security. Various software and hardware security
        systems are compared to determine which provides better
        protection for VPNs.",
    database = "Compendex",
    sig = "DAT 185.104 I",
}


@InProceedings{DBD99,
    author = "J.S. Denker and S.M. Bellovin and H. Daniel and
              N.L. Mintz and T. Killian and M.A. Plotnick",
    title = "{M}oat: a virtual private network appliance and
             services platform",
    booktitle = "13th Systems Adminstration Conference (LISA '99).",
    organization = "USENIX Assoc, Berkeley, CA, USA",
    year = 1999,
    pages = "251--260",
    url = "http://www.quintillion.com/moat/lisa-moat.pdf",
    abstract = "We have implemented a system for virtual private
        networking, with special attention to the needs of
        telecommuters. In particular, we used off-the-shelf
        hardware and open source software to create a platform
        to provide IP security and other services for in-home
        networks. Our experience has taught us a number of things
        about the scalability of the FreeS/WAN IPsec system,
        about the widespread mis-handling of path-MTU discovery
        on the Internet, and about the implications of tunnels
        on the basic architecture of the network.",
    database = "Inspec",
}


@TechReport{DC98,
    author = "Chris I. Dalton and D. A. Clarke",
    title = "Secure Partitioned Access to Local Network
             Resources over the Internet",
    institution = "HP Lab Bristol, Bristol, UK",
    type = "Technical Report",
    year = 1998,
    month = dec,
    volume = 202,
    pages = "24p",
    url = "http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/98/HPL-98-202.html",
    abstract = "A common problem faced by many organizations
        connected to the Internet is controlling precisely which
        hosts and services on their local network a user can
        access from outside the local network over the Internet.
        One solution would group the local hosts and services
        into logical partitions (or segments), and allow users
        or classes of users access to particular partitions based
        on who they are or what functional group they belong to.
        We have implemented such an approach using gateways
        running Multilevel Secure Operating Systems, such as
        HP-UX VVOS 10.24 or Trusted Solaris 2.5. The gateways
        run trusted versions of SSH and SOCKS that have been
        derived from publicly available sources. This paper
        reviews the features of a Multilevel Secure Operating
        System relevant to its use in the role of an Internet
        gateway, describes our trusted implementations of SSH
        and SOCKS and shows how they may be used in combination
        to provide precise but transparent local network
        partitioning and access control. We end with a concrete
        example that shows secure access over the Internet to
        file systems provided by WindowsNT servers on a local
        network. The trusted SSH server software is currently
        being used by a number of banks in Scandinavia.",
    database = "Altavista",
}


@InProceedings{DF98,
    author = "L. Delgrossi and D. Ferrari",
    title = "The design of supranet security mechanisms",
    booktitle = "7th IEEE Intelligent Network Workshop
                 Proceedings",
    organization = "IEEE",
    year = 1998,
    pages = "167-173",
    url = "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel4/5768/15412/00713268.pdf",
    abstract = "This paper presents the design of a set of
        security mechanisms for supranets. Supranets are virtual
        networks-private to a group of users-that can be built
        on top of a physical network (e.g., the Internet) by any
        user of such a network making use of an appropriate
        software toolkit. Supranet members should feel they are
        part of a secure private environment from which non-
        members are excluded. On the other side, it may be
        necessary to provide the means to protect some or even
        all of the conversations among supranet members. This
        calls for the provision of a set of appropriate security
        mechanisms that protect supranet communications both
        from the outside world and within the supranet itself.
        This paper focuses on the main design requirements to
        be considered when building security mechanisms for a
        supranet. After the discussion of such typical networking
        issues as addressing, packet header format, and routing,
        we focused on security and showed how a set of
        mechanisms based on asymmetric keys cryptography can be
        used to address in an elegant and efficient way all the
        security issues considered.",
    database = "Inspec",
}


@Article{DGG99,
    author = "N.G. Duffield and P. Goyal and A. Greenberg and
              Mishra Partho and K. K. Ramakrishnan and
              J. E. Van-der-Merwe",
    title = "A flexible model for resource management in virtual
             private networks",
    journal = "Computer-Communication-Review",
    year = 1999,
    month = oct,
    volume = 29,
    number = 4,
    pages = "95--108",
    url = "http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/comm
           /316188/p95-duffield/p95-duffield.pdf",
    abstract = "As IP technologies providing both tremendous
        capacity and the ability to establish dynamic secure
        associations between endpoints emerge, virtual private
        networks (VPNs) are going through dramatic growth. The
        number of endpoints per VPN is growing and the
        communication pattern between endpoints is becoming
        increasingly hard to forecast. Consequently, users are
        demanding dependable, dynamic connectivity between
        endpoints, with the network expected to accommodate any
        traffic matrix, as long as the traffic to the endpoints
        does not overwhelm the rates of the respective ingress
        and egress links. We propose a new service interface,
        termed a hose, to provide the appropriate performance
        abstraction. A hose is characterized by the aggregate
        traffic to and from one endpoint in the VPN to the set
        of other endpoints in the VPN, and by an associated
        performance guarantee. Hoses provide important advantages
        to a VPN customer: (i) flexibility to send traffic to a
        set of endpoints without having to specify the detailed
        traffic matrix, and (ii) reduction in the size of access
        links through multiplexing gains obtained from the natural
        aggregation of the flows between endpoints. As compared
        with the conventional point to point (or customer-pipe)
        model for managing QoS, hoses provide reduction in the
        state information a customer must maintain. On the other
        hand, hoses would appear to increase the complexity of
        the already difficult problem of resource management to
        support QoS. To manage network resources in the face of
        this increased uncertainty, we consider both conventional
        statistical multiplexing techniques, and a new resizing
        technique based on online measurements. To study these
        performance issues, we run trace driven simulations,
        using traffic derived from AT\&T's voice network, and
        from a large corporate data network. From the customer's
        perspective, we find that aggregation of traffic at the
        hose level provides significant multiplexing gains. From
        the provider's perspective, we find that the statistical
        multiplexing and resizing techniques deal effectively
        with uncertainties about the traffic, providing
        significant gains over the conventional alternative of
        a mesh of statically sized customer-pipes between
        endpoints.",
    database = "Inspec",
}


@InProceedings{DLP99,
    author = "J. Davila and J. Lopez and R. Peralta",
    title = "Implementation of virtual private networks at the
             transport layer",
    booktitle = "Information Security. Second International
                 Workshop, ISW'99.",
    organization = "Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany",
    year = 1999,
    volume = 1729,
    pages = "85--102",
    url = "http://link.springer.de/link/sub\_{}list",
    abstract = "Virtual private network (VPN) solutions mainly
        focus on security aspects. Their main aims are to isolate
        a distributed network from outsiders and to protect the
        confidentiality and integrity of sensitive information
        traversing an untrusted network such as the Internet. But
        when security is considered as a unique problem,
        collateral problems also arise. VPN users suffer from
        restrictions in their access to the network. They are
        not free to use traditional Internet services such as
        electronic mail exchange with non-VPN users or access
        Web and FTP servers external to the organization. In this
        paper we present a new solution, located at the TCP/IP
        transport layer that, while maintaining strong security
        features, allows the open use of traditional network
        services. The solution does not require the addition of
        new hardware because it is an exclusively software
        solution. As a consequence, the application is totally
        portable. Moreover, the implementation is located at the
        transport layer; thus, there is no need to modify any
        software previously installed, like FTP, Telnet, HTTP,
        electronic mail or other network applications.",
    database = "Inspec",
}


@Article{Far98,
    author = "Rik Farrow",
    title = "Virtual private networks: end-to-end privacy or
             open-ended problems?",
    journal = "Computer Security Journal",
    year = 1998,
    volume = 14,
    number = 3,
    pages = "1--6",
    url = "http://gocsi.com/Virtual.htm",
    abstract = "Virtual Private Networking (VPN) has become the
        latest in a series of security product phenomena. At
        present, VPN covers a bewildering array of products
        that at least share one common factor, that is the
        ability to encrypt TCP/IP packages. However, incorrectly
        used VPN products can weaken the security of networks.
        To avoid this, one must carefully choose the type of
        product that will work best for particular networking
        and security requirements.",
    database = "Compendex",
    sig = "ISSN:0277-0865",
}


@Article{Fer00,
    author = "A. Ferchichi",
    title = "{IPsec VPN}: theory and practice",
    journal = "ComTec",
    year = 2000,
    volume = 78,
    number = 7,
    pages = "9--14",
    url = "",
    abstract = "Today, more and more business telecommunication
        services are deployed across public IP networks like the
        Internet. On one hand, using public or third party
        network infrastructure is cost-saving, but on the other
        hand valuable data may be compromised by malicious
        persons. Likewise, many network operators (even
        competitors) are interconnecting their networks for
        better coverage at relative low cost, thereby, however,
        introducing new security risks. Before deploying a
        virtual private network (VPN) using IPsec, critical
        factors must be carefully addressed such as the VPN
        network topology and its size, the type of traffic and
        applications transiting on the VPN, or the legacy system
        already in place. This article first describes the basic
        technology components of IPsec, the standard defined by
        the IETF community to meet the IP security needs, with
        a survey of the different security services and explains
        the limitations and potential flaws. Then it focuses on
        different possible VPN scenarios and addresses the main
        issues that might arise from the interaction between IPsec
        and other networking technologies. Finally, step-by-step
        guidelines are described to help deploying an IPsec VPN.",
    database = "Inspec",
}


@InProceedings{GBK99,
    author = "M. G{\"u}nter and T. Braun and I. Khalil",
    title = "An architecture for managing {QoS}-enabled {VPN}s over
             the {I}nternet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings 24th Conference on Local Computer
                 Networks. LCN'99",
    organization = "IEEE Comput. Soc, Los Alamitos, CA, USA",
    year = 1999,
    month = oct,
    pages = "122--131",
    url = "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/6517/17401/00802006.pdf",
    abstract = "This paper describes an architecture for the
        management of QoS-enabled virtual private networks (VPNs)
        over the Internet. The architecture focuses on two
        important issues of VPNs: security and quality-of-
        service (QoS). The security achieved in VPNs is based
        on IPSec tunnels, while QoS can be supported by
        mechanisms as proposed by the differentiated services
        currently being defined by the IETF. We describe an
        architecture that is based on the concept of service
        brokers. These service brokers are used for communication
        between different domains (such as ISP and customer
        networks) as well as within domains. The architecture
        described in the paper is currently being implemented
        as part of the CATI project funded by the Swiss National
        Science Foundation (SNF).",
    database = "Inspec",
    sig = "ISSN:0742-1303",
}


@Article{GM99,
    author = "Vipul Gupta and Gabriel Montenegro",
    title = "Secure and mobile networking",
    journal = "Mobile Networks and Applications",
    year = 1999,
    month = jan,
    volume = 3,
    number = 4,
    pages = "381--390",
    url = "http://ns.baltzer.nl/monet/articlesfree/1998/3-4/
           mnt075.pdf",
    abstract = "The IETF Mobile IP protocol is a significant step
        towards enabling nomadic Internet users. It allows a
        mobile node to maintain and use the same IP address even
        as it changes its point of attachment to the Internet.
        Mobility implies higher security risks than static
        operation. Portable devices may be stolen or their traffic
        may, at times, pass through links with questionable
        security characteristics. Most commercial organizations
        use some combination of source-filtering routers,
        sophisticated firewalls, and private address spaces to
        protect their network from unauthorized users. The basic
        Mobile IP protocol fails in the presence of these
        mechanisms even for authorized users. This paper describes
        enhancements that enable Mobile IP operation in such
        environments, i.e., they allow a mobile user, out on a
        public portion of the Internet, to maintain a secure
        virtual presence within his firewall-protected office
        network. This constitutes what we call a Mobile Virtual
        Private Network (MVPN).",
    database = "Compendex",
    sig = "ISSN:1383-469X",
}


@Article{Han97,
    author = "B. Hancock",
    title = "Virtual private networks: what, why, when, where
             and how",
    journal = "Network-Security",
    year = 1997,
    month = aug,
    pages = "8--11",
    url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/13534858",
    abstract = "Recently, the author has been asked by many
        major customer sites to help them with a virtual private
        network (VPN) implementation strategy. His first question
        is if they know what a VPN is. The answer, when the fog
        around the issue gets cleared up, is usually ''no''. But,
        they have been reading about them and feel a need to
        implement a strategy or get left behind in the technology
        curve that eludes us all. Basically, a VPN in today's
        networked environment is an IP connection between two
        sites over a public IP network which has its payload
        traffic encrypted such that only the source and
        destination can decrypt the traffic packets. In this
        manner, a publicly accessible network can be used for
        highly confidential information in a secure manner. Of
        course, this type of security can be mostly implemented
        by pre encrypting files and other user data before
        transmission, but it is not quite as secure as a VPN.
        VPNs provide further security as they are capable of
        encrypting not only the actual user data, but many of
        the protocol stack informational items which may be used
        to compromise a customer site in a technical session
        attack profile.",
    database = "Inspec",
}


@Article{Her99,
    author = "E. Herscovitz",
    title = "Secure virtual private networks: the future of data
             communications",
    journal = "International Journal of Network Management",
    year = 1999,
    month = jul,
    volume = 9,
    number = 4,
    pages = "213--220",
    url = "",
    abstract = "The Internet is an almost ideal means for
        information retrieval and exchange. It is cost-effective,
        easy to use and easily accessible. However, it can also
        be susceptible to devious practices such as data
        tempering, eavesdropping and theft. This paper analyses
        secure virtual private networks (VPNs) and their use in
        countering the problems of the Internet.",
    database = "Inspec",
}


@InProceedings{HJBK00,
    author = "Lee Haeryong and Hwang Jeongyeon and Kang Byungryong
              and Jun Kyoungpyo",
    title = "End-to-end {QoS} architecture for {VPN}s: {MPLS VPN}
             deployment in a backbone network",
    booktitle = "Proceedings 2000. International Workshop on
                 Parallel Processing.",
    organization = "IEEE Comput. Soc, Los Alamitos, CA, USA",
    year = 2000,
    pages = "479--483",
    url = "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/6987/18831/00869153.pdf",
    abstract = "Virtual private networks (VPNs) enable companies
        to connect geographically dispersed offices and remote
        workers via secure links to the private company network,
        using the public Internet as a backbone. Specially, VPN
        service in the broadband data communication network is
        very important and necessary to take in users who want
        to specify group communication. VPN mechanisms are
        needed which work over existing deployed backbones, and
        which can also be migrated to new backbones like MPLS
        (Multi-Protocol Label Switching). MPLS is the latest
        step in the evolution of multi-layer switching in the
        Internet. In this paper, we clarify how MPLS can be
        applied to creating VPNs. For this, we researched an
        architectural model for building VPNs in an MPLS domain.
        The proposed model takes advantage of both network layer
        peering and packet switching, and link-layer circuit
        and per-stream switching. It comes with a design scheme
        and an implementation procedure for VPN services in
        MPLS systems. Then we describe MPLS-based VPN service
        procedures and we describe MPLS VPN schemes that must
        be accommodated with existing network backbones and must
        also provide for a full range of QoS characteristics.",
    database = "Inspec",
}


@Article{HTK97,
    author = "Shinkuro Honda and Hironari Tomioka and Takaaki Kimurai and
              Takaharu Oosawa and Ken-ichi Okada and Yukata Matsushita",
    title = "{V}alentine: An Environment for Home Office Worker Providing
             Informal Communication and Personal Space",
    journal = "unbekannt",
    year = 1997,
    pages = "368--375",
    url = "",
    abstract = "",
    database = "Altavista",
}



@InProceedings{Kag98,
    author = "Richard S. Kagan",
    title = "Virtual private networks - new strategies for secure
             enterprise networking",
    booktitle = "Wescon Conference Record 1998",
    organization = "IEEE",
    year = 1998,
    month = sep,
    pages = "267--272",
    url = "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel4/5820/15515/00716461.pdf",
    abstract = "New IP-routed virtual private networks (VPNs)
        enable many corporations to do business over the public
        telecommunications infrastructures. These networks use
        the worldwide IP network services to enable network
        managers to cost-efficiently increase the span of the
        corporate network. To ensure successful network
        deployment, careful planning is the key. In particular,
        the plan should address connectivity and security.",
    database = "Compendex",
}


@InProceedings{Lu95,
    author = "W. P. Lu",
    title = "Providing confidentiality services for a LAN
             interconnected service",
    booktitle = "Wireless Computer Communication. Emerging
                 Business Opportunities.",
    organization = "International Conference on Wireless Computer
        Communication: Emerging Business Opportunities (Infocom'94).
        Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, India; 1995 ",
    year = 1995,
    pages = "18--30",
    url = "",
    abstract = "The increasing use of LANs for computer
        communication has spurred the need for a high speed,
        switched metropolitan area data network to replace the
        traditional dedicated links. BellSouth has introduced a
        LAN interconnection service in order to respond to
        customers needs. However, customers demand the same type
        of data confidentiality they have enjoyed in their
        dedicated links on the public network. In this paper,
        an innovative way for providing confidentiality service
        for a public LAN interconnection service network will
        be presented. The mechanism is based on the current
        completed LAN security standard, the IEEE 802.10. The
        confidentiality service offered will be applied to a
        particular virtual private LAN. In this section, the
        details of the implementation, including the architecture,
        the PDU format and the protocol will be described.",
    database = "Inspec",
}


@InProceedings{McL96,
    author = "Patrick McLaughlin",
    title = "Structuring your business around secure open
             distributed service management systems.",
    booktitle = "IEEE Symposium Record on Network
                 Operations and Management Symposium",
    organization = "IEEE",
    year = 1996,
    volume = 2,
    pages = "370--381",
    url = "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/3921/11357/00539607.pdf",
    abstract = "The following companies have spent four years
        developing a Distributed Management Framework which can
        be used for creating secure business, service and network
        management systems in a process oriented manner. The
        frameworks leverages concepts from TMN, object-oriented
        analysis and design and from ODP. A book has been
        published in the Spring of 1996 which presents the
        framework and its application to the management of
        multi-domain, narrow and broadband, VPN and UPT
        scenarios. The book also relates this work to other key
        global initiatives in this area such as TINA and ODMA.",
    database = "Compendex",
}


@Article{CH99,
    author = "Mooi Choo Chuah and Enrique J. Hernandez-Valencia",
    title = "Mobile virtual private dial-up services",
    journal = "Bell-Labs-Technical-Journal",
    year = 1999,
    month = jul,
    volume = 4,
    number = 3,
    pages = "51--72",
    url = "http://www.lucent.com/minds/techjournal/jul-sep1999/pdf/
           paper04.pdf",
    abstract = "Virtual private dial-up networking (VPDN) allows
        mobile users to access their corporate networks through
        the same infrastructure they use to access the Internet.
        The data networking industry has produced various
        protocols-for example, layer 2 forwarding (L2F) and
        point-to-point tunneling protocol (PPTP)-to provide VPDN
        services. Based on these protocols, a new integrated VPDN
        protocol, layer 2 tunneling protocol (L2TP), is currently
        being designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force
        (IETF). However, this solution is only meant to deal with
        a wired network environment. In this paper, we describe
        and compare different solutions that extend the wired
        VPDN service model over the various wireless access
        network technologies. The first set of solutions uses
        network-layer protocols such as IETF's mobile Internet
        protocol (IP) to perform macromobility management. In
        addition, IETF's secure IP (IPSEC) protocols may be used
        when security features are desired. The first set of
        solutions differs from the wired VPDN model only in
        terms of the location of the home agent (whether it
        resides in the access provider's network or the corporate
        network) and the availability of a hierarchical
        architecture to minimize hand-off latency. The second
        set of solutions uses both link-layer (for example, L2TP)
        and network-layer (for example, mobile IP) protocols to
        perform macromobility management. Some alternatives
        require the mobile hosts to play a more proactive role-
        for example, the voluntary tunneling approach. We briefly
        describe and compare the two sets of alternatives in
        terms of their flexibility, hand-off latency, and
        bandwidth overhead.",
    database = "Inspec",
}


@Article{Nor98,
    author = "Masaya Norifusa",
    title = "Internet security: Difficulties and solutions",
    journal = "International Journal of Medical Informatics",
    year = 1998,
    month = mar,
    volume = 49,
    number = 1,
    pages = "69--74",
    url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/13865056",
    abstract = "The Internet has drastically changed and has
        become the most popular and useful communication and
        information infrastructure. The issue of security
        frequently surfaces during Internet operations. The
        critical reality on the Internet, is that insecure
        applications become available much faster than security
        solutions. VPN protects a secure environment's co-
        existence on the same infrastructure as an insecure
        environment. Currently available security products use
        many proprietary firewall implementations. This prevents
        them from being popular because of interoperability and
        management difficulty. Adopting an open standard is the
        key to a solution.",
    database = "Compendex",
    sig = "ISSN:1386-5056",
}


@Article{OMWSIY00,
    author = "N. Okazaki and Rang-Park Mi and A. Watanabe and
              S. Seno and T. Ideguchi and M. Yabe",
    title = "Realization method of flexible private network system",
    journal = "Transactions of the Institute of Electrical
               Engineers of Japan, Part C",
    year = 2000,
    month = aug,
    volume =120,
    pages = "1242--1249",
    url = "",
    abstract = "The FPN (flexible private network) is a new
        service, which enables a user to join multiple secure
        communication groups within an intranet. FPN defines a
        secure communication group by a single encryption key
        (session key). All communication entities in a FPN request
        a session key to the key management entity and share the
        same encryption key. Also, to keep the secrecy of FPNs,
        session keys should be updated frequently. We consider a
        realization method to apply FPN over enterprise networks
        and define a key distribution method for session key
        sharing. An application of this method for secure
        communication systems shows that inexpensive and flexible
        virtual private networks with various communication
        groups can be constructed easily. It is also shown that
        the proposed method works effectively in an enterprise
        network system.",
    database = "Inspec",
}


@InProceedings{PA99,
    author = "Alberto Partida and Diego Andina",
    title = "Applied cryptography in Java",
    booktitle = "IEEE Annual International Carnahan Conference on
                 Security Technology, Proceedings 1999",
    organization = "IEEE",
    year = 1999,
    month = oct,
    pages = "345--348",
    url = "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/6475/17316/00797935.pdf",
    abstract = "This paper unveils two actual facts that result
        to be tightly linked: Firstly, Internet users require
        increasingly effective security policies, since there
        are plenty of scenarios where the introduction of
        security elements is highly recommended (e.g. integrity
        and confidentiality requirements in the everyday use
        of interpersonal communications by e-mail). Secondly,
        checking the suitability and performance of an object-
        oriented programming language which considers itself
        platform-independent' (as Java from Sun Microsystems
        claims to be) as the essential tool to implement that
        level of security is a great challenge. The
        unsophisticated Java application that is introduced in
        this paper attempts to be the meeting point of these
        two new technology trends, user security and platform
        independence. It constitutes an example of a secure
        application in Java that deploys ciphering and signing
        features within the Java security model.",
    database = "Compendex",
}


@Article{PG95,
    author = "David Pensak and Mike Grandinetti",
    title = "Internet and beyond: security data across the
             enterprise",
    journal = "International Journal of Network Management",
    year = 1995,
    month = nov,
    volume = 5,
    number = 6,
    pages = "305--312",
    url = "",
    abstract = "Raptor System Inc., has developed a new model
    called 'the Five Domains of Network Security' to help
    administrators tackle the challenges of internetworking. The
    new model provides a roadmap for network managers to provide
    comprehensive protection across their entire information
    infrastructure. Domains 2 to 4 address security the most
    vulnerable elements within the enterprise including, the
    Internet, workgroup LANs, mobile personal computers, and
    remote sites. Domain 5 ties all these elements together,
    hence providing a central security envelope to configure,
    monitor and manage the enterprise-wide security solution
    from as many or as few sites as deemed necessary by the
    network manager.",
    database = "Compendex",
    sig = "ISSN:1055-7148",
}


@Article{RT98b,
    author = "L. Rademacher and B. Tunstall",
    title = "Virtual private networks: building secure data tunnels
             through the Internet",
    journal = "EDPACS",
    year = 1998,
    month = jul,
    volume = 26,
    number = 1,
    pages = "1--6",
    url = "",
    abstract = "In many organizations, the focus in the use of
        the World Wide Web (the Web) is shifting from utilizing
        it primarily to promote the enterprise's image or an
        assortment of products to employing the Web in electronic
        business or e-business. This involves using the Internet's
        global reach to provide inexpensive access to important
        activities and processes through the data that reside in
        conventional information processing systems. One way to
        do this securely and cost-effectively is with a virtual
        private network (VPN).",
    database = "Inspec",
}


@Misc{Ste97b,
    author = "M. Stern",
    title = "Extend your net with {VPN}s",
    journal = "BYTE-(International-Edition)",
    year = 1997,
    month = nov,
    volume = 22,
    number = 11,
    pages = "114--119",
    url = "http://www.byte.com/art/9711/sec10/sec10.htm",
    abstract = "Virtual private networks (VPNs) eliminate the
        hazards of conducting private conversations in public
        networks by making communications intelligible only to
        the person with whom one wants to communicate. VPNs
        encrypt IP datagrams, use strong authentication before
        allowing communication, and check data integrity to
        assure packets arrive at their destination unchanged.
        Organizations implementing VPNs leverage their relatively
        inexpensive Internet connections to build virtual WANs
        with secured access for off-site employees, remote
        offices and business partners. VPNs reduce the costs of
        building and maintaining internal dial-up infrastructures
        or more expensive point-to-point WAN links. VPN packages
        are tested that let one use the Internet as one's own
        private WAN.",
    database = "Altavista",
}


@Article{TCS98,
    author = "Tim Titheridge and Rob Collingridge and
              Graham Shorrock",
    title = "BT Intranet Complete service",
    journal = "British Telecommunications Engineering",
    year = 1998,
    month = apr,
    volume = 17,
    number = 1,
    pages = "42--48",
    url = "",
    abstract = "British Telecommunication's Intranet Complete
        service uses a specially extended version of the
        Microsoft Commercial Internet Service product set to
        provide a range of Internet services and applications
        within a secure virtual private data network. The
        services features include administration tolls that
        enable customers to carry out their own on-line Intranet
        administration, configuration and ordering. Customer
        management and administration tools are provided and the
        user interface is via standard Web browser. The Intranet
        Complete service provides a platform on which to develop
        corporate business plans and processes and leads to
        improved productivity and reduced costs.",
    database = "Compendex",
    sig = "ISSN 0262-401X",
}


@InProceedings{TMM97,
    author = "M. Terada and Y. Murayama and G. Mansfield",
    title = "Access control for inter-organizational computer
             network environment",
    booktitle = "Worldwide Computing and Its Applications.
                 International Conference, WWCA'97. Proceedings.",
    organization = "Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany",
    year = 1997,
    pages = "394--409",
    abstract = "The Internet has evolved into an interconnection
        of networks on an organizational basis from the early
        stages where the interconnection was primarily on a
        network basis. The original protocol architecture, which
        essentially sought ubiquitous connectivity, has little
        scope for incorporating access control, a feature for
        which the demand increases with connectivity. The authors
        have taken up this issue. They have examined-how one can
        provide a transparent network, while preserving security
        of organizations by implementing and maintaining strict
        access control using firewalls. They propose a ''user
        access domain (UAD)'' to provide user-level grouping,
        and an ''access domain control layer (ADCL)'' to support
        the user level domain over the organizational networks
        with firewalls. While the user access domain provides
        the framework for virtual private networks the access
        domain control layer provides firewall-transparent
        TCP/UDP connectivity in what appears to be a seamless
        logical network spanning the user access domain.
        Moreover, the access-control policy can be formulated
        in more relevant terms like user identity, user role,
        source-destination, service etc. A proof-of-concept
        prototype is presently operational. The access-control
        framework is managed and maintained using the SNMP
        protocol. Appropriate MIBs have been defined and are
        in the process of being implemented.",
    database = "Inspec",
    sig = "DAT:224 563.824 I",
}


@InProceedings{WIIS00,
    author = "Akira Watanabe and Toru Inada and Tetsuo Ideguchi and
              Iwao Sasase",
    title = "Proposal of group search protocol making secure
             communication groups for intranet",
    booktitle = "IEEE International Conference on Communications",
    organization = "IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA",
    year = 2000,
    month = jun,
    volume = 2,
    pages = "877--881",
    url = "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/6882/18540/00853624.pdf",
    abstract = "In intranet, there are demands of making secure
        communication groups that protect significant information in
        departmental and/or individual bases. To satisfy the demands,
        encryption elements in the system need to have exact and
        complicated process information. In general, this information
        is generated in a management server and downloaded to the
        encryption elements, every time the system configuration
        changes. In this paper, we propose Group Search Protocol, by
        which encryption elements generate the process information
        automatically from the logical definition of the secure
        communication groups for themselves. By this method, secure
        communication groups for intranet with location free is
        realized, that is to say, users who have the function of
        encryption elements can move anywhere in the intranet
        freely.",
    database = "Compendex",
}


@Article{Wri00,
    author = "M. A. Wright",
    title = "Virtual private network security",
    journal = "Network-Security",
    year = 2000,
    month = jul,
    pages = "11--14",
    url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/13534858",
    abstract = "Despite advances in network technology, the
        elusive goal of corporations today is improved
        communications. Currently, about 80% of corporate workers
        have at least one mobile computing device, and it is
        estimated that by 2003, nearly all enterprises will
        supplement their WANs with virtual private networks
        (VPNs)/sup 2/.",
    database = "Inspec",
}


@TechReport{Zho97,
    author = "Qun Zhong",
    title = "Providing Secure Environments for Untrusted Network
             Applications: with Case Studies Using VirtualVault
             and Trusted Sendmail Proxy",
    institution = "HP Lab Bristol, Bristol, UK",
    type = "Technical Report",
    year = 1997,
    volume = 99,
    pages = "12p",
    url = "http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/97/HPL-97-99.html",
    abstract = "Bugs in network application programs can be
        exploited to compromise the system on which the
        application is running. When running these applications
        in an unsafe environment such as the Internet, the
        security concerns raised are a significant barrier to
        electronic commerce. In addition, these application
        programs such as web servers, mailservers, etc., are
        usually too big and complex to be bug free; trying to
        build security directly into these applications has
        been proven very difficult. The purpose of the paper
        is to demonstrate that Compartmented Mode Workstation
        is a suitable platform to provide a secure environment
        that can contain most existing network applications.
        We describe how to wrap these applications to reduce
        the potential for a security breach without the need
        to rewrite the application completely. By minimizing
        the effort of transferring unsafe application services
        to be reasonably secure, we are able to accelerate
        the process of electronic commerce.",
    database = "Altavista",
}